The lipoprotein and coronary atherosclerosis study (LCAS): Design, methods, and baseline data of a trial of fluvastatin in patients without severe hypercholesterolemia

Controlled Clinical Trials

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 550-583

  West, M Stewart ^a   Herd, J Alan ^a   Ballantyne, Christie M ^a   Pownall, Henry J ^a   Simpson, Suzanne ^a   Gould, K Lance ^a   Gotto Jr , Antonio M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiography; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductases antagonists and inhibitors; Coronary disease; Emission computed; Tomography

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; INDOLE DERIVATIVE; LIPID; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

ADULT; AGED; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MALE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PATHOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

ADULT; AGED; ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENTS; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FATTY ACIDS, MONOUNSATURATED; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INDOLES; LIPIDS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDIES; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PATIENT SELECTION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RANDOM ALLOCATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RESEARCH DESIGN; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED;

EID: 0030339960     PISSN: 01972456     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0197-2456(96)00178-x     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. National Cholesterol Education Program. Second report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Circulation 1994;89:1329-1445.
2. Levine GN, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease: clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med 1995;332:512-521. Review.
3. Brown BG, Zhao X-Q, Sacco DE, Albers JJ. Lipid lowering and plaque regression: new insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation 1993;87:1781-1791.
4. Gotto AM Jr. Lipid lowering, regression, and coronary events: a review of the Interdisciplinary Council on Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk Intervention, Seventh Council Meeting. Circulation 1995;92:646-656.
5. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389.
6. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I et al, for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-1307.
7. Rose G, Hamilton PS, Keen H, Reid DD, McCartney P, Jarrett RJ. Myocardial ischaemia, risk factors and death from coronary heart-disease. Lancet 1977;1:105-109.
8. Gotto AM, Gorry GA, Thompson JR et al. Relationship between plasma lipid concentrations and coronary artery disease in 496 patients. Circulation 1977;56:875-883.
9. Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G et al. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1700-1707.
10. Kannel WB. Range of serum cholesterol values in the population developing coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:69C-77C.
11. Frost PH, Verter J, Miller D. Serum lipids and lipoproteins after myocardial infarction: associations with cardiovascular mortality and experience in the Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study. Am Heart J 1987;113:1356-1364.
12. Sacks FM, Pasternak RC, Gibson CM, Rosner B, Stone PH, for the Harvard Atherosclerosis Reversibility Project (HARP) Group. Effect on coronary atherosclerosis of decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic patients. Lancet 1994;344:1182-1186.
13. Sacks FM, Gibson CM, Rosner B, Pasternak RC, Stone PH, the Harvard Atherosclerosis Reversibility Project Research Group. The influence of pretreatment low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations on the effect of hypocholesterolemic therapy on coronary atherosclerosis in angiographic trials. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:78C-85C.
14. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Kramsch DM et al. Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy: the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Ann Intern Med 1993;119:969-976.
15. Pitt B, Mancini GBJ, Ellis SG, Rosman HS, Park J-S, McGovern ME, for the PLAC I Investigators. Pravastatin Limitation of Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1133-1139.
16. Jukema JW, Bruschke AVG, van Boven AJ et al, for the REGRESS Study Group. Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation 1995;91:2528-2540.
17. MAAS Investigators. Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: the Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS). Lancet 1994;344:633-638.
18. Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Cashin-Hemphill L. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 1987;257:3233-3240.
19. Waters D, Higginson L, Gladstone P, Kimball B, Le May M, Boccuzzi SJ, Lespérance M, the CCAIT Study Group. Effects of monotherapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative arteriography: the Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial. Circulation 1994;89:959-968.
20. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1289-1298.
21. Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JNH et al. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipidlowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet 1992;339:563-569.
22. Brensike JF, Levy RI, Kelsey SF et al. Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 1984;69:313-324.
23. Levy RI, Brensike JF, Epstein SE et al. The influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 1984;69:325-337.
24. Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Ports TA, Phillips NR, Diehl JC, Havel RJ. Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimens. JAMA 1990;264:3007-3012.
25. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet 1990;336:129-133.
26. Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Schlierf G et al. Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet: effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation 1992;86:1-11.
27. Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM et al. Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease: the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation 1994;89:975-990.
28. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Matts JP et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia: report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med 1990;323:946-955.
29. Stewart BF, Brown BG, Zhao X-Q et al. Benefits of lipid-lowering therapy in men with elevated apolipoprotein B are not confined to those with very high low density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:899-906.
30. Blankenhorn DH. Angiographic trials testing the efficacy of cholesterol lowering in reducing progression or inducing regression of coronary atherosclerosis. Coronary Artery Dis 1991;2:875-879.
31. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Move L et al. Rationale and design of a secondary prevention trial of lowering normal plasma cholesterol levels after acute myocardial infarction: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial (CARE). Am J Cardiol 1991;68:1436-1446.
32. Illingworth DR. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Curr Opin Lipidol 1991;2:24-30.
33. Kathawala FG. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: an exciting development in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia. Med Res Rev 1991;11:121-146.
34. Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Williams PT et al. Intermediate-density lipoproteins and progression of coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolaemic men. Lancet 1987;2:62-66.
35. Blankenhorn DH, Alaupovic P, Wickham E, Chin HP, Azen SP. Prediction of angiographic change in native human coronary arteries and aortocoronary bypass grafts: lipid and nonlipid factors. Circulation 1990;81:470-476.
36. Phillips NR, Waters D, Havel RJ. Plasma lipoproteins and progression of coronary artery disease evaluated by angiography and clinical events. Circulation 1993;88:2762-2770.
37. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Azen SP et al. Triglyceride- and cholesterol-rich lipoproteins have a differential effect on mild/moderate and severe lesion progression as assessed by quantitative coronary angiography in a controlled trial of lovastatin. Circulation 1994;90:42-49.
38. Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and the progression of coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1995;6:209-214. Review.
39. Mack WJ, Krauss RM, Hodis HN. Lipoprotein subclasses in the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS): treatment effects and relation to coronary angiographic progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1996;16:697-704.
40. Superko HR. New aspects in lipidology and atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 1995;11(suppl C):4C-8C. Review.
41. Superko HR. New aspects of risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis, including small low-density lipoprotein, homocyst(e)ine, and lipoprotein(a). Curr Opin Cardiol 1995;10:347-354.
42. Faster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (1). N Engl J Med 1992;326:242-250. Review.
43. Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V. Atherosclerotic disease: role of thrombosis on its progression. Cardiovasc Risk Factors 1994;4:79-91. Review.
44. Gotto AM Jr. Lipid-regulating and antiatherosclerotic therapy: current options and future approaches. Cleve Clin J Med 1996;63:31-41.
45. Yeung AC, Raby KE, Ganz P, Selwyn AP. New insights into the management of myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:8G-12G.
46. Verbeuren TJ, Jordaens FH, Zonnekeyn LL, Van Hove CE, Coene MC, Herman AG. Effect of hypercholesterolemia on vascular reactivity in the rabbit. I. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent contractions and relaxations in isolated arteries of control and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Circ Res 1986-58:552-564.
47. Andrews HE, Bruckdorfer KR, Dunn RC, Jacobs M. Low-density lipoproteins inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation in rabbit aorta. Nature (Lond.) 1987;327:237-239.
48. Cohen RA, Zitnay KM, Haudenschild CC, Cunningham LD. Loss of selective endothelial cell vasoactive functions caused by hypercholesterolemia in pig coronary arteries. Circ Res 1988;63:903-910.
49. Shimokawa H, Vanhoutte PM. Dietary cod-liver oil improves endothelium-dependent responses in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 1988;78:1421-1430.
50. Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlager H, Just H. Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with coronary blood flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991;84:1984-1992.
51. Kuo L, Davis MJ, Cannon S, Chilian WM. Pathophysiological consequences of atherosclerosis extend into the coronary microcirculation. Restoration of endothelium-dependent responses by L-arginine. Circ Res 1992;70:465-476.
52. Harrison DJ, Armstrong ML, Freiman PC, Heistad DD. Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation by dietary treatment of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1987;80:1808-1811.
53. Tomita T, Ezaki M, Miwa M, Nakamura K, Inoue Y. Rapid and reversible inhibition by low density lipoprotein of the endothelium-dependent relaxation to hemostatic substances in porcine coronary arteries: heat and acid labile factors in low density lipoprotein mediate the inhibition. Circ Res 1990;66:18-27.
54. Egashira K, Hirooka Y, Kai H et al. Reduction in serum cholesterol with pravastatin improves endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1994;89:2519-2524.
55. Anderson TJ, Meredith IT, Yeung AC, Frei B, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N Engl J Med 1995;332:488-493.
56. Treasure CB, Klein JL, Weintraub WS et al. Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995;332:481-487.
57. Eichstadt HW, Eskotter H, Hoffman I, Amthauer HYV, Weidinger G. Improvement of myocardial perfusion by short-term fluvastatin therapy in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:122A-125A.
58. Gould KL, Martucci JP, Goldberg DI et al. Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease: a potential noninvasive marker of healing coronary endothelium. Circulation 1994;89:1530-1538.
59. Gould KL, Ornish D, Scherwitz L et al. Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification. JAMA 1995;274:894-901.
60. The Expert Panel. Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:36-69.
61. American Heart Association. Dietary Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia: A Manual for Patients. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 1988.
62. Reiber JHC, Kooijman CJ, Slager CJ et al. Coronary artery dimensions from cineangiograms: methodology and validation of a computer-assisted analysis procedure. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1984;MI-3:131-141.
63. Reiber JHC, Serruys PW, Kooijman CJ et al. Assessment of short-, medium-, and long-term variations in arterial dimensions from computer-assisted quantitation of coronary cineangiograms. Circulation 1985;71:280-288.
64. Gould KL. Positron emission tomography and interventional cardiology. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:51F-58F.
65. Gould KL. Clinical cardiac positron emission tomography: state of the art. Circulation 1991;84(3 supp):I-22-I-36.
66. Steiner PM, Friedel J, Bremner WF, Stein EA. Standardization of micro-methods for plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol with the Lipid Research Clinics' methodology. J Clin Chem 1981;19:850. Abstract.
67. Warnick GR, Albers JJ. A comprehensive evaluation of the heparin-manganese precipitation procedure for estimating high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Lipid Res 1978;19:65-76.
68. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without the use of the preparative ultra-centrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499-502.
69. Warnick GR, Mayfield C, Albers JJ, Hazzard WR. Gel isoelectric focusing method for specific diagnosis of familial hyperlipoproteniemia type 3. Clin Chem 1979;25:279-284.
70. Sprecher DL, Taam L, Brewer HB Jr. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma apolipoproteins. Clin Chem 1984;30:2084-2092.
71. Hogle DM, Smith RS, Curtiss LK. Quantitation of plasma apolipoprotein A-I using two monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Lipid Res 1988;29:1221-1229.
72. Stein EA, DiPersio L, Pesce AJ et al. Enzyme-linked imunoabsorbant assay of apolipoprotein All in plasma, with use of a monoclonal antibody. Clin Chem 1986;32:967-971.
73. Young SG, Smith RS, Hogle DM, Curtis LK, Witztum JL. Two new monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked assays of apolipoprotein B. Clin Chem 1986;32:1484-1490.
74. Parra HJ, Mezdour H, Ghalim N, Bard JM, Fruchart JC. Differential electroimmunoassay of human LpA-I lipoprotein particles on ready-to-use plates. Clin Chem 1990;36:1431-1435.
75. Fruchart JC. Lipoprotein heterogeneity and its effect on apolipoprotein assays. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1990;198:51-57.
76. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol Chem 1951;193:265-275.
77. Laurell CB. Quantitative estimation of proteins by electrophoresis in agarose gel containing antibodies. Anal Biochem 1966;15:42-52.
78. Waters D, Lespérance J, Craven TE, Hudon G, Gillam LD. Advantages and limitations of serial coronary arteriography for the assessment of progression and regression of coronary atherosclerosis: implications for clinical trials. Circulation 1993;97(3 suppl):II-38-II-47.
79. Laird NM, Ware JH. Random-effects models for longitudinal data. Biometrics 1982;38:963-974.
