Cutaneous microdialysis. Methodology and validation

Acta Dermato-Venereologica, Supplement

Volumn , Issue 197, 1996, Pages 8-61

  Groth, Lotte ^a,b  

^a LEO PHARMA A S   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE; BETAMETHASONE VALERATE; FUSIDATE SODIUM; GLUCOSE;

ANESTHESIA; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; MICRODIALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; SKIN ABSORPTION; SKIN INJURY; SKIN PENETRATION; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ANIMAL; FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES; REPRODUCIBILITY;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MICRODIALYSIS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SKIN PHYSIOLOGY;

EID: 0030345472     PISSN: 03658341     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Agner T, Serup J. Time Course of occlusive effects on skin evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Including patch test with sodium lauryl sulphate and water. Contact Dermatitis 1993; 28: 6-9.
2. Agut J, Alomar A, Sacristan A, Oritz JA. Microdialysis method for assessing mediators of inflammation by primary irritants. Second congress of the european society of contact dermatitis, Barcelona, 6-8 October, 1994: 43.
3. Amberg G, Lindefors N. Intracerebral microdialyis: II. Mathematical studies of diffusion kinetics. J Pharmacol methods 1989; 22: 157-183.
4. Anderson C, Andersson T, Molander M. Ethanol absorption across human skin measured by in vivo microdialysis technique. Acta Derm Venereol (stockh) 1991; 71: 389-393.
5. Anderson C, Andersson T, Andersson RGG. In vivo histamine estimation of histamine in human skin. Skin Pharmacol 1992; 5: 177-183.
6. Anderson C, Andersson T, Wårdell K. Changes in skin circulation after insertion of a microdialysis probe visualized by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 807-811.
7. Anderson C, Svensson C, Sjögren, Andersson T, Wårdell K. Human in vivo microdialysis technique can be used to measure cytokines in contact reactions. In: Elsner P, Maibach HI, ed. Curr Probl Dermatol. Basel: Karger, 1995; vol 23: 121-130.
8. Andersson T. Cutaneous Microdialysis. A technique for human in vivo sampling. Linköping Medical Dissertations, Thesis No 456. Linköping university, Sweden, 1995.
9. Andersson T, Anderson C, Boman A, Molander M. Cutaneous microdialysis technique for the demonstration of the in vivo absorption kinetics of hydrophillic solvents applied to human skin. In: Cutaneous Microdialysis. A technique for human in vivo sampling. Linköping Medical Dissertations, Thesis No 456. Linköping university, Sweden, 1995a
10. Andersson T, Wårdell K, Anderson C. Human in vivo cutaneous microdialysis: Estimation of histamine release in cold urticaria. Acta Derm Venereol (Stock) 1995b; 75(5): 343-347.
11. Andersson T, Svensson C, Anderson C. The effect of probe depth on histamine levels in human in vivo cutaneous microdialysis. Skin Research and Technology 1996; 2(1): 23-26.
12. Aukland K, Nicolaysen G. Interstitial fluid volumen: Local regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev 1981; 61(3): 556-643.
13. Ault JM, Lunte CE, Meltzer NM, Riley CM. Microdialysis sampling for the investigation of dermal drug transport. Pharm Res 1992; 9(10): 1256-1261.
14. Ault JM, Riley CM, Meltzer NM, Lunte CE. Dermal microdialysis sampling in vivo. Pharm Res 1994; 11(11): 1631-1639.
15. Averbeck D, Averbeck S, Blais J, Moysan A, Hüppe G, Morlière, Prognon P, Vigny P, Dubertret L. Suction blister fluid: Its use for pharmacodynamic and toxicological studies of drugs and metabolites in vivo in human skin after topical or systemic administration. In: Maibach HI, Lowe NJ, ed. Models in dermatological. Basel:Karger, 1989; Vol 4: 5-11.
16. Baldwin RJT, Cranfield R. A multi-centre general practice trial comparing Fucidin® ointment and Fucidin® cream. Br J Clin Pract 1981; 35: 157-160.
17. Bard AG, Faulkner LR. Electrochemical Methods. New York: Wieley and Sons, 1980; 153
18. Barel AO, Clarys P. Comparison of methods for measurement of transepidermal water loss. In: Serup J, Jemec GBE, ed. Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995; 179-184
19. Barry BW. Dermatological Formulations. Percutaneous absorption. In: Swarbrick J, ed. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1983
20. Barry BW. Action of skin penetration enhancers-the lipid protein partitioning theory. Int J Cosmet Science 1988; 10: 281-293.
21. Barry BW. Modern methods of promoting drug absorption through the skin. Molec Aspects Med 1991a; 12: 195-241.
22. Barry BW. Lipid-Protein-Partitioning theory of skin penetration enhancement. J Control Release 1991b; 15: 237-248.
23. Behl CR, Flynn, Kurihara, Harper, Smith, Higuchi WI, Ho NFH, Pierson C. Hydration and percutaneous absorption: I. Influence of hydration on alkanol permeation through hairless mouse skin. J Invest Dermatol 1980; 75: 346-352.
