The Ontogeny of Social Information Gathering

Child Development

Volumn 67, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 1915-1939

  Baldwin, Dare A ^a   Moses, Louis J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030355402     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01835.x     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and growth of attachment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1992). A consideration of social referencing in the context of attachment theory and research. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Social referencing and the social construction of reality in infancy (pp. 349-367). New York: Plenum.
3. Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1969). Some contemporary patterns of mother-infant interaction in the feeding situation. In A. Ambrose (Ed.), Stimulation in early infancy (pp. 133-170). New York: Academic Press.
4. Baldwin, D. A. (1991). Infants' contribution to the achievement of joint reference. Child Development, 62, 875-890.
5. Baldwin, D. A. (1993a). Infants' ability to consult the speaker for clues to word reference. Journal of Child Language, 20, 395-418.
6. Baldwin, D. A. (1993b). Early referential understanding: Infants' ability to recognize referential acts for what they are. Developmental Psychology, 29, 832-843.
7. Baldwin, D. A. (1995). Understanding the link between joint attention and language. In C. Moore & P. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 131-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Baldwin, D. A., Markman, E. M., & Melartin, R. L. (1993). Infants' ability to draw inferences about nonobvious object properties; Evidence from exploratory play. Child Development, 64, 711-728.
9. Baldwin, D. A., & Moses, L. J. (1994). Early understanding of referential intent and attentional focus: Evidence from language and emotion. In C. Lewis & P. Mitchell (Eds.), Origins of an understanding of mind (pp. 133-156). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
11. Baron-Cohen, S. (1993). From attention-goal psychology to belief-desire psychology: The development of a theory of mind, and its dysfunction. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism (pp. 59-82). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Barresi, J., & Moore, C. (1996). Intentional relations and social understanding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 107-122.
13. Bartsch, K., & Wellman, H. M. (1995). Children talk about the mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, I., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1977). From gesture to the first word: On cognitive and social prerequisites. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), Interaction, conversation, and the development of language. New York: Wiley.
15. Benedict, H. (1979). Early lexical development: Comprehension and production. Journal of Child Language, 6, 183-200.
16. Bennett, J. (1991). How to read minds in behavior: A suggestion from a philosopher. In A. Whiten (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading (pp. 97-108). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
17. Bloom, L., Merkin, S., & Wootten, J. (1982). Whquestions: Linguistic factors that contribute to the sequence of acquisition. Child Development, 53, 1084-1092.
18. Boccia, M., & Campos, J. J. (1989). Maternal emotional signals, social referencing, and infants' reaction to strangers. New Directions for Child Development, 44, 25-49.
19. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
20. Bradshaw, D. L., Goldsmith, H. H., & Campos, J. J. (1987). Attachment, temperament, and social referencing: Interrelationships among three domains of infant affective behavior. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 223-231.
21. Brentano, F. (1973). Psychology from an empirical standpoint (A. C. Rancurello, D. B. Terrell, & L. L. McAlister, Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1874)
22. Bretherton, I. (1984). Social referencing and the interfacing of minds: A commentary on the views of Feinman and Campos. MerrillPalmer Quarterly, 30, 419-427.
23. Bretherton, I. (1991). Intentional communication and the development of an understanding of mind. In D. Frye & C. Moore (Eds.), Children's theories of mind: Mental states and social understanding (pp. 49-75). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Bretherton, I. (1992). Social referencing, intentional communication, and the interfacing of minds in infancy. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Children's theories of mind: Mental states and social understanding (pp. 57-77). New York: Plenum.
25. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Butterworth, G. (1991). The ontogeny and phylogeny of joint visual attention. In A. Whiten (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development, and simulation of everyday mind-reading (pp. 223-232). Oxford: Blackwell.
27. Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A commentary on Feinman. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 83-87.
28. Campos, J. J., & Stenberg, C. R. (1981). Perception, appraisal and emotion: The onset of social referencing. In M. E. Lamb & L. R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations (pp. 273-314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Camras, L. A., & Sachs, V. B. (1991). Social referencing and caretaker expressive behavior in a day care setting. Infant Behavior and Development, 14, 27-36.
30. Carey, S. (1990). Cognitive development. In D. N. Osherson & E. E. Smith (Eds.), An invitation to cognitive science: Thinking (Vol. 3, pp. 147-172). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
31. Chandler, M., Fritz, A. S., & Hala, S. (1989). Small scale deceit: Deception as a marker of 2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds' early theories of mind. Child Development, 60, 1263-1277.
