In the name of socialism: Zionism and European social democracy in the inter-war years

International Review of Social History

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 331-350

  Kelemen, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030343295     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s002085900011404x     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. J. Jacobs, On Socialists and "the Jewish Question" after Marx (New York, 1992); E. Silberner, Sozialisten zur Judenfrage (Berlin, 1962); E. Traverso, The Marxists and the Jewish Question (New Jersey, 1990); R. Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews (London, 1982).
2. J. Jacobs, On Socialists and "the Jewish Question" after Marx (New York, 1992); E. Silberner, Sozialisten zur Judenfrage (Berlin, 1962); E. Traverso, The Marxists and the Jewish Question (New Jersey, 1990); R. Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews (London, 1982).
3. J. Jacobs, On Socialists and "the Jewish Question" after Marx (New York, 1992); E. Silberner, Sozialisten zur Judenfrage (Berlin, 1962); E. Traverso, The Marxists and the Jewish Question (New Jersey, 1990); R. Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews (London, 1982).
4. J. Jacobs, On Socialists and "the Jewish Question" after Marx (New York, 1992); E. Silberner, Sozialisten zur Judenfrage (Berlin, 1962); E. Traverso, The Marxists and the Jewish Question (New Jersey, 1990); R. Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews (London, 1982).
5. Ibid., p. 150; R. Fletcher, Revisionism and Empire (London, 1984), pp. 57-59.
6. Ibid., p. 150; R. Fletcher, Revisionism and Empire (London, 1984), pp. 57-59.
7. Labour party and Trades Union Congress, Memorandum on War Aims (London, 1917): the Inter-Allied Labour and Socialist Conference's version is contained in C. McCurdy, A Clean Peace (London, 1918).
8. Labour party and Trades Union Congress, Memorandum on War Aims (London, 1917): the Inter-Allied Labour and Socialist Conference's version is contained in C. McCurdy, A Clean Peace (London, 1918).
9. Quoted in M. Jarblum, The Socialist International and Zionism (New York, 1933), p. 17.
10. Sonderbeilage zu No. 52 der "Mitteilungen des Kopenhagener Bureaus der zionistischen Organisation", A137/76, Central Zionist Archives (Jerusalem).
11. Jarblum, The Socialist International and Zionism, p. 17.
12. Silberner, Sozialisten zur Judenfrage, p. 280.
13. Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, pp. 242-261.
14. Jarblum, The Socialist International and Zionism, p. 9.
15. Forward, 1 March 1919.
16. A. Van der Slice, International Labour, Diplomacy and Peace 1914-1919 (Philadelphia, 1941), p. 318.
17. K. Kautsky, Are the Jews A Race? (London, 1926), p. 207; J. Jacobs, "Marxism and Anti-Semitism: Kautsky's Perspective", International Review of Social History, 30, 3 (December 1985), p. 426.
18. K. Kautsky, Are the Jews A Race? (London, 1926), p. 207; J. Jacobs, "Marxism and Anti-Semitism: Kautsky's Perspective", International Review of Social History, 30, 3 (December 1985), p. 426.
19. B. Locker, "Karl Kautsky und der Zionismus", Der Neue Weg, December 1924.
20. Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, p. 167.
21. Quoted in Vorwärts, 29 September 1929.
22. Ibid.
23. La Vie Socialiste, December 1929.
24. Otto Bauer, "What is Austro-Marxism?", in T. Bottomore (ed.), Austro-Marxism (Oxford, 1979), p. 46.
25. J. Glasneck, "Die Internationale Sozialdemokratie und die Zionistische Palästina-Kolonisation in den Jahren 1929/30", Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin Luther Universität, G-H., 26, 4 (1977), p. 48.
26. Poale Zion reported to the Socialist International, in 1925, a membership of 13,500 of which 3,350 were in Palestine, 3,000 in the US and the rest spread over a half dozen countries. In 1934, its membership outside Palestine was 39,000 spread over a dozen countries. In Belgium and Britain, from where some of the strongest socialist support came, it had between 500-600 members for most of the inter-war period. Archivs der Sozialistischen Arbeiter Internationale (hereafter SAI), 2511/28, 134/22 and 3153, Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (hereafter ISH).