24. Behl CR, Kumar S, Malick AW, Del Terzo S, Higuchi WI, Sprinivasan. Iontophoretic drug delivery: effects of physicochemical factors on the skin uptake of drugs. In: Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous absorption. Mechanisms, methodology, drug delivery. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1989; 603-631.
25. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN. Laser Doppler Flowmetry: Principles of technology and clinical applications. In: Serup J, Jemec GBE, ed. Handbook of Non-invasive methods and the skin. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995; 405-410.
26. Benveniste H. Brain microdialysis. J Neurochem 1989; 52(6): 1667-1679.
27. Benveniste H, Hansen AJ. Practical aspects of using microdialysis for determination of brain interstitial concentration. In: Robinson TE and Justice JB, ed. Microdialysis in the neurosciences, techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991; Vol 7: 81-100.
28. Benveniste H, Hansen AJ, Ottosen NS. Determination of brain interstitial concentrations by microdialysis. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 1741-1750.
29. Bito L, Davson H, Levin EM, Murray M, Snider N. The concentration of free amino acid and other electrolytes in cerebro-spinal fluid, in vivo dialysate of brain and blood plasma of the dog. J Neurochem 1966; 13: 1057-1067.
30. Boer J de, Plijter-Groendijk H, Korf J. Microdialysis probe for transcutaneous monitoring of ethanol and glucose in humans. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75(6): 2825-2830.
31. Boer J de, Baarsma R, Okken A, Plijter-Groendijk H, Korf J. Application of transcutaneous microdialysis and continuous flow analysis for on-line glucose monitoring in newborn infants. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 124: 210-217.
32. Bouclier M, Cavey D, Kail N, Hensby C. Experimental models in skin pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1990; 42(2): 127-154.
33. Bronaugh RL. Determination of percutaneous absorption by in vitro techniques. In: Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous absorption. Mechanisms, methodology, drug delivery. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1989; 239-258.
34. Brounaugh RL, Stewart RF, Congdon ER. Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. II. Animal models for human skin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1982; 62: 481-488.
35. Brounaugh RL, Stewart RF, Congdon ER. Differences in permeability of rat skin related to sex and body sites. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1983; 34: 127-135.
36. Brown KN, Percival A. Penetration of antimicrobials into tissue culture cells and leukocytes. Scand J Infect Dis (Suppl) 1978; 14: 251-260.
37. Bungay PM, Morrison PF and Dedrick RL. Steady-state theory for quantitative microdialysis of solutes and water in vivo an in vitro. Life Science 1990; 46(2): 105-119.
38. Burgio DE, Mcnamara PJ. Evaluation of recovery and loss from microdialysis probes of benzodiazepines and antipyrine in vitro. Pharm Res 1993; 10:(10 suppl): 349.
39. Calcipotriol Monograph, Leo Pharmaceutical Products.
40. Carneheim C, Ståhle L. Microdialysis of lipophilic compounds: A methodological study. Pharmacol Toxico 1991; 69: 378-380.
41. Coleman EJ, Salvatore JDS. Mast cell population density in rat skin. Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 1966; 122: 945-949.
42. Deguchi Y, Terasaki T, Kawasaki S, Tsuji A. Muscle microdialysis as a model study to relate drug concentration in tissue interstitial fluid and dialysate. J Pharmacobio-Dyn 1991; 14: 483-492.
43. Delgado JMR, DeFeudis FV, Roth RH, Ryugo DK, Mitruka BM. Dialytrode for long term intracerebral perfusion in awake monkeys. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 1972; 198: 9-21.
44. Dicken RJ, Ault JM, Lunte CE, Meltzer, Riley CM. Comparison of skin levels and plasma concentrations of a systemically administered drug via microdialysis. Pharm Res 1993; 10(10Suppl): 43.
45. Dünges W, Meyer A, Müller K, Pietschman, Plachetta C, Sehr R, Tuss H. Fluorescence labelling of organic acidic compounds with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin (Br-Mmc). Fresenius Z Anal Chem 1977; 288(5): 361-368.
46. Dykstra KH, Hsiao JK, Morrison PE, Byngay PM, Mefford IN, Sculley MM, Dedrick RL. Quantitative examination of tissue concentration profiles associated with microdialysis. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 931.
47. Eady RAJ, Cowen T, Marshall TF, Plummer V and Greaves MW: Mast cell population density, blood vessel density and histamine content in normal human skin. Br J Dermatol 1979; 100: 623-633.
48. Eisenberg EJ, Eickhoff WM. A method for estimation of extracellular concentration of compounds by microdialysis using urea as an endogenous recovery marker in vitro validation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1993; 30(1): 27-31.
