The politics of dialects among Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in the former Yugoslavia

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 393-414

  Greenberg, Robert D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030352718     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325496010003002     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Kenneth Naylor first introduced the term "common language" (lingua communis) to describe the status of Serbo-Croatian as a language of "wider communication" within the context of a multilingual Yugoslavia; see his "The Eastern Variant of Serbocroatian as the lingua communis of Yugoslavia," in William Schmalstieg and Thomas Magner eds., Sociolinguistic Problems in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia (Columbus: Slavica, 1978), 456-68. This language did not supplant officially recognized languages of the Republics, such as Slovene and Macedonian; see also Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation in Yugoslavia with Special Emphasis on Serbo-Croatian," in Ranko Bugarski and Celia Hawkesworth eds., Language Planning in Yugoslavia (Columbus: Slavica, 1992), 86ff.
2. Kenneth Naylor first introduced the term "common language" (lingua communis) to describe the status of Serbo-Croatian as a language of "wider communication" within the context of a multilingual Yugoslavia; see his "The Eastern Variant of Serbocroatian as the lingua communis of Yugoslavia," in William Schmalstieg and Thomas Magner eds., Sociolinguistic Problems in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia (Columbus: Slavica, 1978), 456-68. This language did not supplant officially recognized languages of the Republics, such as Slovene and Macedonian; see also Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation in Yugoslavia with Special Emphasis on Serbo-Croatian," in Ranko Bugarski and Celia Hawkesworth eds., Language Planning in Yugoslavia (Columbus: Slavica, 1992), 86ff.
3. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
4. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
5. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
6. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
7. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
8. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
9. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
10. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
11. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
12. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
13. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
14. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
15. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
16. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
17. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
18. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
19. For an overview of language, ethnicity, and nationalism, see Henrik Birnbaum, "Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Linguistic Foundation of a Unified Yugoslavia," in Dimitrije Djordjević ed., The Creation of Yugoslavia, 1914-1918 (Santa Barbara: Clio Books, 1980), 157-82. For language planning and language policy with reference to most Yugoslav ethnic groups, see Bugarski and Hawkesworth, eds., Language Planning. Other general works include: Thomas Magner, "Language and Nationalism in Yugoslavia," Canadian Slavic Studies 1:3(1967):333-47; Magner, "Language and Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of Yugoslavia," Geolinguistics 14(1988):108-24; Radoslav Katičić, "The Making of Standard Serbo-Croat," in Riccardo Picchio and Harvey Goldblatt, eds., Aspects of the Slavic Language Question 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 261-95; and Naylor, "Serbo-Croatian" in Alexander Schenker and Edward Stankiewicz, eds., The Slavic Literary Languages (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 65-83. For sociolinguistic problems, see Milorad Radovanović, "Yugoslavia," Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 2(1988):1303-07, and Naylor, "The Sociolinguistic Situation." For issues surrounding the Croat language question, see Ivo Banac, "Main Trends in the Croat Language Question," in Picchio and Golblatt eds., Aspects, 189-259; Elinor Despalatović, "The Illyrian Solution to the Problem of Modern National Identity for the Croats," Balkanistica 1(1975):75-94; Despalatović, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975); Ljudevit Jonke, "Aktlualna Jezična pitanja danas," in Vlatko Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski književni jezik i pitanje varijanata (Zagreb: Časopis "Kritika"), 232-35; Jonke, "Osnovni pojmovi o jeziku Hrvata i Srba," in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski, 236-40; Naylor, "The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the Nineteenth Century: Some Observations," in Rado Lencek and Boris Unbegaun, eds., Xenia Slavica (The Hague: Mouton, 1975), 133-40; and Christopher Spalatin, "The Rise of the Croatian Standard Language," Journal of Croatian Studies 16(1975):8-18. For the Serb language question, see Thomas Butler, "The Origins of the War for a Serbian Language and Orthography," Harvard Slavic Studies 5(1970):1-80 and Pavle Ivić, Srpski narod i njegov jezík (Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, 1971). This list of works on the language/politics interface in Yugoslavia is by no means exhaustive.