32. Clements, W. A., & Perner, J. (1994). Implicit understanding of belief. Cognitive Development, 9, 377-395.
33. Clohessy, A., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Stability in anticipatory eye movement learning from four months to adulthood. Paper presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Miami.
34. Clyman, R. B., Emde, R. N., Kempe, J. E., & Harmon, R. J. (1986). Social referencing and social looking among twelve-month-olds. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 75-94). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
35. Collis, G. M. (1977). Visual co-orientation and maternal speech. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), Studies in mother-infant interaction (pp. 355-375). London: Academic Press.
36. Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872)
37. Diamond, A. (1991). Neuropsychological insights into the meaning of object concept development. In S. Carey & R. Gelman (Eds.), The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition (pp. 67-110). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. Dickstein, S., Thompson, R. A., Estes, D., Malkin, C., & Lamb, M. E. (1984). Social referencing and the security of attachment. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 507-516.
39. Dowds, B. M., & Elwood, R. W. (1983). Shell wars: Assessment strategies and the timing of decisions in hermit crab shell fights. Behavior, 85-86, 1-24.
40. Dunn, J., Bretherton, I., & Munn, P. (1987). Conversations about feelings between mothers and their young children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 132-139.
41. Feinman, S. (1982). Social referencing in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 445-470.
42. Feinman, S. (1983). How does a baby socially refer? Two views of social referencing: A reply to Campos. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 467-471.
43. Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1983). Social referencing at 10 months: A second order effect on infants' responses to strangers. Child Development, 54, 878-887.
44. Feinman, S., Roberts, D., Hsieh, K., Sawyer, D., & Swanson, D. (1992). A critical review of social referencing in infancy. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Social referencing and the social construction of reality in infancy (pp. 15-54). New York: Plenum.
45. Fernald, A. (1989). Intonation and communicative intent in mothers' speech to infants: Is the melody the message? Child Development, 60, 1497-1510.
46. Fernald, A. (1993). Approval and disapproval: Infant responsiveness to vocal affect in familiar and unfamiliar languages. Child Development, 64, 657-674.
47. Flavell, J. H., & Miller, P. H. (in press). Social cognition. In D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), W. Damon (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, perception, and language development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.
48. Fox, N., Kagan, J., & Weiskopf, S. (1979). The growth of memory during infancy. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 99, 91-130.
49. Furrow, D., Moore, C., Davidge, J., & Chiasson, L. (1992). Mental terms in mothers' and children's speech: Similarities and relationships. Journal of Child Language, 19, 617-631.
50. Gopnik, A., & Astington, J. W. (1988). Children's understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Development, 59, 26-37.
51. Gopnik, A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (1994). Mind, bodies and persons: Young children's understanding of the self and others as reflected in imitation and "theory of mind" research. In S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, & M. L. Boccia (Eds.), Self-awareness in animals and humans (pp. 166-186). New York: Cambridge University Press.
52. Gunnar, M. R., & Stone, C. (1984). The effects of positive maternal affect on infant responses to pleasant, ambiguous, and fear-provoking toys. Child Development, 55, 1231-1236.
53. Haith, M. M., Hazan, C., & Goodman, G. S. (1988). Expectation and anticipation of dynamic visual events by 3.5-month-old infants. Child Development, 59, 467-479.
54. Harris, P. L. (1989). Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding. Oxford: Blackwell.
55. Hinde, R. A., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1990). Attachment: Biological, cultural, and individual desiderata. Human Development, 33, 62-72.
56. Hirshberg, L. & Svejda, M. (1990). When infants look to their parents: I. Infants' social referencing of mothers compared to fathers. Child Development, 61, 1175-1186.
57. Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (1991). Language comprehension: A new look at some old themes. In N. A. Krasnegor, D. M. Rumbaugh, R. L. Schiefelbusch, & M. Studdert-Kennedy (Eds.), Biological and behavioral determinants of language development (pp. 301-320). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. Hogrefe, G.-J., Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1986). Ignorance versus false belief: A developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Development, 57, 567-582.
59. Hornik, R., & Gunnar, M. R. (1988). A descriptive analysis of infant social referencing. Child Development, 59, 626-634.
60. Hornik, R., Risenhoover, N., & Gunnar, M. R. (1987). The effects of maternal positive, neutral, and negative affective communications on infant responses to new toys. Child Development, 58, 937-944.
61. John, E. R., Chesler, P., Bartlett, F., & Victor, I. (1968). Observation learning in cats. Science, 159, 1489-1491.
62. Kagan, J. (1981). The second year. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
63. Klinnert, M. D. (1984). The regulation of infant behavior by maternal facial expressions. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 447-465.