49. Ekblom M, Gårdmark M, Mammarlund-Udenaes M. Estimation of unbound concentrations of morphine from microdialysis concentrations by use of a non-linear regression analysis in vivo and in vitro during steady-state condition. Life Science 1992; 51(6): 449-460.
50. Elias PM, Cooper ER, Korc A, Brown BE. Percutaneous transport in relations to SC structure and lipid composition. J Invest Dermatol 1981: 76: 297.
51. Fang J-Y, Wu P-C, Huang Y-B, Tsai Y-H. Percutaneous absorption of capsaicin, nonivamide and sodium nonivamide acetate from gel and ointment bases: in vitro formulation evaluations in pigs and i vivo bioengineering methods in humans. Int J Pharmaceutics 1996; 130: 121-135.
52. Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration of steroids in man. J Invest Dermatol 1969; 52: 89-94.
53. Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration of hydrocortisone with urea. Arch Dermatol 1974; 109(1): 58-59.
54. Forslind B. A domain mosaic model of the skin barrier. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994; 74: 1-6.
55. Forslind B. The human skin barrier-The problem of the naked skin. Post graduate course on hair and skin research methods, Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientist, Tjele, Denmark, April 12-17, 1996.
56. Fox RH, Hilton SM. Bradykinin formation in human skin as a factor in heat vasodilatation. J Physiol 1958; 14: 2219-2232.
57. Frankild S, Andersen KE, Nielsen GD. Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on in vitro percutaneous penetration of water, hydrocortisone and nickel. Contact Dermatitis 1995; 32: 338-345.
58. Franz TJ. On the relevance of in vitro data. J Invest Dermatol 1975; 64: 190-195.
59. Franz TJ. The finite dose technique as a valid in vitro model for the study of percutaneous absorption in man. In: Elsner P, Maibach HI, ed. Curr Probl Dermatol Basel: Karger, 1978; vol 7: 58-68.
60. Goldberg A, Shapiro M, Hammel I and Mekori Y. Cutaneous responses to histamine, compound 48/80 and codeine in patients with hyperthyroidism. Ann Allergy 1990; 64: 179-181.
61. Gummer CL, Maibach Hi. Animal models for percutaneous penetration: assessing contamination of the experimental system. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115: 335-339.
62. Guy RH, Bucks DAW, McMaster JR, Villaflor DA, Roskos KV, Hinz RS, Maibach HI. Kinetics of drug absorption across human skin in vivo. Developments in methodology. In: Shrott B, Schaefer H, ed. Pharmacol skin. Basel: Karger 1987; Vol 1: 70-76.
63. Güttler F, Tybring L. Interaction of albumin and fusidic acid. Br J Pharmacol 1971; 43: 151-160.
64. Hadgraft J. Mathematical models of skin absorption. In: Scott RC, Guy RH, Hadgraft J, ed. Prediction of percutaneous penetration. Methods, measurements, modelling. London: IBC Technical Services Ltd., 1990; 252-262.
65. Hamberger A. Microdialysis in clinical diagnosis: amino acid patterns in the temporal Cortex and the myocardium. Curr Sep 1989; 9: 119.
66. Hamberger A, Berthold CH, Karlsson B, Lehmann A, Nyström B. Extracellular GABA, glutamate and glutamine in vivo perfusion dialysis of the rabbit hippocampus. In: Hertz L, Kramme E, McGeer EG, Schousboe A, ed. Glutamine, Glutamine, and GABA in the central nervous system. New York: Alan R Liss, 1983; 473-492.
67. Hamberger A, Berthold CH, Jacobsson I, Karlsson B, Lehmann A, Nyström B. In vivo brain dialysis of extracellular nontransmitter and putative transmitter amino acids. In: Bayton A, Drucker-Colin R, ed. In vivo perfusion release of neuroactive substances: methods and strategies. New York: Academic Press 1985; 119-139.
68. Hegemann L, Forstinger C, Partsch B, Lagler I, Krotz S, Wolff K. Microdialysis in cutaneous pharmacology: Kinetic analysis of transdermally delivered nicotine. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104: 839-843.
69. Helium KB, Schreiner A, Digranes A, Bergman I. Skin blisters produced by suction: a new model for studies of penetration of antibiotics in humans. In: Siegenthaler L, ed. Current chemotherapy, Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Chemother. Am Soc Microbiol, Washington, 1978; Vol 1: 620-622.
70. Higuchi T. Physical chemical analysis of percutaneous absorption process from creams and ointments. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1960; 11: 85-97.
71. Hoffman WE, Miletich DJ, Albrecht RF. Cardiovascular and regional blood flow changes during halothane aesthesia in the aged rat. Anesthesiology 1982; 56: 444-448.
72. Horsmanheimo L, Harvima IT, Harvima RJ, Ylönen J, Naukkarinen A, Horsmanheimo M. Histamine release in skin monitored with the microdialysis technique does not correlate with the weal size induced by cow allergen. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 94-100.