27. Comité Socialiste pour la Palestine Ouvrière (hereafter Comité Socialiste), Bulletin no. 1, November 1929.
28. J.R. MacDonald, A Socialist in Palestine (London, 1922), p. 23; J. Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion (London, 1928), p. 114; Adler, quoted in Braunthal to Erlich, December 1935, Braunthal Papers, Letters, no. 48 (ISH); Löbe, quoted in Glasneck, "Die Internationale Sozialdemokratie und die Zionistische Palästina-Kolonisation in den Jahren 1929/30", p. 42.
29. J.R. MacDonald, A Socialist in Palestine (London, 1922), p. 23; J. Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion (London, 1928), p. 114; Adler, quoted in Braunthal to Erlich, December 1935, Braunthal Papers, Letters, no. 48 (ISH); Löbe, quoted in Glasneck, "Die Internationale Sozialdemokratie und die Zionistische Palästina-Kolonisation in den Jahren 1929/30", p. 42.
30. J.R. MacDonald, A Socialist in Palestine (London, 1922), p. 23; J. Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion (London, 1928), p. 114; Adler, quoted in Braunthal to Erlich, December 1935, Braunthal Papers, Letters, no. 48 (ISH); Löbe, quoted in Glasneck, "Die Internationale Sozialdemokratie und die Zionistische Palästina-Kolonisation in den Jahren 1929/30", p. 42.
31. J.R. MacDonald, A Socialist in Palestine (London, 1922), p. 23; J. Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion (London, 1928), p. 114; Adler, quoted in Braunthal to Erlich, December 1935, Braunthal Papers, Letters, no. 48 (ISH); Löbe, quoted in Glasneck, "Die Internationale Sozialdemokratie und die Zionistische Palästina-Kolonisation in den Jahren 1929/30", p. 42.
32. Quoted in M. Reberioux and G. Haupt, "L'attitude de l'Internationale", Le Mouvement Sociale, 45 (October 1963), p. 18 n. 43.
33. Ibid, p. 19.
34. Sozialistische Monatshefte, vol. 11 (1907), pt. 2, p. 989.
35. J.R. MacDonald, "Labour and International Relations", Address delivered on 24 November 1917 at the Annual Conference of the Derby and District ILP Federation (Derby and District ILP Federation, 1917).
36. Quoted in M. Samidei, "Les Socialistes français et le problème colonial entre les deux guerres, 1919-1939", Revue française du science politique, 18, 6 (1968), p. 1139.
37. Bulletin of the Labour and Socialist International, series 2, no. 3 (September 1928), p. 11.
38. L. Lorwin, Labour and Internationalism (London, 1929), p. 441.
39. S. Kaplansky, The Jews and the War (Hague, 1916), pp. 32-33.
40. "Declaration to the Hollando-Scandinavian Committee", in B. Borochov, Class Struggle in the Jewish Nation (New Brunswick and London, 1984), p. 210.
41. H.-H. van Kol, La Démocratie Socialiste Internationale et le Sionisme (Lausanne, 1919), p. 33.
42. MacDonald, A Socialist in Palestine, p. 19.
43. Ibid. p. 20.
44. J. Braunthal, "Arabs and Jews in Palestine", Contemporary Review, 149 (April 1946), pp. 472-473.
45. La Vie Socialiste, December 1929.
46. H. Snell, Man, Movement and Myself (London, 1936), p. 240. Snell's derogatory remark appears to be a reference to the use of the nail plough by Arab peasants. Since he had been a farm labourer in his youth, he presumably felt qualified to make such a judgement but, in 1930, the director of the Jewish Agency's agricultural research institute in Palestine, who had knowledge of the local conditions and cannot be suspected of undue sympathy for Arab farming methods, gave a significantly different assessment: "When rain comes down for a long time continuously or with brief intervals, the Arab plough is the only one with which work can be done. In such conditions the European plough [with its broad iron share] does not cut the ground, but packs the dust together, makes bricks, rolls the earth into clods, and damages the ground for years. Hence in rainy years the Arab plough prolongs the working season." Quoted in C.S. Kamen, Little Common Ground (Pittsburgh, 1991), p. 301 n. 15.