64. Klinnert, M. D., Campos, J. J., Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., & Svejda, M. (1983). Emotions as behavior regulators: social referencing in infancy. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience (pp. 57-86). New York: Academic Press.
65. Klinnert, M. D., Emde, R. N., Butterfield, P., & Campos, J. J. (1986). Social referencing: The infant's use of emotional signals from a friendly adult with mother present. Developmental Psychology, 22, 427-432.
66. Kuchuk, A., Vibbert, M., & Bornstein, M. H. (1986). The perception of smiling and its experiential correlates in three-month-old infants. Child Development, 87, 1054-1061.
67. Lempers, J. D., Flavell, E. R., & Flavell, J. H. (1977). The development in very young children of tacit knowledge concerning visual perception. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 95, 3-53.
68. Lempert, H., & Kinsbourne, M. (1985). Possible origin of speech in selective orienting. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 62-73.
69. Leung, E. H., & Rheingold, H. L. (1981). Development of pointing as a social gesture. Developmental Psychology, 17, 215-220.
70. Lewis, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979). Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York: Plenum.
71. Ludemann, P. M., & Nelson, C. A. (1988). Categorical representation of facial expression by 7-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 24, 492-501.
72. MacDonald, S. E., & Pinel, J. P. J. (1991). Information gathering: A component of the defensive behavior of rats and Old World monkeys. Psychological Record, 41, 207-215.
73. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research (pp. 66-104). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2, Serial No. 209).
74. McRoberts, G. W., Fernald, A., & Moses, L. J. (1993). An acoustic study of prosodic form-function relations in infant-directed speech: Cross-language similarities. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
75. Meltzoff, A. N. (1988a). Infant imitation and memory: Nine-month-olds in immediate and deferred tests. Child Development, 56, 62-72.
76. Meltzoff, A. N. (1988b). Infant imitation after a 1-week delay: Long-term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology, 24, 470-476.
77. Mineka, S., Davidson, M., Cook, M., & Keir, R. (1984). Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 355-372.
78. Mitchell, R. W. (1987). A comparative-developmental approach to understanding imitation. In P. P. G. Bateson & P. H. Klopfer (Eds.), Perspectives in ethology (Vol. 7, pp. 183-215). New York: Plenum.
79. Moore, C., & Corkum, V. (1994). Social understanding at the end of the first year of life. Developmental Review, 14, 349-372.
80. Moses, L. J. (1993). Young children's understanding of belief constraints on intention. Cognitive Development, 8, 1-25.
81. Moses, L. J., & Chandler, M. J. (1992). Traveler's guide to children's theories of mind. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 286-301.
82. Moses, L. J., & Flavell, J. H. (1990). Inferring false beliefs from actions and reactions. Child Development, 61, 929-945.
83. Mumme, D. L. (1993). Rethinking social referencing: The influence of facial and vocal affect on infant behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.
84. Mumme, D. L., & Fernald, A. (1996). Infants' use of gaze in interpreting emotional signals. Manuscript submitted for publication.
85. Mumme, D. L., Fernald, A., & Herrera, C. (in press). Infants' responses to facial and vocal emotional signals in a social referencing paradigm. Child Development.
86. Nelson, C. A. (1987). The recognition of facial expressions in the first two years of life: Mechanisms of development. Child Development, 58, 889-909.
87. Nelson, K. (1973). Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38(1-2, Serial No. 149).
88. O'Neill, D. K. (1996). Two-year-old children's sensitivity to a parent's knowledge state when making requests. Child Development, 67, 659-677.
89. O'Neill, D. K., Astington, J. W., & Flavell, J. H. (1992). Young children's understanding of the role that sensory experiences play in knowledge acquisition. Child Development, 63, 474-490.
90. O'Neill, D. K., & Gopnik, A. (1991). Young children's ability to identify the sources of their beliefs. Developmental Psychology, 27, 390-397.
91. Papousek, M., Papousek, H., & Bornstein, M. H. (1985). The naturalistic vocal environment of young infants: On the significance of homogeneity and variability in parental speech. In T. Field & N. Fox (Eds.), Social perception in infants (pp. 269-297). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
92. Peebles, C. D. (1993). Emotional availability as a predictor of social referencing. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
93. Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press.
94. Perner, J., & Ogden, J. E. (1988). Knowledge for hunger: Children's problem with representation in imputing mental states. Cognition, 29, 47-61.
95. Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.
96. Pillow, B. H. (1989). Early understanding of perception as a source of knowledge. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 47, 116-129.