20. Eugene Hammel, "The Yugoslav Labyrinth," in Eugene A. Hammel et al., eds., Crisis in the Balkans (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1992), 7.
21. See Birnbaum ("Linguistic Foundation," 158), who discusses the debates surrounding the status of Croatian peripheral dialects (Čakavian and Kajkavian) and southeastern Serbian (Torlak) dialects. The latter have long been claimed by Bulgaria as "Bulgarian" dialects. For more on this debate, see Stojko Stojkov, Bǎlgarska dialektologija (Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1993), 77ff. Similarly, the Kajkavian dialects have been claimed by both Croats and Slovenes, as seen in Stjepan Ivšić, "Jezik Hrvata Kajkavaca," Ljetopis Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti 48(1936):47-88.
22. See Birnbaum ("Linguistic Foundation," 158), who discusses the debates surrounding the status of Croatian peripheral dialects (Čakavian and Kajkavian) and southeastern Serbian (Torlak) dialects. The latter have long been claimed by Bulgaria as "Bulgarian" dialects. For more on this debate, see Stojko Stojkov, Bǎlgarska dialektologija (Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1993), 77ff. Similarly, the Kajkavian dialects have been claimed by both Croats and Slovenes, as seen in Stjepan Ivšić, "Jezik Hrvata Kajkavaca," Ljetopis Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti 48(1936):47-88.
23. See Birnbaum ("Linguistic Foundation," 158), who discusses the debates surrounding the status of Croatian peripheral dialects (Čakavian and Kajkavian) and southeastern Serbian (Torlak) dialects. The latter have long been claimed by Bulgaria as "Bulgarian" dialects. For more on this debate, see Stojko Stojkov, Bǎlgarska dialektologija (Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1993), 77ff. Similarly, the Kajkavian dialects have been claimed by both Croats and Slovenes, as seen in Stjepan Ivšić, "Jezik Hrvata Kajkavaca," Ljetopis Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti 48(1936):47-88.
24. In 1994 I came across an advertisement for a Bosnian-English/English-Bosnian Concise Dictionary (New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc.). The advertisement claims that the dictionary was "in response to a growing need for an up-to-date dictionary for the principle language for the former Yugoslavia. . . . This dictionary can be used by Bosnians, Serbs and Croats who are learning the English language, as well as English speaking travelers and business persons who need to communicate effectively with people of the former Yugoslavia." Another recent work on the Bosnian language is Senahid Halilović's Bosanski jezik (Sarajevo: 1991). I am not yet aware of an organized movement for a separate "Montenegrin" language, although this could be an area of future research.
25. In 1994 I came across an advertisement for a Bosnian-Englishl/English-Bosnian Concise Dictionary (New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc.). The advertisement claims that the dictionary was "in response to a growing need for an up-to-date dictionary for the principle language for the former Yugoslavia. . . . This dictionary can be used by Bosnians, Serbs and Croats who are learning the English language, as well as English speaking travelers and business persons who need to communicate effectively with people of the former Yugoslavia." Another recent work on the Bosnian language is Senahid Halilović's Bosanski jezik (Sarajevo: 1991). I am not yet aware of an organized movement for a separate "Montenegrin" language, although this could be an area of future research.
26. Robert Auty has written about this topic regarding the Western and Southern Slavs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, focusing particularly on the Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, and Slovenes; see "The Linguistic Revival Among the Slavs of the Austrian Empire, 1780-1850," Modern Language Review 53(1958):392-404.
27. Among scholars, Despalatović has provided the most detailed analysis of the Illyrian movement, which she describes as a "complex phenomenon . . . [which served as] the framework for the Croatian national renaissance in which the vernacular was made into a modern literary language. . . . [The Illyrian movement] sought to preserve the traditional rights of the Croatian kingdom within a militantly nationalist Hungary; it was an attempt to lay the basis for future Croatian territorial and ethnic unity; and it was a movement to establish cultural unity among all of the Southern Slavs"; see her "The Illyrian Solution," 74. The leaders of the movement sought a pan-South Slavic unity, including Slovenes, Serbs, and Bulgaro-Macedonians.