73. Horst, van der FAL, Eikelboom GG, Holthuis JJM. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of valproic acid in plasma using a micelle-mediated pre-column derivatization. J Chromatogr 1988a; 456: 191-199.
74. Horst, van der FAL, Post MH, Holthuis JJM. Study of the influence of aqueous micellar systems on the derivatization of undecylenic acid with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin. J Chromatogr 1988b; 456: 201-218.
75. Horst, van der FAL, Reijn JM, Post MH and Bult A. Mechanistic study on the derivatization of aliphatic carboxylic acids in aqueous non-ionic micellar systems. J Chromatogr 1990; 507: 351-366.
76. Hsiao JK, Ball BA, Morrison PF, Mefford IN, Bungay PM. Effects of different semipermeable membranes on in vitro and in vivo performance of microdialysis probes. J Neurochem 1990; 54: 1449-1452.
77. Huttunen M, Harvima IT, Ackermann L, Harvima RJ, Naukkarinen A, Horsmanheimo M. Neuropeptide- and capsaicin-induced histamine release in skin monitored with the microdialysis technique. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1996; 76: 205-209.
78. Jacobson I, Sandberg M, Hamberger A. Mass transfer in brain dialysis device : a new method for estimation of extracellular amino acids concentration. J Neurosci Methods 1985; 15: 263-268.
79. Jansson PA, Smith U, Lönnroth P. Evidence for lactate production by human adipose tissue in vivo. Diabetologica 1990; 33: 253-256.
80. Jensen BM, Bjerring P, Christansen JS, Ørskov H. Glucose content in human skin: relation with blood glucose levels. Scand J Clin lab Invest 1995: 55:427-432.
81. Johnson RD, Justice JB. Model studies for brain dialysis. Brain Res Bull 1983; 10: 567-571.
82. Kazimierczak W, Mieczyslaw P, Maslinski C. The action of local anaesthetics on histamine release. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25: 1747-1750.
83. Kehr J. A survey on quantitative microdialysis: Theoretical models and practical implications. J of Neurosci Methods 1993; 48: 251-261.
84. Kendrick KM. Use of microdialysis in neuroendocrinology. Methods Enzymol 1988; 68: 182-205.
85. Kiistala U. The suction blister device for separation of viable epidermis from dermis. J invest Dermatol 1968; 50(2): 129-137.
86. 3 analogue (MC 903) in a double blind study. Br J Dermatol 1988; 119: 223-230.
87. Krogstad AL, Jansson P-A, Gisslén P, Lönnroth P. Microdialysis methodology for the measurement of dermal interstitial fluid in humans. Br J Dermatol 1996; 134: 1005-1012.
88. Kubota K, Ademola J, Maibach HI. Metabolism and degradation of betamethasone 17-valerate in homogenized living skin equivalent. Dermatology 1994a; 188: 13-17.
89. Kubota K, Lo ES, Huttinot G, Andersen PH, Maibach HI. Plasma concentrations after topical application of betamethasone 17-valerate: comparison with oral administration. Br J Clin Pharmac 1994b; 37: 86-88.
90. Kågedal B. Microdialysis of human melanoma as a tool for studies on pigment production. Curr Sep 1991; 10(3): 75.
91. Lam S, Grushka E. Labeling of fatty acids with 4-bromo-methyl-7-methoxy-coumarin via crown ether catalyst for fluorometric detection in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1978; 158: 207-214.
92. Lampe MA, Wiliams ML, Elias PM. Human epidermal lipids: characterization and modulations during differentiation. J Lipid Res 1983; 24: 131-140.
93. Landolt H, Langemann H, Lutz Th, Gratzl O. Non-linear recovery of cysteine and glutathione in microdialysis. In: Rollme H, Westerink B, Drijfhout WJ, ed. Monitoring molecules in neuroscience, Proceedinds of the 5th international conference on in vivo methods. Mepple: Krips Repro, 1991; 63-66.
94. Larsson CI. The use of an "internal standard" for control of the recovery in microdialysis. Life Science 1991; 49(13): 73-78.
95. Lerma J, Herranz AS, Herreras O, Abraira V, Martin Del Rio R. In vivo determination of extracellular concentration of amino acids in the rat hippocampus. A method based on brain dialysis and computerized analysis. Brain Res 1986; 384: 145-155.
96. Lindefors N, Amberg G, Ungerstedt U. Intracerebral microdialysis: I. Experimental studies of diffusion kinetics. J Pharmacol Methods 1989; 22: 141-156.
97. Lindgreen P, Westermark L, and Wåhlin Å. Blood circulation in the skin of the cat under halothane anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1965; 9: 191-201.
98. Lönnroth P, Smith U. Microdialysis - a novel technique for clinical investigation. J Intern Med 1990; 227: 295-300.
99. Lönnroth P, Jansson PA, Smith U. A microdialysis method allowing characterization of intercellular water space in humans. Am Physiol Soc (endocrinol metab 16) 1987; 253: E228-E231.