47. H. Snell, Man, Movement and Myself (London, 1936), p. 240. Snell's derogatory remark appears to be a reference to the use of the nail plough by Arab peasants. Since he had been a farm labourer in his youth, he presumably felt qualified to make such a judgement but, in 1930, the director of the Jewish Agency's agricultural research institute in Palestine, who had knowledge of the local conditions and cannot be suspected of undue sympathy for Arab farming methods, gave a significantly different assessment: "When rain comes down for a long time continuously or with brief intervals, the Arab plough is the only one with which work can be done. In such conditions the European plough [with its broad iron share] does not cut the ground, but packs the dust together, makes bricks, rolls the earth into clods, and damages the ground for years. Hence in rainy years the Arab plough prolongs the working season." Quoted in C.S. Kamen, Little Common Ground (Pittsburgh, 1991), p. 301 n. 15.
48. Comité Socialiste, Bulletin no. 1, November 1928.
49. E. Vandervelde, Le pays d'Israel (Paris, 1929), p. 211.
50. MacDonald, A Socialist in Palestine, p. 19.
51. M. Shalev, Labour and the Political Economy in Israel (New York, 1992), p. 41.
52. Vandervelde, Le pays d'Israel, p. 72; Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion, p. 86.
53. Vandervelde, Le pays d'Israel, p. 72; Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion, p. 86.
54. Vandervelde, Le pays d'Israel, p. 126.
55. Comité Socialiste, Bulletin no. 4, November 1929.
56. Ibid.
57. Comité Socialiste, Bulletin no. 6, February 1931.
58. S. Flapan, Zionism and the Palestinians (London, 1979), p. 206.
59. Comité Socialiste, Bulletin no. 8, February 1934; Ramsay MacDonald, when retracting the Passfield White Paper, accepted the Zionist aim to exclude Arab labour from the Jewish sector: "The principle of preferential and, indeed, exclusive employment of Jewish labour by Jewish organizations, is a principle which the Jewish agency are entitled to affirm." Hansard, Commons, 13 February 1931, vol. 248, col. 757.
60. Comité Socialiste, Bulletin no. 8, February 1934; Ramsay MacDonald, when retracting the Passfield White Paper, accepted the Zionist aim to exclude Arab labour from the Jewish sector: "The principle of preferential and, indeed, exclusive employment of Jewish labour by Jewish organizations, is a principle which the Jewish agency are entitled to affirm." Hansard, Commons, 13 February 1931, vol. 248, col. 757.
61. Hansard, Commons, vol. 326, cols 2337, 2344, 21 July 1937; also see P. Kelemen, "Zionism and the British Labour Party: 1917-1939", Social History, 21, 1 (January 1996), pp. 71-87.
62. Hansard, Commons, vol. 326, cols 2337, 2344, 21 July 1937; also see P. Kelemen, "Zionism and the British Labour Party: 1917-1939", Social History, 21, 1 (January 1996), pp. 71-87.
63. Quoted in A. Bober (ed.), The Other Israel (New York, 1972), p. 12.
64. Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Disturbances in May 1921, Cmd. 1540 (London, 1921), p. 45.
65. Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbance of August 1929, Cmd. 3538 (London, 1930), pp. 129-130.
66. Braunthal, "Arabs and Jews in Palestine", p. 474; a few Labour Zionist leaders also recognized, in private, the reality of Arab nationalist opposition to Zionism. Moshe Shertok, who was to become Israel's first foreign minister, wrote to Ben-Gurion in 1921: "For the sake of self-delusion we have made it all sound easy and simple - a handful of effendis against the masses of workers." Quoted in Y. Gorny, Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948 (Oxford, 1987), p. 135.