28. Tomislav Maretić, Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1899). The grammar was republished in 1931 and 1963.
29. For a detailed survey of the views of the opponents to the Literary Agreement, see Banac, "Main Trends," 223ff.
30. As Banac suggests, Vuk's reforms met with opposition from "the narrow Serbian higher orders of the civil Danubian belt. . . . The Orthodox hierarchy and the thin bourgeois stratum could not agree with Karadžić's proposition that writers should take their language 'from shepherds and ploughmen.'"; see his "Main Trends," 228. For additional discussion of Vuk's "war" for a Serbian language and orthography, see Butler, "War for a Serbian Language."
31. As Banac suggests, Vuk's reforms met with opposition from "the narrow Serbian higher orders of the civil Danubian belt. . . . The Orthodox hierarchy and the thin bourgeois stratum could not agree with Karadžić's proposition that writers should take their language 'from shepherds and ploughmen.'"; see his "Main Trends," 228. For additional discussion of Vuk's "war" for a Serbian language and orthography, see Butler, "War for a Serbian Language."
32. Banac, "Main Trends," 230. In his view this was tantamount to a "modern Serbian integrative ideology." Such an assertion is difficult to prove, especially since this is a period in which both sides embraced romantic ideas about the unity of all Slavs.
33. During World War II, the literary language was suspended when the Croatian puppet state embarked on an ambitious plan to codify a separate Croatian standard. All traces of such a Croatian standard were obliterared in the postwar era.
34. Such an atmosphere of greater linguistic tolerance was lacking during the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1918-1941). Ethnic relations deteriorated after the popular Croat politician Stjepan Radić was assassinated (1928), and Serbia attempted to dominate the Kingdom. The eminent Serb linguist Aleksandar Belić led an effort to impose Serbian linguistic norms in Croatia by means of an orthography for all of Yugoslavia. This move towards linguistic centralism coincided with the establishment of absolute power by King Alexander. For more details on this period, see Banac, "Main Trends," 241ff and Hammel, "Yugoslav Labyrinth," 9ff.
35. Such an atmosphere of greater linguistic tolerance was lacking during the period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1918-1941). Ethnic relations deteriorated after the popular Croat politician Stjepan Radić was assassinated (1928), and Serbia attempted to dominate the Kingdom. The eminent Serb linguist Aleksandar Belić led an effort to impose Serbian linguistic norms in Croatia by means of an orthography for all of Yugoslavia. This move towards linguistic centralism coincided with the establishment of absolute power by King Alexander. For more details on this period, see Banac, "Main Trends," 241ff and Hammel, "Yugoslav Labyrinth," 9ff.
36. In 1960 the joint Orthographic Dictionary, Pravopis srpskohrvatskoga književnog jezika (Novi Sad/Zagreb: Matica Srpska/Matica Hrvatska), was published. The first joint Dictionary of the Serbo-Croatian/Croato-Serbian Language was published in 1967.
37. The three dialects differ significantly in some phonological, accentual, and morphological features.
38. These distinctions can be illustrated by the word for "girl": Neoštokavian/Ijekavian dj̀evōjka Neoštokavian/Ekavian d̀evōjka Neoštokavian/Ikavian dìvōjka Old Štokavian/Ijekavian djev̂ojka Old Štokavian/Ekavian dev̂ojka ' = short rising accent; ̂ = long falling accent; ̄ = unstressed long vowel
39. For detailed dialect maps, see the back page of the first volume of the Croatian Dialect Journal (1956), Ivić, "Hrvatska će izgubiti rat," Politika, 2 August 1991, and Terence Carlton, Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages (Columbus: Slavica, 1990), 84-85.
40. For detailed dialect maps, see the back page of the first volume of the Croatian Dialect Journal (1956), Ivić, "Hrvatska će izgubiti rat," Politika, 2 August 1991, and Terence Carlton, Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages (Columbus: Slavica, 1990), 84-85.