100. Magee PS. Some new approaches to understanding and facilitating transdermal drug delivery. In: Smith EW, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995; 471-479.
101. Maibach HI, Surber C. Topical Corticosteroids. Basel: Karger, 1992.
102. Matsuyama K, Nakashima M, Ichikawa, Yona T, Satoh S, Goto S. In vivo microdialysis for the transdermal absorption of valproate in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1994a; 17(10): 1395-1398.
103. Matsuyama K, Nakashima M, Nakaboh Y, Ichikawa M, Yona T, Satoh S. Application of in vivo microdialysis to transdermal absorption of methotrexate in rats. Pharm Res 1994b; 11(5): 686-688.
104. McKenzie AW, Stoughton RB. Method for comparing percutaneous absorption of steroids. Arch Dermatol 1962; 86: 608-610.
105. Menacherry S, Hubert W, Justice J Jr. In vivo calibration of microdilaysis probes for exogenous compounds. Anal Chem 1992; 64: 577-583.
106. Menczel E. Delipidization of the cutaneous permeability barrier and percutaneous penetration. In: Smith EW, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers. Boca Rotan: CRC Press, 1995; 384-392.
107. Merlo-Pich E, Lorang M, Parsons L, Weiss F. Exploring the stop flow microdialysis technique as a method to estimate the external concentrations of neuropeptides. Curr Sep 1993, 2: 66-67.
108. Miller DL. Sticky slides and tape techniques to harvest stratum corneum material. In: Serup J, Jemec GBE, ed. Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin. Boca Rotan: CRC Press, 1995; 149-152.
109. Monash S, Blank H. Location and reformation of the epithelial barrier to water vapor. Arch Dermatol 1958; 78(6): 710.
110. Moon KC, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: Relationship to the exogenous dermatoses. In: Menne T, Maibach HI, ed. Exogenous Dermatoses: Environmental Dermatitis. Boca Rotan: CRC press, 1991; 217-227.
111. Morrison PF, Bungay PM, Hsiao JK, Ball BA, Mefford IN, Dedrick RL. Quantitative microdialysis: analysis of transients and application to pharmacokinetics in brain. J Neurochem 1991; 57: 103-119.
112. Müller M, v Osten B, Schmid R, Piegler E, Gerngross I, Buchegger H, Eichler HG. Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans. Arch Pharmacol 1995a; 352: 438-441.
113. Müller M, Schmid R, Georgopoulos A, Buxbaum A, Wasicek C, Eichler H. Application of microdialysis to clinical pharmacokinetics in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995b; 57(4): 371-380.
114. Müller M, Schmid R, Wagner O, v Osten B, Shayganfar H, Eichler HG. In vivo characterization of transdermal drug transport by microdialysis. J Controlled Release 1995c; 37: 49-57.
115. Nicholson C, Philips JM, Gardner-Medwin AR. Diffusion from an iontophoretic point source in the brain: Role of tortuosity and volume fraction. Brain Res 1979; 169: 580-584.
116. Noonan Pk, Wester RC. Cutaneous metabolism of xenobiotics. Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous absorption. Mechanisms, methodology, drug delivery. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1989; 53-76.
117. Ogiso T, Iwaki M, Paku T. Effect of various enhancers on transdermal penetration of indomethacin and urea and relationship between penetration parameters and enhancement factors. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84(4): 482-488.
118. Okahara K, Murakami T, Yamamoto S, Noboru Y. Skin microdialysis: Detection of in vivo histamine release in cutaneous allergic reactions. Skin Pharmacol 1995; 8: 113-118.
119. Olson RJ, Justice JB Jr. Quantitative microdialysis under transient conditions. Anal Chem 1993; 65: 1017-1022.
120. Osborne PG, O'Connor WT, Ungerstedt U. Effect of varying the ionic concentration of a microdialysis perfusate on basal striatal dopamine levels in awake rats. J Neurochem 1991; 56: 452-456.
121. Parsons LH, Justice JB Jr. Extracellular concentration and in vivo recovery of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens using microdialysis. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 212.
122. Parsons LH, Justice JB Jr. Quantitative approaches to in vivo brain microdialysis. Crit Rev in Neurobiol 1994; 8(3): 189-220.
123. Pershing LK, Kreuger GG. New animal models for bioavailability studies. In: Shrott B, Schaefer H, ed. Pharmacol skin. Basel: Karger, 1987; Vol 1: 57-69.
124. Pershing LK, Lambert LD, Shah VP, Lam SY. Variability and correlation of chromameter and tape-stripping methods with the visual skin blanching assay in the quantitative assessment of topical 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate bioavalability in humans. Int J pharm 1992; 86:201-210.
125. Petersen LJ, Kristensen JK, Bülow J. Microdialysis of the interstitial water space in human skin in vivo: Quantitative measurement of cutaneous glucose concentrations. J Invest Dermatol 1992a; 99: 357-360.