97. Pinel, J. P. J., & Wilkie, D. M. (1983). Conditioned defensive burying: A biological and cognitive approach to avoidance learning. In R. L. Mellgren (Ed.), Animal cognition and behavior (pp. 285-318). Amsterdam: North Holland.
98. Posner, M., & Rothbart, M. (1992). Attentional regulation: From mechanism to culture (Tech. Rep. No. 92-7). Eugene: University of Oregon Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences.
99. Povinelli, D. J., & deBlois, S. (1992). Young children's (Homo sapiens) understanding of knowledge formation in themselves and others. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 106, 228-238.
100. Pratt, C., & Bryant, P. (1990). Young children understand that looking leads to knowing (so long as the are looking into a single barrel). Child Development, 61, 973-982.
101. Rochat, P. (1989). Object manipulation and exploration in 2-to 5-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 25, 871-884.
102. Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
103. Rogoff, B., Mistry, J., Gönçu, A., & Mosier, C. (1993). Guided participation in cultural activity by toddlers and caregivers. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(8, Serial No. 236).
104. Rogoff, B., Mistry, J., Radziszewska, B., & Germond, J. (1992). Infants' instrumental social interaction with adults. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Social referencing and the social construct of reality (pp. 323-348). New York: Plenum.
105. Rosen, W. D., Adamson, L. B., & Bakeman, R. (1992). An experimental investigation of infant social referencing: Mothers' messages and gender differences. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1172-1178.
106. Ruff, H. A. (1986). Components of attention during infants' manipulative exploration. Child Development, 57, 105-114.
107. Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An essay in the philosophy of mind. New York: Cambridge University Press.
108. Shatz, M. (1987). Bootstrapping operations in child language. In K. E. Nelson & A. van Kleek (Eds.), Children's language (Vol. 6). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
109. Shatz, M., Wellman, H., & Silber, S. (1983). The acquisition of mental verbs: A systematic investigation of the first reference to mental state. Cognition, 14, 301-321.
110. Sorce, J., Emde, R. N., Campos, J. J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985). Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1 year olds. Developmental Psychology, 21, 195-200.
111. Spelke, E. S., Phillips, A. T., & Woodward, A. L. (1995). Infants' knowledge of object motion and human action. In A. J. Premack, D. Premack, & D. Sperber (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate (pp. 44-77). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
112. Stoess, C., & Taylor, M. (1993). Judgments about knowledge: Are children able to determine what they do not know and whom to ask for help? Unpublished manuscript, University of Oregon, Eugene.
113. Taylor, M. (in press). Social cognitive development from a theory of mind perspective. In R. Gelman & T. Au (Eds.), Perceptual and cognitive development. New York: Academic Press.
114. Taylor, M., Cartwright, B. S., & Bowden, T. (1991). Perspective taking and theory of mind: Do children predict interpretive diversity as a function of differences in observers' knowledge? Child Development, 62, 1334-1351.
115. Taylor, M., Esbensen, B. M., & Bennett, R. T. (1994). Children's understanding of knowledge acquisition: The tendency for children to report they have always known what they have just learned. Child Development, 65, 1581-1604.
116. Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore & P. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 103-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
117. Tomasello, M., & Barton, M. (1994). Learning words in nonostensive contexts. Developmental Psychology, 30, 639-650.
118. Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. C., & Ratner, H. H. (1993). Cultural learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 495-552.
119. Uzgiris, I. C., & Kruper, J. C. (1992). The links between imitation and social referencing. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Social referencing and the social construction of reality (pp. 115-148). New York: Plenum.
120. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
121. Walden, T. A., & Baxter, A. (1989). The effect of context and age on social referencing. Child Development, 60, 1511-1518.
122. Walden, T. A., & Ogan, T. A. (1988). The development of social referencing. Child Development, 59, 1230-1240.
123. Wellman, H. M. (1990). The child's theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press.
124. Wellman, H. M. (1993). Early understanding of mind: The normal case. In S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg, D. J. Cohen, & F. Volkmar (Eds.), Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism (pp. 10-39). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
125. Wellman, H. M., Harris, P. L., Banerjee, M., & Sinclair, A. (1995). Early understandings of emotion: Evidence from natural language. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 117-149.
126. Wimmer, H., Hogrefe, G.-J., & Sodian, B. (1988). A second stage in children's conception of mental life: Understanding informational accesses as origins of knowledge and belief. In J. W. Astington, P. L. Harris, & D. R. Olson (Eds.), Developing theories of mind (pp. 173-192). New York: Cambridge University Press.
127. Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.
128. Zarbatany, L., & Lamb, M. E. (1985). Social referencing as a function of information source: Mothers versus strangers. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 25-33.