41. For detailed dialect maps, see the back page of the first volume of the Croatian Dialect Journal (1956), Ivić, "Hrvatska će izgubiti rat," Politika, 2 August 1991, and Terence Carlton, Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages (Columbus: Slavica, 1990), 84-85.
42. After 1991 this became "Standard Croatian."
43. After 1991 this became "Standard Serbian."
44. Jonke, "Aktualna pitanja," 235.
45. The text of the Resolution ,s published in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski. 195. The Croat view of the linkage between political and linguistic tights of "all" ethnic groups speaking Serbo-Croatian is elaborated by Jonke in "Aktualna pitanja," 232.
46. The text of the Resolution ,s published in Pavletić, ed., Hrvatski. 195. The Croat view of the linkage between political and linguistic tights of "all" ethnic groups speaking Serbo-Croatian is elaborated by Jonke in "Aktualna pitanja," 232.
47. Jonke, "O jeziku Hrvata i Srba," 235. Such an assertion was threatening to the Serbs, since the number of Štokavian/Ijekavian-speaking Serbs was much greater than the number of Štokavian/Ekavian-speaking Croats.
48. In more recent times Brozović served as President Tudjman's deputy in the Croatian Democratic Union, which came to power in Croatia in April 1990. His role gives further proof of the critical link between language and politics in the former Yugoslavia.
49. The text is reprinted in Spalatin, "Croatian Standard Language."
50. Brozović said: "The fact that . . . the Western Stokavian dialects are inseparable from the Kajkavian and Čakavian dialects, is more essential for the users of the Croatian standard language then their relationship with other Stokavian dialects" (quoted by Spalatin, "Croatian Standard Language," 14.
51. While the linguists who espoused the notion of a "Standard Croatian language" were not arrested, their Croatian Orthography of 1971 was banned.
52. In Yugoslavia, "nation" (narod) referred to peoples whose primary homeland was inside the borders of the Yugoslav Federation; "national minorities" (narodnosti) included the members of national groups whose home country was outside the Yugoslav boundaries; see Bugarski, "Language in Yugoslavia."
53. For a description of the Bosnia-Hercegovinian standard linguistic idiom, see Dragomir Vujičić, "Dijalekatska baza i standardnojezički izraz u odnosu na nacionalni strukturi u Bosni i Hercegovini," Sveske 5-6(1984):383-92.
54. This move was resisted in Serbia after much debate in the early 1980s.
55. Radovanović, "Yugoslavia"; Bugarski, "Language in Yugoslavia"; and Naylor, "Sociolinguistic Situation."
56. Radovanović, "Yugoslavia"; Bugarski, "Language in Yugoslavia"; and Naylor, "Sociolinguistic Situation."
57. Radovanović, "Yugoslavia"; Bugarski, "Language in Yugoslavia"; and Naylor, "Sociolinguistic Situation."
58. This debate can be found in Brozović, Standardni jezik (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1970) and Ivić, Srpski narod.
59. This debate can be found in Brozović, Standardni jezik (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1970) and Ivić, Srpski narod.
60. Ivić, Srpski narod, 221: "isto tako moramo biti svesni da je prave Hrvata u Vojvodini, Hrvata u Bosni i Hercegovini, Muslimana, Crnogoraca i svih drugih da svoja jezička pitanja reše kako sami žele. Podrazumeva se, naravno, i to da s konstituisanjem hrvatskog jezika za Hrvate u Hrvatskoj mora ići paralelno i konstituisanje srpskog jezika za Srbe . . . [u Hrvatoskoj]."
61. For instance, Stjepan Sekereš published separate studies on the dialects of the Croats and of the Serbs in southern Baranja: "Govor Hrvata u južnoj Baranji," Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 4(1977):323-484 and "Govor Srba u južnoj Baranji," Zbornik Malice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku 23:2(1980):127-88. In the period prior to 1960, scholars researching the Serbo-Croatian dialects either avoided ethnically mixed areas or sought to provide a survey of the dialects of all ethnic groups within such regions.