126. Petersen LI, Skov PS, Bindslev-jensen C, Søndergaard J. Histamine release in immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions in intact human skin measured by microdialysis. A preliminary study. Allergy 1992b; 47: 635-637.
127. Petersen LJ, Poulsen LK, Jørgen Søndergaard, Skov PS. The use of cutaneous microdialysis to measure substance P-induced histamine release in intact human skin in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94: 773-783.
128. Petersen LJ, Nielsen HJ, Skov PS. Codeine-induced histamine release in intact human skin monitored by skin microdialysis technique: Comparison of intradermal injections with an atraumatic intraprobe drug delivery system. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 1045-1052.
129. Petersen LJ, Mosbech H, Skov PS. Allergen-induced histamine release in intact human skin in vivo assessed by skin microdialysis technique: characterization of factors influence histamine reusability. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97: 672-679.
130. Petterson A, Blomquist L, Kågedal B, Smeds S. Microdialysis of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in human melanoma transplanted to athymic mice. Influence of pH and membrane material. Curr Sep 1991; 10(3): 75.
131. Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C. Drugs and cosmetics evaluations with skin stoppings. In: Maibach HI, ed. Dermatologic Research Techniques. Boca Raton: CRC press, 1996; 133-149.
132. Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA. Measurement of the transepidermal water loss. In: Serup J, Jemec GBE, ed. Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995; 173-178.
133. Pipkork U, Andersson M. Topical dermal anaesthesia inhibits the flare but not the weal response to allergen and histamine in the skin-prick test. Clin Allergy 1987; 17: 307-311.
134. Potts RO, Francoeur ML, Guy RH. Lipid free-volume fluctuations, permeant size and stratum corneum permeability. Scott RC, Guy RH, Hadgraft J, Boddé HE, ed. Prediction of percutaneous penetration. Methods, Measurements and Modelling. London: IBC Technical Servies Ltd., 1991; Vol 2: 148-155.
135. Prausnitz M, Bose V, Langer R, Weaver J. Electroporation of mammalian skin: a mechanism to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 10504-10508.
136. Proksch E, Holleran WM, Menon GK, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Barrier function regulates epidermal lipid and DNA synthesis. Br J Derm 1993; 128:473-482.
137. Reeves DS. The pharmacokinetics of fusidic acid. J Antimicro Chemother 1987; 20: 467-476.
138. Rieger MM. Factors affecting Sorption of topically applied substances. In: Zatz JL, ed. Skin Permeation. Fundamentals and application. Wheaton: Allured, 1993; 33-72.
139. Rieiutord A, Bourget P, Trochè, Zazzo JF. In vitro study of the protein binding of fusidic acid: a contribution to the comprehension of its pharmacokinetic behaviour. Int J Pharmaceutics 1995; 119:57-64.
140. Riley JF, West GB. Skin histamine. Its location in the tissue mast cells. Fed Proc 1969; 28: 1522-1527.
141. Riviere JE. Biological factors in absorption and permeation. In: Zatz Jl (eds.). Skin permeation. Fundamentals and application. Wheaton: Allured, 1993; 113-126.
142. Roberts MS. Structure-permeability considerations in percutaneous absorption. In: Scott RC, Guy RH, Hadgraft J, Boddé HE, ed. Prediction of percutaneous penetration. Methods, Measurements and Modelling. London: IBC Technical Servies Ltd., 1991; Vol 2: 210-228.
143. Rougier A, Lotte C. Predictive approaches I. The stripping technique. In: Shah VP, Maibach HI, ed. Topical drug bioavailability, bioequivalence and penetration. New York: Plenum Press, 1993; 163-181.
144. Rougier A, Lotte C, Maibach HI. The hairless Rat: A relevant animal model to predict in vivo percutaneous absorption in humans. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 88: 577-581.
145. Rougier A, Lotte C, Maibach HI. In vivo relationship between percutaneous absorption and trans epidermal water loss. In: Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous absorption. Mechanisms, methodology, drug delivery. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1989; 175-190.
146. Sandberg M, Lindström S. Amino acids in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat - collection in vivo. J Neurosci Meth 1983; 9: 65-74.
147. Sandberg M, Butcher SP, Hagberg H. Extracellular owerflow of neuroactive amino acids during severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia: In vivo dialysis of the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 1986; 47: 178-184.
148. Schaefer H, Jamoulle JC. Skin Pharmacokinetics. Int J Dermatol 1988; 27(6): 351-359.
149. Schaefer H, Zesch A, Stüttgen G: Skin Permeability. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982.
150. Schaefer H, Lambrey B, Caron D, Illel B, Renucci F. Methods in skin pharmacokinetics: Introduction. In: Shroot B, Schaefer H, ed. Pharmacol Skin. Basel: Karger, 1987; 50-56.
