Quantitative optical spectroscopy for tissue diagnosis

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry

Volumn 47, Issue , 1996, Pages 555-606

  Richards Kortum, Rebecca ^a   Sevick Muraca, Eva ^b  

^a The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Fluorescence; Neoplasia; Phosphorescence; Raman

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; DIAGNOSIS; GENERAL ASPECTS OF DISEASE; HUMAN; LIGHT; METHODOLOGY; RADIATION SCATTERING; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; SPECTROFLUOROMETRY; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; THEORETICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE; HUMANS; LIGHT; MODELS, THEORETICAL; SCATTERING, RADIATION; SPECTROMETRY, FLUORESCENCE; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, RAMAN;

EID: 0030345433     PISSN: 0066426X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.47.1.555     Document Type: Article

References (282)

1. Burghardt E. 1984. Colposcopy Cervical Pathology Textbook and Atlas. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag
2. American Cancer Society. 1995. Cancer Facts & Figures
3. Wilson BC, Jacques SL. 1990. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(12):2186-99
4. Jobsis FF, Keizer JH, LaManna JC, Rosenthal M. 1977. Appl. Physiol: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 43(5):858-72
5. Cope M, Delpy DT. 1988. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 26(3):289-94
6. Hazeki O, Tamura M. 1989. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 248:63-69
7. Pisantadosi CA. 1993. Methods Toxicol. 2:107-26
8. Lemberg R, Legg JW. 1949. Hematin Compounds and Bile Pigments. New York: Interscience
9. DeBlasi RA, Quaglia E, Ferrari M. 1991. Biochem. Int. 25:241-84
10. DeBlasi RA, Fantini S, Franceschini MA, Ferrari M, Gratton E. 1995. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 33:228-30
11. Matcher SJ, Elwell CE, Cooper CE, Cope M, Delpy DT. 1995. Anal. Biochem. 227:54-68
12. Takatani S, Ling J, 1994. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 347-57
13. Hazen KH, Arnold MA, Small GW. 1994. Appl. Spectrosc. 48(4):477-83
14. Patterson MS, Wilson BC, Feather JW, Burns DM, Pushka W. 1987. Biochem. Photobiol. 46(3):337-43
15. Van de Hulst HC. 1957. Light Scattering by Small Particles. New York: Wiley
16. Bohren CF, Huffman DR. 1983. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. New York: Wiley
17. Cross DA, Latimer P. 1972. Appl. Opt. 11:1225-28
18. Sloot PMA, Hoekstra AG, Figdor CG. 1988. Cytometry 9:636-41
19. Steinke JM, Shepherd AP. 1988. Appl. Opt. 27:4027-33
20. Kessler FM, Appelbaum K, Albrecht HP, Mauch ED. 1989. Phys. Med. Biol. 34:1901-16
21. Saidi IS, Jacques SL, Tittel FK. 1995. Appl. Opt. 34:7410-18
22. Arnfield MR, Tulip J, McPhee MS. 1988. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 35:372-81
23. Jacques SL. 1989. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36:1155-61
24. Beauvoit B, Kitai T, Chance B. 1994. Biophys. J. 67:2501-10
25. Troy TL, Page DL, Sevick-Muraca EM. 1996. J. Biomed. Opt. In press
26. Chance B, Liu H, Kitai T, Zhang Y. 1995. Anal. Biochem. 227:351-62
27. Liu H, Miwa M, Beauvoit B, Wang NG, Chance B. 1993. Anal. Biochem. 213:378-85
28. Maier JS, Walker SA, Fantini S, Franceschini MA, Gratton. 1994. Opt. Lett. 19:2062-64
29. Thomsen SL, Jacques SL, Flock ST 1990. In Laser-Tissue Interactions, ed. SL Jacques, Proc. Soc. Photo. Opt. Instrum. Eng. 1202:2-10