62. For instance, Stjepan Sekereš published separate studies on the dialects of the Croats and of the Serbs in southern Baranja: "Govor Hrvata u južnoj Baranji," Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 4(1977):323-484 and "Govor Srba u južnoj Baranji," Zbornik Malice srpske za filologiju i lingvistiku 23:2(1980):127-88. In the period prior to 1960, scholars researching the Serbo-Croatian dialects either avoided ethnically mixed areas or sought to provide a survey of the dialects of all ethnic groups within such regions.
63. Exceptions to this rule occurred only in the period prior to 1960. Thus, the Serbian Academy of Sciences published works on Croatian Čakavian dialects written by the Serb Aleksandar Belić and by the Croat Mate Hraste; see Aleksandar Belić, "O čakavskoj osnovnoj akcentuaciji," Glas Srpske Akademije Nauka 168(1935):1-39 and Mate Hraste, "Cakavski dijalekat ostrva Brača," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 10(1940):3-65. It is interesting to note that the Serbian Dialectological Journal includes monographs of the Montenegrin dialects. This no doubt underscores the close identification of Serbs with Montenegrins.
64. Exceptions to this rule occurred only in the period prior to 1960. Thus, the Serbian Academy of Sciences published works on Croatian Čakavian dialects written by the Serb Aleksandar Belić and by the Croat Mate Hraste; see Aleksandar Belić, "O čakavskoj osnovnoj akcentuaciji," Glas Srpske Akademije Nauka 168(1935):1-39 and Mate Hraste, "Cakavski dijalekat ostrva Brača," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 10(1940):3-65. It is interesting to note that the Serbian Dialectological Journal includes monographs of the Montenegrin dialects. This no doubt underscores the close identification of Serbs with Montenegrins.
65. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
66. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
67. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
68. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
69. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
70. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
71. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
72. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
73. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
74. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
75. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
76. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
77. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
78. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
79. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
80. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
81. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
82. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
83. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
84. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
85. A complete bibliography of the dialect studies according to the year of publication follows: Slobodan Remetić, "Fonetske i morfološke karakteristke govora Srba u Kladnju i okolini," Prilozi proučavanju jezika 6(1970): 105-33; Dragoljub Petrovic, O govoru Zmijanja (Novi Sad: Matica Srpska, 1973); Asim Peco, "Ikavskošcakavski govori zapadne Bosne I," Bosanskohercegwački dijalektološki zbornik 1(1975):1-273; Milorad Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski ijekavski govori," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 21(1976):1-316; Sekereš, "Govor Hrvata"; Dragoljub Petrović, Govor Banije i Korduna (Nove Sad: Matica Srpska, 1978); Milorad Simić, "Govor sela Obadi u bosanskom Podrinju," Srfski dijalektološki zbornik 24(1978):1-124; Dalibor Brozović et al., "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):1-157; Josip Baotić, "Akcenatski sistem sela Kostrča u bosanskoj Posavini," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 2(1979):161-268; Sekereš, "Govor Srba"; Milan Dragičević, "Refleksi jata u današnjim ličkim govorima," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 26(1980):147-233; Peco, "Ikavskošćakavski govori zapadne Bosne II," Bosanskohergovački dijalektološki zbornik 3(1982):7-160; Baotić, "Ikavskošćakavski govor u okolini Dervente," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):7-209; Petar Djukanović, "Govor sela Gornje Caparde kod Zvornika," Srpski dijalektološk, zbornik 29(1983):197-294; Ilija Lavrnić, Ikavski govor istočne Slavonije (Osijek: Izdavački centar Radničkog sveučilišta "Božidar Maslarić," 1983); Peco, "Govor Podveležja," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):209-83; Nalia Valjevac, "Govor visočkih muslimana: akcenat i fonetika," Basanskohercegovačti dijalektološki zbornik 4(1983):285-354; Dragan Pavlica, "O govoru okoline Udbine," Srpski dijalektološki zbornik 30(1984):359-424; Baotić et al., "Govori sjeverne i sjeveroistočne Bosne," Bosanskohercegovački dijalektološki, zbornik 5(1985):201-336; Dragičević, 32(1986):7-241; and Peco, Ikavskoštakavski govori zapadne Hercegovine (Sarajevo: Djela akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjelenje društvenih nauka, 1986). Dialect studies of ethnically "pre" regions were also produced during this period, but these are outside the focus of this paper.