151. Schäfer-Korting M, Korting HC. Skin blisters and skin windows: An access to total and free drug concentrations in the skin. In: Maibach HI, Lowe NJ, ed. Models in dermatology. Basel: Karger, 1989; Vol 4: 45-62.
152. Seidenari S, Di Nardo A. B scanning evaluation of irritant reaction with binary transformation and image analysis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) Suppl. 1992; 175: 9-13.
153. Serup J. Quantification of acrosclerosis measurement of skin thickness and skin-phalanx distance in females with 15 MHz pulsed ultrasound. Acta Derm venereol (Stockh) 1984; 64: 35-40.
154. Serup J, Keiding J, Fullerton A, Gniadecka M and Gniadecki R. High-Frequency ultrasound examination of the skin: Introduction and guide. In: Serup J, Jemec GBE, ed. Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995; 241-258.
155. Shah VP, Flynn GL, Guy RH, Maibach HI, Schaefer H, Skelly JP, Wester RC, Yacobi A. In vivo percutaneous penetration/absorption, Washington, D.C., May 1989. Pharm Research 1991; 8(8): 1071-1075.
156. Singh P, Roberts MS: Effects of vasoconstriction on dermal pharmacokinetics and local tissue distribution of compounds. J Pharm Sci 1993; 83(6): 783-791.
157. Skelly JP, Shah VP, Maibach HI, Guy RH, Wester RC, Flynn G, Yacobi A. FDA and AAPS report of the workshop on principles and practices of in vitro percutaneous penetration studies: Relevance to bioavailability and bioequivalence. Pharm Research 1987; 4(3): 265-267.
158. Skov PS, Norn S, Weeke B. A new method for detecting histamine release. Agents Actions 1984; 14: 414-416.
159. Smith EW, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration enhancers. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995.
160. Soeby P. Cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infections treated with Fucidin® ointment. Ugeskr Laeger 1966; 128:204-207.
161. Stüttgen G and Bauer E. Penetration and permeation into human skin of fusidic acid in different galenical formulation. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 1988; 38(5):730-735.
162. Ståhle L. Drug distribution studies with microdialysis: I. Tissue dependent difference in recovery between caffeine and theophylline. Life Science 1991; 49(24): 1835-1842.
163. Ståhle L: Microdialysis in pharmacokinetics. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1993; 18(1): 89-96.
164. Ståhle L, Arner P, Ungerstedt U. Drug distribution studies with microdialysis. III. extracellular concentration of caffeine in adipose tissue in man. Life Science 1991a, 49(24): 1853-1858.
165. Ståhle L, Segersvard S, Ungerstedt U. A comparison between three methods for estimation of extracellular concentrations of exogenous and endogenous compounds by microdialysis. J Pharmacol Methods 1991b; 25: 41-52.
166. Surber C. Drug concentration in the skin. In: Smith EW, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous penetration enhancers. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995, 151-178.
167. Sznitowska M. Some aspects of in vitro percutaneous studies using radioisotopes. In: Maibach HI, ed. Dermatological Research Techniques. Boca raton: CRC Press, 1996; 207-216.
168. Søndergaard J, Greaves MW. Direct recovery of histamine from cutaneous anaphylaxis in man. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1971; 51: 98-100.
169. Sørensen H. Liquid chromatographic determination of fusidic acid in serum. J Chromatogr Biomed Appl 1988; 430: 400-405.
170. Takiwaki H, Serup J. Measurement of erythema and melanin indices. In: Serup J, Jemec GBE, ed. Handbook of Non-invasive methods and the skin. Boca Rotan: CRC Press, 1995; 377-384.
171. Terasaki T, Deguchi Y, Kasama Y, Pardridge WM, Tsuji A. Determination of in vivo steady-state unbound drug concentration in the brain interstitial fluid by microdialysis. Int J Pharm 1992; 81: 143-152.
172. Tossman U, Ungerstedt U. Microdialysis in the study of extracellular levels of amino acids in the rat brain. Acta Physiol Scand 1986; 128:9-14.
173. Trinder P. Determination of glucose in blood using oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann Clin Biochem 1969; 6: 24.
174. Tur E, Aviram G, Zeltser D, Brenner S, Maibach HI. Histamine effect on human cutaneous blood flow: Regional variations. Acta Derm Venereol 1994; 74: 113-116.
175. Ungerstedt U. Measurement of neurotransmitter release by intracranial dialysis. In: Marsden CA, ed. Measurement of neurotransmitter release in vivo. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 1984; 81-105.
176. Ungerstedt U. Introduction to intracerebral microdialysis. In: Robinson TE and Justice JB, ed. Microdialysis in the neurosciences, techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991; Vol 7: 3-22.
177. Ungerstedt U, Pycock C. Functional correlates of dopamine neurotransmission. Bull Schweiz Akad Med Wiss, 1974; 1278: 1-13.