30. Bosman S. 1993. Appl. Opt. 32:461-63
31. Zijp JR, ten Bosch JJ. 1993. Appl. Opts. 32:411-15
32. Brinkman J, ten Bosch JJ, Borsboom PCF. 1988. Caries Res. 22:257-62
33. Mourant JR, Bigio IR, Boyer J, Conn RL, Johnson T, Shimada T. 1995. Lasers Surg. Med. 17(4)350-57
34. Wilson BC, Patterson MS. 1986. Phys. Med. Biol. 31:327-60
35. Chandrasekhar S. 1950. Radiative Transfer. London: Oxford Univ. Press
36. Ishimaru A. 1987. Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media. New York: Academic
37. Duderstadt JJ, Hamilton LJ. 1976. Nuclear Reactor Analysis, pp. 103-44. New York: Wiley
38. Prahl S, van Gemert MJC, Welch AJ. 1993. Appl. Opt. 32:559-68
39. Kubelka P. 1948. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38:448-57
40. Wilson BC, Adam G. 1983. Med. Phys. 10(6):824-30
41. Eddowes MH, Mills TN, Delpy DT. 1995. Appl. Opt. 34(13):2261-67
42. Patterson MS, Chance B, Wilson BC. 1989. Appl. Opt. 28:2331-36
43. Groenhuis RAJ, ten Bosch JJ, Ferwerda HA. 1983. Appl. Opt. 22:2456-62
44. Groenhuis RAJ, ten Bosch JJ, Ferwerda HA. 1983. Appl. Opt. 22:2463-67
45. Farrell TJ, Patterson MS, Wilson BC. 1992. Med. Phys. 19:879-88
46. Delpy DT, Cope M, van der Zee P, Arridge S, Wray S, Wyatt J. 1988. Phys. Med. Biol. 33(12):1433-42
47. O'Connor DV, Phillips D. 1984. Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting. London: Academic
48. Sevick EM, Chance B, Leigh J, Nioka S, Maris M. 1991. Anal. Biochem. 195:330-51
49. van der Zee P, Arridge SR, Cope M, Delpy DT. 1990. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 277:79-84
50. Chance B, Nioka S, Kent J, McCully K, Fountain M, Greenneld R, Holtom G. 1988. Anal. Biochem. 174:698-707
51. Ferrari M, Wei Q, Carraresi L, DeBlasi RA, Zaccanti G. 1992. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 16:141-53
52. Wyatt JS, Cope M, Delpy DT, van der Zee P, Arridge S, et al. 1990. Dev. Neurosci. 12:140-44
53. Cubeddu R, Canti G, Musolino M, Pifferi A, Taroni P, Valentini G. 1994. Photochem. Photobiol. 60:582-85
54. Vitkin IA, Wilson BC, Kaplan RS, Anderson RR. 1992. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 16:235-39
55. Tromberg BJ, Svaasand LO, Tsay TT, Haskell RC. 1993. Appl. Opt. 32(4):607-16
56. Fishkin JB, So PTC, Cerussi AE, Fantini S, Franchesini MA, Gratton E. 1995. Appl. Opt. 34(7):1143-55
57. Patterson MS, Moulton JD, Wilson BC, Berndt KW, Lakowicz J. 1991. Appl. Opt. 30:4474-76
58. Wilson BC, Sevick EM, Patterson MS, Chance B. 1992. Proc. IEEE 80:918-30
59. Thompson RB, Frisoli JK, Lakowicz JR. 1992. Anal. Chem. 64:2075-78
60. Madsen SJ, Anderson ER, Haskell RC, Tromberg BJ. 1994. Opt. Lett. 19(23):1934-36
61. Cheong WF, Prahl SA, Welch AJ. 1990. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(12):2166-85
62. Pickering JW, Prahl SA, van Wieringen N, Beek JF, Sterenborg HJCM, van Gemert MJC. 1993. Appl. Opt. 32:399-410
63. Ishimaru A. 1978. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68:1045-50
64. Torres JH, Welch AJ, Cilesiz I, Motamedi M. 1994. Lasers Surg. Med. 14:249-57
65. Nilsson AMK, Berg R, Andersson-Engels S. 1995. Appl. Opt. 34(21):4609-19
66. Lakowicz JR. 1985. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. New York: Plenum
67. Richards-Kortum R, Rava RP, Cothren R, Mehta A, Fitzmaurice M, et al. 1989. Spectrochimica Acta 45A:87-93
68. Richards-Kortum R, Rava RP, Fitzmaurice M, Tong LL, Ratliff NB, et al. 1989. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36:1222-32