86. Hammel, "Yugoslav Labyrinth," 16.
87. This distinction is awarded to the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, with its significant minority Hungarian population, as well as Croats, Czechs, Slovaks, Rusyns, and others.
88. The statistics reflect the 1981 census, and the data are taken from Bugarski, "Language in Yugoslavia," 16. The remaining 7.9 percent of the population declared itself "Yugoslav," and probably most of them were also native speakers of Serbo-Croatian. 39. This was consistent with the Republic's tolerant atmosphere in regard to linguistic issues. Thus, in Bosnia-Hercegovina the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets had equal status.
89. Peco admits that the dialects of Croats and Muslims in the area were similar and would not require separate studies; see his "Govori zapadne Bosne I," 71.
90. Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski govori."
91. Brozović et al. "Govori sjeverozapadne Bosne."
92. "Opšte i uvodne napomene,"Bosanskobercejwački dijalektološki zabornik 2(1979):9.
93. This can be found in volume 5 on the northern and northeastern Bosnian dialects.
94. My work on additional case studies is in progress and will be published in the future.
95. Compare Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski govori" and Peco, "Govori zapadne Bosne I," respectively.
96. Compare Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski govori" and Peco, "Govori zapadne Bosne I," respectively.
97. Dešić provides the 1971 census figures for the various ethnic groups in the region: Serbs (381,511), Muslims (281,990), Croats (66,168), and Yugoslavs (9,615); see his "Zapadnobosanski govori," 28.
98. Dešić, "Zapadnobosanski govori," 14ff.
99. Peco, "Govori zapadne Bosne I," 9.
100. Ibid., 72.
101. Under the "primary features" are listed the dialectal phenomena that diverge from those found in the standard variants of Serbo-Croatian prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia. The following key is used in Tables: + = presence of phenomenon; - = absence of phenomenon; DPI. = dative plural; IPl. = Instrumental plural; VSg. = vocative singular.
102. Similarly, in northern Ireland the dissimilarities in the speech of the rival Catholic and Protestant communities have been magnified to emphasize further the hostile relations between the two groups. According to Bill Bryson, this is the practice, even though "the differences in accent are often very slight"; see his The Mother Tongue, English and How It Got That Way (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1990), 107. In situations of civil warfare, the differences in speech may be used to determine the ethnicity of prisoners, a tactic seen in ancient times among Israelite tribes (Judges 12:6). Hammel relates an "apocryphal story about how to determine the ethnicity of prisoners during the [Serb/Croat] civil war of 1941-45, by forcing them to recite the Lord's Prayer at gunpoint." Prisoners' ethnicity would be found out by the time the word for bread was pronounced (kruh in Croatian, hleb in Serbian); see his "Yugoslav Labyrinth," 7.
103. Similarly, in northern Ireland the dissimilarities in the speech of the rival Catholic and Protestant communities have been magnified to emphasize further the hostile relations between the two groups. According to Bill Bryson, this is the practice, even though "the differences in accent are often very slight"; see his The Mother Tongue, English and How It Got That Way (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1990), 107. In situations of civil warfare, the differences in speech may be used to determine the ethnicity of prisoners, a tactic seen in ancient times among Israelite tribes (Judges 12:6). Hammel relates an "apocryphal story about how to determine the ethnicity of prisoners during the [Serb/Croat] civil war of 1941-45, by forcing them to recite the Lord's Prayer at gunpoint." Prisoners' ethnicity would be found out by the time the word for bread was pronounced (kruh in Croatian, hleb in Serbian); see his "Yugoslav Labyrinth," 7.
104. Ivić, "Hrvatska će izgubiti rat."
105. See especially, Ivić, Srpski narod.
106. Hammel, "Yugoslav Labyrinth," 28.