80. Liang K-Y, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 1986;73:13-22.
81. Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 1986;42:121-130.
82. Bryk AS, Raudenbush SW. Application of hierarchical linear models to assessing change. Psychol Bull 1987;101:147-158.
83. Laird NM, Donnelly C, Ware JH. Longitudinal studies with continuous responses. Stet Methods Med Res 1992;1:225-247.
84. Goldstein H. Multilevel Statistical Models. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold; 1995.
85. Rosner B. Multivariate methods in ophthalmology with application to other paired-data situations. Biometrics 1984;40:1025-1035.
86. Kelsey SF. Strategies for statistical analysis of angiographic data: individual lesions versus individual patients. In: Glagov S, Newman WP III, Schaffer SA, eds. Pathobiology of the Human Atherosclerotic Plaque. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1990;525-533.
87. Gibson CM, Sandor T, Stone PH, Pasternak RC, Rosner B, Sacks FM. Quantitative angiographic and statistical methods to assess serial changes in coronary luminal diameter and implications for atherosclerosis regression trials. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1286-1290.
88. SAS Institute Inc. SAS Technical Report P-229, SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhancements, Release 6.07. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1992.
89. Waters DD. Stabilization of Coronary Atherosclerosis. London: Science Press; 1994.
90. Thompson GR, Hollyer J, Waters DD. Percentage change rather than plasma level of LDL-cholesterol determines therapeutic response in coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1995;6:386-388.
91. Thompson GR. Angiographic trials of lipid-lowering therapy: end of an era? Br Heart J 1995;74:343-347. Review.
92. Sacks FM, Rouleau J-L, Moye LA et al. Baseline characteristics in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial of secondary prevention in patients with average serum cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:621-623.
93. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moyé LA et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1001-1009.
94. Vos J, de Feyter PJ, Simoons ML, Tijssen JGP, Deckers JW. Retardation and arrest of progression or regression of coronary artery disease: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1993;35:435-454.
95. Austin MA, Hokanson JE, Brunzell JD. Characterization of low-density lipoprotein subclasses: methodologic approaches and clinical relevance. Curr Opin Lipidol 1994;5:395-403. Review.
96. Austin MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Willett WC, Krauss RM. Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988;260:1917-1921.
97. Griffin BA. Low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;9:687-703. Review.
98. Slyper AH. Low-density lipoprotein density and atherosclerosis: unraveling the connection. JAMA 1994;272:305-308. Review.
99. Watts GF, Mandalia S, Brunt JNH, Slavin BM, Coltart DJ, Lewis B. Independent associations between plasma lipoprotein subfraction levels and the course of coronary artery disease in the St Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Metabolism 1993;42:1461-1467.
100. Maher VMG, Brown BG, Marcovina SM et al. The adverse effect of lipoprotein(a) on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical events is eliminated by substantially lowering LDL cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23(2 suppl):131A. Abstract 739.
101. Marburger C, Hambrecht R, Niebauer J et al. Association between lipoprotein(a) and progression of coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:742-746.
102. Thompson GR, Maher VMG, Matthews S et al. Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Regression Study: a randomised trial of low-density-lipoprotein apheresis. Lancet 1995;345:811-816.
103. Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science (Wash. DC) 1988;240:622-630.
104. Tiret L, de Knijff P, Menzel H-J, Ehnholm C, Nicaud V, Havekes LM, for the EARS Group. ApoE polymorphism and predisposition to coronary heart disease in youths of different European populations: the EARS study. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1617-1624.
105. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Miller B, Krauss RM. Apolipoprotein E isoform phenotype and LDL subclass response to a reduced-fat diet. Arteriosder Thromb Vase Biol 1995;15:105-111.
106. Ernst E. The role of fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor. Atherosclerosis 1993;100:1-12.
107. Watts GF, Mandalia S, Slavin BM, Brunt JNH, Coltart DJ, Lewis B. Metabolic determinants of the course of coronary artery disease in men. Clin Chem 1994;40:2240-2246.
108. Gould KL. Reversal of coronary atherosclerosis: clinical promise as the basis for noninvasive management of coronary artery disease. Circulation 1994;90:1558-1571.
109. Buchwald H, Matts JP, Fitch LL et al. Changes in sequential coronary arteriograms and subsequent coronary events. JAMA 1992;268:1429-1433.
110. Waters D, Craven TE, Lespérance J. Prognostic significance of progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1993;87:1067-1075.
111. Cashin-Hemphill L, Mack W, LaBree L et al. Coronary progression predicts future cardiac events. Circulation 1993;88(4, pt2):I-363. Abstract 1949.