69. Patterson MS, Pogue BW. 1994. Appl. Opt. 33:1963-74
70. Sevick-Muraca EM, Burch CL. 1994. Opt. Lett. 19:1928-30
71. Hutchinson CL, Lakowicz JR, Sevick-Muraca EM. 1995. Biophys. J. 68:1574-82
72. Bolin FP, Preuss LE, Taylor RC, Ference RJ. 1989. Appl. Opt. 28(12):2297-303
73. Sinaasappel M, Sterenborg HJCM. 1993. Appl. Opt. 32:542-48
74. Hutchinson CL, Troy TL, Sevick-Muraca EM. 1996. Appl. Opt. 35:2325-32
75. Keijzer M, Richards-Kortum R, Jacques S, Feld MS. 1989. Appl. Opt., 28:4286-92
76. Stryer L. 1988. Biochemistry. New York: Freeman. 34th ed.
77. Avi-Dor Y, Olson JM, Doherty D, Kaplan NO. 1962. J. Biol. Chem. 237:2377-82
78. Chance B, Thorell B. 1959. J. Biol. Chem. 234:3044-50
79. Davis RP, Canessa-Fischer M. 1965. Anal. Biochem. 10:325-43
80. Chance B, Baltscheffsky H. 1958. J. Biol. Chem. 233:736-39
81. Masters BR, Chance B. 1993. In Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes for Biological Activity, ed. WT Mason, pp. 44-56. London: Academic
82. Campbell ID, Dwek RA. 1984. Biological Spectroscopy. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings
83. Fujimoto D. 1977. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76:1124-29
84. Blomfield J, Farrar JF. 1969. Cardiovasc. Res. 3:161-70
85. Thornhill DP. 1975. Biochem. J. 147:215-19
86. Eyre D, Paz M. 1984. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:717-48
87. Deyl Z, Macek K, Adam M, Van-Cikova O. 1980. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 625:248-54
88. Richards-Kortum R, Rava RP, Baraga J, Fitzmaurice M, Kramer J, Feld M. 1990. In Optronic Techniques in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine, ed. R Pratesi. New York: Plenum
89. Poulsom R, Pignatelli M, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Liotta LA, Wright PA, et al. 1992. Am. J. Pathol. 141:389-96
90. Campo E, Perez M, Charonis AA. 1992. Mod. Pathol. 5(5):540-46
91. Wilson RG, Davis RE. 1983. Adv. Clin. Chem. 23:1-68
92. Merrill AH Jr, Henderson JM. 1987. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 7:137-56
93. Ink SL, Henderson LM. 1984. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 4:455-70
94. Bridges JW, Davies DS, Williams RT. 1966. Biochem. J. 98:451-68
95. Shimasaki H, Ueta N, Privett OS. 1980. Lipids 15:236-41
96. Collins VP, Thaw HH. 1983. Mech. Aging Dev. 23:199-214
97. Tsuchida M, Miura T, Aibara K. 1987. Chem. Phys. Lipids 44:297-25
98. Ball RY, Carpenter KLH, Mitchinson MJ. 1987. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 111:134-39
99. Mitchinson MJ, Hothersall DC, Brooks PN, De Burbure C. 1985. J. Pathol. 145:177-83
100. Eldred GE, Miller GV, Stark WS, Feeney-Burns L. 1982. Science 16:757-59
101. Stark WS, Miller GV, Itoku KA. 1984. Enzymology 105:342-47
102. Sohal RS. 1984. Enzymology 105:484-87
103. Chio KS, Reiss U, Fletcher B, Tappel AL. 1969. Science 166:1535-36
104. Dillard CJ, Tappel AL. 1984. Methods Enzymol. 105:337-41
105. Weller PF. 1991. N. Engl. J. Med. 324:1110-18
106. Gleich GJ, Adolphson CR. 1986. Adv. Immunol. 39:177-253
107. Barnes D, Aggarwal S, Thomsen S, Fitzmaurice M, Richards-Kortum R. 1993. Photochem. Photobiol. 58:297-303
108. Mayeno AN, Hamann KJ, Gleich GJ. 1992. J. Leukocyte Biol. 51:172-75
109. Weil GJ, Chused TM. 1981. Blood 57:1099-104
110. Samoszuk MK, Espinoza FP. 1987. Blood 70:597-99