67. Braunthal, "Arabs and Jews in Palestine", p. 474; a few Labour Zionist leaders also recognized, in private, the reality of Arab nationalist opposition to Zionism. Moshe Shertok, who was to become Israel's first foreign minister, wrote to Ben-Gurion in 1921: "For the sake of self-delusion we have made it all sound easy and simple - a handful of effendis against the masses of workers." Quoted in Y. Gorny, Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948 (Oxford, 1987), p. 135.
68. Braunthal, "Arabs and Jews in Palestine", p. 474; a few Labour Zionist leaders also recognized, in private, the reality of Arab nationalist opposition to Zionism. Moshe Shertok, who was to become Israel's first foreign minister, wrote to Ben-Gurion in 1921: "For the sake of self-delusion we have made it all sound easy and simple - a handful of effendis against the masses of workers." Quoted in Y. Gorny, Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948 (Oxford, 1987), p. 135.
69. Comité Socialiste, Bulletin no. 11, January 1938.
70. La Vie Socialiste, December 1929.
71. J.-P. Schreiber, "L'attitude des Juifs en Belgique face au Nazisme: le boycottage économique, 1933-1939", in R. Van Doorslaer et al., Les Juifs en Belgique (Brussels, 1994), p. 80.
72. Le Populaire, 23 May 1933.
73. F.R. Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question (London, 1986), p. 47.
74. Adler to Jarblum, 4 May 1936, SAI 2523/85-87.
75. "Jewish Emigration from Germany and German Exports", International Department, Labour Party, SAI 2523/9.
76. Adler to Jarblum, 4 May 1936, SAI 2523/85-87.
77. Adler to Jarblum, SAI 2523/12.
78. Nicosia, The Third Reich and the Palestine Question, p. 157.
79. Communications on the Conditions of Political Prisoners, 18 August 1939.
80. Ibid, 6 July 1938.
81. International Information, 17 November 1938; Circular no. 35, 6 December 1935, Labour Party Archives, WG/REF/6 (Manchester Labour History Museum).
82. G. Noiriel, Workers in French Society in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Oxford, 1990), p. 162; S. Pollard, The Development of the British Economy (London. 1983), p. 155; A. Maddison, "Economic Policy and Performance in Europe, 1913-1970", in C.M. Cipolla (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe. The Twentieth Century (Glasgow, 1976), p. 465.
83. G. Noiriel, Workers in French Society in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Oxford, 1990), p. 162; S. Pollard, The Development of the British Economy (London. 1983), p. 155; A. Maddison, "Economic Policy and Performance in Europe, 1913-1970", in C.M. Cipolla (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe. The Twentieth Century (Glasgow, 1976), p. 465.
84. G. Noiriel, Workers in French Society in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Oxford, 1990), p. 162; S. Pollard, The Development of the British Economy (London. 1983), p. 155; A. Maddison, "Economic Policy and Performance in Europe, 1913-1970", in C.M. Cipolla (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe. The Twentieth Century (Glasgow, 1976), p. 465.
85. R. Schor, L'opinion française et les étrangères en France, 1919-1939 (Nancy, 1985), p. 564; Report of the Proceedings at the 70th Annual Trade Union Congress (London, 1938), p. 208.
86. R. Schor, L'opinion française et les étrangères en France, 1919-1939 (Nancy, 1985), p. 564; Report of the Proceedings at the 70th Annual Trade Union Congress (London, 1938), p. 208.
87. Communications on the Conditions of Political Prisoners, 18 October 1933; Hansard, Commons, vol. 304, col. 2101, 25 July 1935.
88. Communications on the Conditions of Political Prisoners, 18 October 1933; Hansard, Commons, vol. 304, col. 2101, 25 July 1935.
89. Comité Socialiste, Bulletin no. 8, February 1934.