178. Ungerstedt U, Herrera Marschintz M, Jungnelius U, Ståhle L, Tossman U, Zetterström T. Dopamine synaptic mechanisms reflected in studies combining behaviourial recordings and brain dialysis. In: Kotisaka M, Shomori T, Tsukada Y and Woodruff GM, ed. Advances in dopamine research. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982; 219-231.
179. Vaillant L, Machet L, Taburet AM, Sørensen H, Lorette G. Levels of fusidic acid in skin blister fluid and serum after repeated administration of two dosage (250 and 500 mg). Br J Dermatol 1992; 126: 591-595.
180. Van Belle K, Dzeka T, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. In vitro and in vivo microdialysis calibration for the measurement of carbamazepine and its metabolites in rat brain tissue using the internal reference technique. J Neurosci Methods 1993; 49: 167-173.
181. Vickers CFH. percutaneous absorption of sodium fusidate and fusidic acid. Br J Derm 1969; 81: 902-908.
182. Waga J, Ehinger B. Passage of drugs through different intraocular microdialysis membranes. Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1995; 233: 31-37.
183. Wages SA, Church WH, Justice JB Jr. Sampling considerations for on-line microbore liquid chromatography of brain dialysis. Anal Chem 1986; 58: 1649-1656.
184. Wang Y, Wong SL, Sawchuk J. Microdialysis calibration using retrodialysis and zero-Net Flux: Application to a study of the distribution of zidovudine to rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and thalamus. Pharm Res 1993; 10(10): 1411-1419.
185. Washington C, Washington N. Drug delivery to the skin. In: Wilson CG, Washington N, ed. Physiological Pharmaceutics. Biological barriers to drug absorption. New York: John Wiley and sons Ltd., 1989; 109-120.
186. Wester RC, Maibach HI. Rhesus monkey as an animal model for percutaneous absorption. In: Maibach HI, ed. Animal models in dermatology. New York: Churchill livingstone, 1975; 133-137.
187. Wester RC, Maibach HI. Regional variation in percutaneous absorption. Bronaugh RL, Maibach HI, ed. Percutaneous absorption. Mechanisms, methodology, drug delivery. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1989; 111-120.
188. Wester RC, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin. In: Maibach HI, Surber C, ed. Topical corticosteroids. Basel: Karger, 1992; 128-141.
189. Wester RC, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorbtion. In: Shah VP, Maibach HI ed. Topical drug bioavailability, bioequivalence and penetration. New York: Plenum Press, 1993a; 3-14.
190. Wester RC, Maibach HI. Animal models for percutaneous absorption. In: Shah VP, Maibach HI, ed. Topical drug biovailability, bioequivalence and penetration. New York: Plenum Press, 1993b; 333-349.
191. Westerhof W. CIE colorimetry. In: Serup J, Jemec GBE, ed. Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin. Boca Raton: CRC-Press, 1995; 385-397.
192. Wiechers JW, Herder R, Drenth BFH, de Zeeuw RA. Skin stripping as a potential method to determine in vivo cutaneous metabolism of topically applied drugs. J soc Cosmet Chem 1989; 40: 367-373.
193. Wilhelm KP, Surber C, Maibach HI. Effect of sodium Lauryl Sulphate-induced skin irritation on in vivo percutaneous penetration of four drugs. J Invest Dermatol 1991a; 97:927-932.
194. Wilhelm KP, Surber C, Maibach HI. Effect of sodium Lauryl Sulphate induced skin irritation on in vitro percutaneous absorption of four drugs. J Invest Dermatol 1991b; 97: 963-967.
195. Wiliams FM. Metabolism of xenobiotics during percutaneous absorption. In: Scott RC, Guy RH, Hadgraft J, Boddé, ed. Proceedings of Prediction of Percutaneous Penetration. Methods, measurements, modelling. London: IBC Technical Servies Ltd., 1991; Vol 2: 270-278.
196. Wong SL, Wang YF, Sawchuk RJ. Analysis of zidovudine distribution to specific regions in rabbit brain using microdialysis. Pharm Res 1992; 9: 332-338.
197. Wårdell K. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging. Linköping studies in Sciences and Technology Dissertations. Thesis No 308. Linköping, Sweden, 1992.
198. Yang H, Wang Q, Elmquist WF. The determinants of microdialysis recovery of lipophilic compounds: Cyclosporin A. Pharm Res 1993; 10(10)Supp: 373.
199. Zetterström T, Sharp T, Marsden CA, Ungerstedt U. In vivo measurement of dopamine and its metabolites by intracerebral dialysis: Changes after d-amphetamine. J Neurochem 1983; 41: 1769-1773.
200. Zhao Y, Liang X, Lunte CE. Comparison of recovery and delivery in vitro for calibration of microdialysis probes. Anal Chim Acta 1995; 316: 403-410.
201. Öhman H, Vahlquist A: In vivo studies concerning a pH gradient in human stratum corneum and upper epidermis. Acta Derm Venereol (stock) 1994; 74: 375-379.