111. Garvie WHH. 1965. Nature 4978:1333-34
112. Policard A. 1924. Compte-rendus Soc. Biol. 91:1423-24
113. Ronchese F, Walker BS, Young RM. 1954. Arch. Derm. Syph. 69:31
114. Ghadially FN. 1960. J. Pathol. Bact. 80:345-51
115. Ghadially FN, Neish WJP. 1960. Nature 169:1124
116. Sharvill D. 1955. Trans St. Johns Hosp. Derm. Soc. 34:32
117. Ghadially FN, Neish WJP, Dawkins HC. 1963. J. Pathol. Bact. 85:77-92
118. Papazoglou TG. 1995. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 28:3-11
119. Nishioka NS. 1994. Exp. Invest. Endosc. 4:313-26
120. Edholm P, Jacobson B. 1965. J. Atheroscler. Res. 5:592-95
121. Kittrell C, Willett RL, de los Santos-Pacheco C, Ratliff NB, Kramer JR, et al. 1985. Appl. Opt. 24:2280-81
122. Bergeron A, Douville Y, Duplain G. 1988. Can. J. Phys. 66:1035-39
123. Bosshart F, Utzinger U, Hess OM, Wyser J, Mueller A, et al. 1992. Cardiovasc. Res. 26:620-25
124. Leon MB, Lu DY, Prevosti LG, Macy WW, Smith PD, et al. 1988. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 12:94-102
125. Clarke RH, Isner JM, Gauthier T, Nakagawa K, Cerio F, et al. 1988. Lasers Surg. Med. 8:45-59
126. Baraga J, Rava RP, Taroni P, Kittrell C, Fitzmaurice M, Feld MS. 1990. Lasers Surg. Med. 10:245-61
127. Fitzmaurice M, Bordagaray J, Engelmann G, Richards-Kortum R, Kolubayev T, et al. 1989. Am. Heart J. 118:1028-38
128. Verbunt RJAM, Fitzmaurice MA, Kramer JR, Ratliff NB, Kittrell C, et al. 1992. Am. Heart J. 123:208-16
129. Gmitro AF, Cutruzzola FW, Stetz ML, Deckelbaum LI. 1988. Appl. Opt. 27:1844-49
130. Oraevsky AA, Jacques SL, Pettit GH, Sauerbrey RA, Tittel FK, et al. 1993. Circ. Res. 72:84-90
131. Gaffney EJ, Clarke RH, Lucas AR, Isner JM. 1989. Lasers Surg. Med 9:215-28
132. Laifer LI, O'Brien KM, Stetz ML, Gindi GR, Garrand TJ, Deckelbaum LI. 1989. Circulation 80:1893-901
133. Gindi GR, Darken CJ, O'Brien KM, Stetz ML, Deckelbaum LI. 1991. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 38:246-52
134. Deckelbaum LI, Sarembock IJ, Stetz ML, O'Brien KM, Cutruzzolla FW, et al. 1988. Opt. Fibers Med. III, SPIE 906:314-19
135. Deckelbaum LI, Lam JK, Cabin HS, Clubb KS, Long MB. 1987. Lasers Surg. Med. 7:330-35
136. Blankenhorn DH, Braunstein H. 1958. J. Clin. Invest. 37:160-65
137. Sartori MP, Sauerbrey R, Kubodera S, Tittel FK, Roberts R, Henry PD. 1987. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23:1794-97
138. Richards-Kortum R. 1987. Understanding laser-induced fluorescence spectra of human artery wall with applications to diagnosis of atherosclerosis. MS thesis. Mass. Inst. Technol.
139. Richards-Kortum R, Rava RP, Fitzmaurice M, Kramer JR, Feld MS. 1991. Am. Heart J. 122:1141-50
140. Richards-Kortum R, Mehta A, Hayes G, Cothren R, Kolubayev T, et al. 1989. Am. Heart J. 118:381-91
141. Hoyt CC, Richards-Kortum R, Costello B, Sacks BA, Kittrell C, et al. 1988. Lasers Surg. Med. 8:1-9
142. Warren S, Pope K, Yazdi Y, Welch AJ, Thomsen S, et al. 1995. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 42:121-32
143. Chaudhry HW, Richards-Kortum R, Kolubayev T, Kittrell C, Partovi F, et al. 1989. Lasers Surg. Med. 9:572-80
144. Morguet AJ, Korber B, Abel B, Hippler H, Wiegand V, Kreuzer H. 1994. Lasers Surg. Med. 14:238-48
145. Papazoglou TG, Papaioannou T, Arakawa K, Fishbein M, Marmarelis VZ, Grundfest WS. 1990. Appl. Opt. 29:4950-55
146. Lycette RM, Leslie RB. 1965. Lancet 2:436
147. Alfano RR, Tata DB, Cordero J, Tomashefsky P, Longo FW, Alfano MA. 1984. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 20:1507-11
148. Yuanlong Y, Yanming Y, Fuming L, Yufen L, Paozhong M. 1987. Lasers Surg. Med. 7:528-32
149. Richards-Kortum R, Rava RP, Petras RE, Fitzmaurice M, Sivak M, Feld MS. 1991. Photochem. Photobiol. 53:777-86
150. Kapadia CR, Cutruzzola FW, O'Brien KM, Stetz ML, Enriquez R, Deckelbaum LI. 1990. Gastroenterology 93:150-57
151. Schomacker KT, Frisoli JK, Compton CC, Flotte TJ, Richter JM, et al. 1992. Gastroenterology 102:1155-60
152. Schomacker K, Frisoli JK, Compton CC, Flotte TJ, Richter J, et al. 1992. Lasers Surg. Med. 12:63-78
153. Cothren RM, Richards-Kortum R, Sivak MV, Fitzmaurice M, Rava RP, et al. 1990. Gastrointest. Endosc. 36:105-11
154. Cothren R, Sivak M, Van Dam J, Petras RE, Fitzmaurice M, Crawford JM, Brennan JF, Rava RP, Manoharan R, Feld MS. 1996. Gastrointest. Endosc. In press
155. Romer TJ, Fitzmaurice M, Cothren R, Richards-Kortum R, Petras R, et al. 1995. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 90:81-87
156. Bottiroli G, Croce AC, Locatelli D, Marchesini R, Pignoli E, et al. 1995. Lasers Surg. Med. 16:48-60
157. Fiarman GS, Nathanson MH, West AB, Deckelbaum LI, Kelly L, Kapadia CR. 1995. Dig. Dis. Sci. 40:1261-68
158. Manoharan R, Zonios G, Cothren R, Arendt J, Van Dam J, Feld MS. 1995. Proc. SPIE 2388:47-22
159. Lohmann W, Mussmann J, Lohmann C, Kunzel W. 1989. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 31:249-53
160. Glassman WS, Liu CH, Tang GC, Lubicz S, Alfano RR. 1992. Lasers Life Sci. 5:49-58
161. Glassman WS, Liu CH, Lubicz S, Alfano RR. 1994. Lasers Life Sci. 6:99-106
162. Mahadevan A, Mitchell M, Silva E, Thomsen S, Richards-Kortum RR. 1993. Lasers Surg. Med. 13:647-55
163. Ramanujam N, Mitchell MF, Mahadevan A, Thomsen S, Silva E, Richards-Kortum RR. 1994. Gynecol. Oncol. 52:31-38
164. Ramanujam N, Mitchell MF, Mahadevan A, Thomsen S, Richards-Kortum RR. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10193-97
165. Mitchell MF. 1994. Clin. Consult. Obstet. Gynecol. 6(1):70-73
166. Ramanujam N, Mitchell MF, Mahadevan A, Thomsen S, Malpica A, et al. 1996. Lasers Surg. Med. In press
167. Ramanujam N, Mitchell MF, Mahadevan A, Thomsen S, Malpica A, et al. 1996. Lasers Surg. Med. In press
168. Ramanujam N, Mitchell MF, Mahadevan A, Thomsen S, Malpica A, et al. 1996. Photochem. Photobiol. Submitted
169. Alfano RR, Tang GC, Pradhan A, Lam W, Choy DSJ, Opher E. 1987. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23:1806-11
170. Alfano RR, Pradhan A, Tang GC. 1989. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6:1015-23
171. Glassman WS, Steinberg M, Alfano RR. 1994. Lasers Life Sci. 6:91-98
172. Lohmann W, Kunzel S, Mussmann J, Hoersch C. 1990. Naturwissenschaften 77:476-78
173. Lohmann W, Bodecker RH. 1991. Naturwissenschaften 78:456-57
174. Sterenborg HJCM, Motamedi M, Wagner RF, Duvic M, Thomsen S, Jacques SL. 1994. Lasers Med. Sci. 9:191-201
175. Zeng H, MacAulay C, Palcic B, McLean D. 1993. Proc. SPIE 1876:129-35
176. Lohmann W, Paul E. 1989. Naturwissenschaften 76:424-26
177. Zeng H, MacAulay C, Palcic B, McLean D. 1993. Phys. Med. Biol. 38:231-40
178. Zeng H, MacAulay C, Palcic B, McLean D. 1993. Proc. SPIE 1882:278-90
179. Roy K, Bottrill ID, Ingrams DR, Pankratov MM, Rebeiz EE, et al. 1995. Proc. SPIE 2395:135-42
180. Konig K, Schneckenburger H. 1994. J. Fluoresc. 4:17-40
181. Glasgold R, Glasgold M, Savage H, Pinto J, Alfano R, Schantz S. 1994. Cancer Lett. 82:33-41
182. Silverberg M, Savage H, Tang G, Sacks P, Alfano R, Schantz S. 1994. Laryngoscope 104:278-82
183. Savage H, Kolli V, Ansley J, Chandawarkar R, Alfano R, Schantz S. 1995. Proc. SPIE 2387:2-9
184. Kluftinger AM, Quenville NF, Lam S, Hung J, Palcic B. 1992. Surg. Oncol. 1:183-88
185. D'Hallewin MA, Baert L, Vanherzeele. 1994. J. Am. Paraplegia Soc. 17:161-64
186. Hung J, Lam S, LeRiche J, Palcic B. 1991. Lasers Surg. Med. 11:9-105
187. Harries M, Lam S, MacAulay C, Qu J, Palcic B. 1995. J. Laryngol. Otol. 109:108-10
188. Lohmann W, Hirzinger B, Braun J, Schwemmle K, Muhrer K, Schulz A. 1990. Z. Naturforsch. 45C:1063-66
189. Palcic B, Lam S, Hung J, MacAulay C. 1991. Chest 99:742-43
190. Lam S, MacAulay C, Hung J, LeRiche J, Profio AE, Palcic B. 1993. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 105:1035-40
191. Avrillier S, Hor F, Desgeorges M, Ettori D, Sitbon J. 1993. Proc. SPIE 1894:177-86
192. Montan S, Stromblad LG. 1987. Lasers Life Sci. 1:275-85
193. Mordon S, Devoisselle JM, Maunoury V. 1994. Photochem. Photobiol. 60:274-79
194. Russell DA, Pettier RH, Valenzeno DP. 1994. Photochem. Photobiol. 59:309-13
195. Ahmed SA, Zhang KW, Yoo KM, Ali A, Alfano RR. 1994. Appl. Opt. 33:2746-50
196. Andreoni A. 1990. Photochem. Photobiol. 52:423-30
197. Moan J, Sommer S. 1984. Photochem. Photobiol. 40:631-34
198. Tanielian C, Heinrich G. 1995. Photochem. Photobiol. 61:131-35
199. Nilsson H, Johansson J, Svanberg K, Svanberg S, Jori G, et al. 1994. Br. J. Cancer 70(5):873-79
200. Svanberg K, Kjellen E, Ankerst J, Montan S, Sjöholm E, Svanberg S. 1986. Cancer Res. 46:3803-8
201. Andersson-Engels S, Ankerst J, Johansson J, Svanberg K, Svanberg S. 1989. Laser Med. Sci. 4:115-23
202. Andersson-Engels S, Ankerst J, Johansson J, Svanberg K, Svanberg S. 1993. Photochem. Photobiol. 57:978-83
203. Van Leengoed HLLM, Van Der Veen N, Verteeg AAC, Van Der Berg-Blok AE, Marijnissen JPA, Star WM. 1991. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 60:121-24
204. Andersson-Engels S, Johansson J, Stenram U, Svanberg K, Svanberg S. 1993. J. Photochem. Photobiol B 4:363-69
205. Ye BQ, Abela GS. 1993. Lasers Med. Surg. 13:393-404
206. Green HA, Bua D, Anderson R, Nishioka NS. 1992. Arch. Dermatol. 128:43-49
207. Haugland RP. 1992. Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, OR (Catalog)
208. Pottier R. 1990. Photobiol. B 6(1-2): 103-9
209. Biolo R, Jori G, Kennedy JC, Nadeau P, Portier R, et al. 1991. Photochem. Photobiol. 53:113-18
210. Panjehpour M, Sneed RE, Frazier DL, Barnhill MA, O'Brien SF, et al. 1993. Lasers Surg. Med. 13:23-10
211. Blasdel GC, Salama G. 1986. Nature 321:579-84
212. Ando T, Irie K, Koshimizu K, Takemura T, Nishino H, Iwashima A. 1993. Photochem. Photobiol. 57:629-33
213. Marriott G, Clegg RM, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Jovin TM. 1991. Biophys. J. 60:1374-87
214. Oida T, Sako Y, Kusumi A. 1993. Biophys. J. 64:676-85
215. Schneckenburger H, Konig K, Dienersberger T, Hahn R. 1994. Opt. Eng. 33:2600-6
216. Lakowicz JR, Szmacinski H, Nowaczyk K, Berndt KW, Johnson M. 1992. Anal. Biochem. 202:316-30
217. Sanders R, Draaijer A, Gerritsen HC, Houpt PM, Levine YK. 1995. Anal. Biochem. 227:302-8
218. Lakowicz JR, Szmacinski H, Nowaczyk K, Johnson ML. 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1271-75
219. Andersson-Engels S, Johansson J, Stenram U, Svanberg K, Svanberg S. 1990. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26:2207-17
220. Baraga JJ, Taroni P, Park YD, An K, Macstri A, et al. 1989. Spectrochim. Acta 45A:95-99
221. Tata DB, Foresti M, Cordero J, Tomashefpsky P. 1986. Biophys. J. 50:463-69
222. Dillon J, Atherton SJ. 1990. Photochem. Photobiol. 51:465-68
223. Konig K, Schneckenburger H, Hemmer J, Tromberg B, Steiner R. 1994. Proc. SPIE 2135:129-38
224. Cubeddu R, Ramponi R, Taroni P Canti G. 1991. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. Biol. 11:319-28
225. Cubeddu R, Canti G, Taroni P, Valentini G. 1993. Photochem. Photobiol. 57:480-85
226. Seidlitz HK, Schneckenburger H, Stettmaier K. 1990. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 55:391-400
227. Cubeddu R, Ramponi R, Bottiroli G. 1986. Chem. Phys. Lett. 128:439-42
228. Valduga G, Reddi E, Jori G, Cubeddu R, Taroni P, Valentini G. 1992. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 16:331-40
229. Ambroz M, MacRobert AJ, Morgan J, Rumbles G, Foley MSC, Phillips D. 1994. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 22:105-17
230. Seidlitz HK, Stettmaier K, Wessels JM, Schneckenburger H. 1992. Opt. Eng. 31:1482-86
231. Konig K, Wabnitz H, Dietel W. 1990. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 8(1):103-11
232. Konig K, Schneckenburger H, Ruck A, Steiner R. 1993. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 18(2-3):287-90
233. van Leengoed HLLM, van der Veen N, Versteeg AAC, Quellet R, van Lier JE, Star WM. 1993. Photochem. Photobiol. 58:233-37
234. Vanderkooi JM, Maniara G, Green TJ, Wilson DF. 1987. J. Biol. Chem. 262:5476-82
235. Vanderkooi JM, Wilson DF. 1986. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 200:189-93
236. Rumsey WL, Vanderkooi JM, Wilson DF. 1989. Science 241:1649-51
237. Wilson DF. 1993. In Optical Imaging of Brain Function and Metabolism, ed. U Dirnagl, A Villringer, KM Einnaupl, pp. 225-32. New York: Plenum
238. Torres F, Leunig M, Yuan F, Intaglietta M, Jain R. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2081-85
239. Bachteler G, Drexhage KH, Arden-Jacob J, Han KT, Kollner M, et al. 1994. J. Lumin. 62:101-8
240. Bachteler G, Drexhage KH, Arden-Jacob J, Han KT, Kollner M, et al. 1994. J. Lumin. 60&61:511-14
241. Carey PR. 1982. Biochemical Applications of Roman and Resonance Raman Spectroscopies. New York: Academic
242. Parker FS. 1983. Applications of Infrared, Raman, and Resonance Raman Spectrascopy in Biochemistry. New York: Plenum
243. Twardowski J, Anzenbacher P. 1994. Raman and IR Spectroscopy in Biology and Biochemistry. New York: Ellis Horwood
244. Ozaki Y. 1988. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 24(3&4):259-312
245. Nie S, Bergbauer KJ, Ho JJ, Kuck JFR Jr, Yu NT. 1990. Spectroscopy 5:24-32
246. Schrader B, Keller S, Loechte T, Fendel S, Moore DS, Simon A. 1995. J. Mol. Struct. 348:293-96
247. Manoharan R, Baraga JJ, Rava RP, Dasari RR, Fitzmaurice M, Feld MS. 1993. Atherosclerosis 103(2):181-93
248. Liu CH, Das BB, Classman WL, Tang GC, Yoo KM, et al. 1992. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 16:187-209
249. Feld MS, Manoharan R, Salenius J, Orenstein-Carndona J, Romer TJ, et al. 1995. In Advances in Fluorescence Sensing Technology II, ed. JR Lakowicz, 2388:99-104. Bellingham: SPIE
250. Frank CJ, McCreery RL, Redd DCB. 1995. Anal. Chem. 67(5):777-83
251. Mahadevan Jansen A, Mitchell MF, Ramanujam N, Malpica A, Thomsen S, Richards-Kortum R. 1996. Appl. Spectrosc. Submitted
252. Yada RY, Jackman RL, Nakai S. 1988. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 31(1):98-108
253. Peticolas WL, Evertsz E. 1992. Methods Enzymol. 211:335-52
254. Duguid J, Bloomfield VA, Benevides J, Thomas GJ Jr. 1993. Biophys. J. 65(5):1916-28
255. Kennard O, Hunter WN. 1989. Q. Rev. Biophys. 22(3):327-79
256. Steitz TA. 1990. Q. Rev. Biophys. 23(3):205-80
257. Hud NV, Milanovich FP, Balhorn R. 1994. Biochemistry 33(24):7528-35
258. Aubrey KL, Casjens SR, Thomas GJ Jr. 1992. Biochemistry 31(47):11835-42
259. Puppels GJ, Olminkhof JH, Segers-Nolten GM, Otto C, deMul FF, Greve J. 1991. Exp. Cell Res. 195(2):361-67
260. Puppels GJ, Garritsen HS, Segers-Nolten GM, de Mul FF, Greve J. 1991. Biophys. J. 60(5):1046-56
261. Yu NT, East EJ. 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250:2196-202
262. Clarke RH, Hanlon EB, Isner JM, Brody H. 1987. Appl. Opt. 26(16):3175-77
263. Baraga JJ, Feld MS, Rava RP. 1992. Appl. Spectrosc. 46(2):187-90
264. Manoharan R, Wang Y, Boustany N, Brennan JF III, Baraga JJ, et al. 1994. Proc. Biomed. Optoelectron. Devices Systems II, SPIE 2328:128-32
265. Mahadevan A, Ramanujam N, Mitchell MF, Malpica A, Thomsen S, Richards-Kortum R. 1995. In Advances in Fluorescence Sensing Technology II, ed. JR Lakowicz, 2388:110-20. Bellingham: SPIE
266. Mosier-Boss PA, Lieberman SH, Newberry R. 1995. Appl. Spectrosc. 49(5):630-38
267. Angel SM, DeArmond MK, Hanck KW, Wertz DW. 1984. Anal. Chem. 56:3000-1
268. Funfschilling J, Williams DF. 1976. Appl. Spectrosc. 30(4):443-46
269. Shreve AP, Cherepy NJ, Mathies RA. 1992. Appl. Spectrosc. 46(4):707-11
270. Bot ACC. 1989. Exp. Eye Res. 49:161-69
271. Redd DCB, Feng ZC, Yue KT, Gansler TS. 1993. Appl. Spectrosc. 47(6):787-91
272. Keller S, Schrader B, Hoffmann A, Schrader W, Metz K, et al. 1994. J. Raman Spectrosc. 25(7-8):663-71
273. Richards-Kortum R, Mahadevan A, Ramanujam N. 1996. Unpublished data
274. Yu NT, DeNagel DC, Pruett PL, Kuck JFR Jr. 1985. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7965-68
275. Williams AC, Barry BW, Edwards HG. 1994. Analyst 119(4):563-66
276. Manoharan R, Wang Y, Dasari RR, Singer S, Rava RP, Feld MS. 1995. Lasers Life Sci. 6(4):217-27
277. Alfano RR, Lui CH, Sha WL, Zhu HR, Akins DL, et al. 1991. Lasers Life Sci. 4(1):23-28
278. Frank CJ, Redd DC, Gansler TS, McCreery RL. 1994. Anal. Chem. 66(3):319-26
279. Mizuno A, Kitajima H, Kawauchi K, Muraishi S, Ozaki Y. 1994. J. Roman Spectros. 25:25-29
280. Lim HW, Soter NA. 1993. Clinical Photomedicine. New York: Dekker
281. Giuntoli RL, Atkinson BF, Ernst CS, Rubin MM, Egan VS. 1987. Cytology and Histopathology. Philadelphia: Lippincott &Co.
282. Schneckenburger H, Konig K. 1992. Opt. Eng. 31:1447-51