Kidney transplantation in highly sensitized patients: Reappraisal of etiology, evaluation, and management protocols

World Journal of Urology

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 206-217

  Indudhara, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HLA ANTIGEN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TEST; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOLOGY; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; REVIEW;

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TESTING; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0030339706     PISSN: 07244983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00182069     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Adams PW, Lee HS, Ferguson RM, Orosz CG (1994) Alloantigenicity of human endothelial cells. Transplantation 57: 115-122
2. Almond PS, Matas AJ, Gillingham K, Troppmann C, Payne W, Dunn D, Sutherland DER, Najarian JS (1991) Risk factors for second renal allografts immunosuppressed with cyclosporine. Transplantation 52:253-258
3. Amemiya H, Suzuki S, Watanabe H, Hayashi R. Niiya S (1989) Synergistically enhanced immunosuppressive effect by combined use of cyclosporine and mizoribine. Transplant Proc 21:956-958
4. Ayoub GM, Terasaki PL Tonai RJ (1983) Improvements in detection of sensitization. Transplant Proc 15:1202-1207
5. Backman U, Fellstrom B, Frodin L, Sjoberg O, Tufveson G, Wikstrom B (1989) Successful transplantation in highly sensitized patients. Transplant Proc 21:762-763
6. Barger B, Shroyer TW, Hudson SL, Deirho MH, Barbar WH, Curtis JJ, Julian B A, Luke RA, Diethelm AG (1989) Successful renal allografts in recipients with crossmatch-positive, dithioerythritol-treated negative sera. Transplantation 47:240245
7. Barteli AJ, Daniel V, Mohring K, Staehler G, Opelz G (1992) Association of kidney graft failure with a positive flow cytometric crossmatch. Clin Transplant 6:31-36
8. Belitsky P, MacDonald AS, Cohen AD, Crocker J, Hirsch D, Jindal K, Lawen J (1991) Comparison of anti-lymphocyte globulin and continuous IV cyclosporine A as induction immunosuppression for cadaver kidney transplants: a prospective randomized study. Transplant Proc 23:999-1000
9. Bertolatus JA (1992) Clinical immunosuppressive regimens and clinical results in renal transplantation. Semin Nephrol 12: 332-342
10. Brasile L, Rodman E, Shield CF 111, Clarke J, Cerilli J (1986) The association of anti vascular endothelial cell antibody with hyper acute rejection: a case report. Surgery 99:637-639
11. Braun WE (1989) Laboratory and clinical management of the highly sensitized organ transplant recipient. Hum Immunol 26:245-260
12. Berteli AJ, Daniel V, Pomer S, Opelz G (1990) Clinical relevance of pre transplant flow cytometric crossmatches with Tand B-lymphocytes in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 22:1895-1896
13. Bunzendahl H, Bechstein W, Wonigeit K, Robin-Winn M, Frei U, Ringe B, Pichlmayr R (1986) Effect of immunosuppression on renal allograft survival in immunized patients: a single center analysis. Transplant Proc 18:1067-1068
14. Busson M, Prévost P, Bignon JD, Cambon-Thomson A, Ohayen E, Geburher L, Mercier P, Tongio MM, Raffoux C, Hors J (1992) Multifactorial analysis of the outcome of 6430 cadaver kidney grafts. Transplant Int 5: 162-164
15. Calne RY, Collier DS, Lim S, Pollard SC, Samaan A, White DJ, Thiru S (1989) Rapamycin for immunosuppression in organ allografting (letter). Lancet 11:443-444
16. Cardella CJ, Falk JA, Halloran PF, Robinette MA, Arbus GS, Bear RA (1985) Risk factors in renal transplant recipients with a positive crossmatch on noncurrent sera. Transplant Proc 17:2446-2448
17. Cheigh JS, Suthanthiran M, Fotino M. Riggio RR. Schechter N. Stubenbord WT. Stenzel KH, Rubin ÄL (1991) Minimal sensitization and excellent renal allograft outcome following donor-specific blood transfusion with a short course of cyclosporine. Transplantation 51 :378-381
18. Chen HJ, Wu JP, Luo HY, Daloze PM (1991) Reversal of ongoing rejection of allografts by rapamycin. Transplant Proc 23:2241-2242
19. Cicciarelli J. Cho RY (1986) Regraft kidney transplant survival. In: Terasaki PI (ed) Clinical transplants. UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, Los Angeles, p 285
20. Clark BD. Leong SW ( 1992) Crossmatch prediction of highly sensitized patients. In: Terasaki PI. Cecka JM (eds) Clinical transplants 1992, UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, Los Angeles, pp 435-455
21. Cleland WW (1964) Dithiothreitol, a new protective reagent for SH groups. Biochemistry 3:480-482
22. Collier DS, Calne RY. Thirü S, Lim S, Pollard SO, Barran P, DaCosta M, White DJ (1990) Rapamycin in experimental renal allografts in dogs and pigs. Transplant Proc 22:16741675
23. Cook DJ, Terasaki PI, Iwaki Y, Terashita GY, Lau M (1987) An approach to reducing early kidney transplant failure by flow eytometry crossmatching. Clin Transplant 1:253-257
24. Corteseni R, Berloco P, Famulari A, Trovati A, lapelli M. Renna Molajoni E, Bachetoni A, Pretagostini R, Marimicci G, Capna A (1987) Influence of total lymphoid irradiation and cyclosporine on kidney graft outcome in high risk patients. Transplant Proc 19:1949-1950
25. Cosenza ÇA, Cramer DV, Eiras-Hreha G, Cajulis E, Wank HK, Makowka L ( 1993) The synergism of brequinar sodium and cyclosporin used in combination to prevent cardiac allograft rejection in the rat. Transplantation 56:667-672
26. Cramer DV, Chapman FA, Jaffee BD, Jones EA, Knoop M, Hreha-Eiras G, Makowka L (1992) The effect of a new immunosuppressive drug, brequinar sodium, on heart, liver, and kidney allograft rejection in the rat. Transplantation 53:303308
27. Cramer DW, Chapman FA, Makowka LA (1993) The use of brequinar sodium for transplantation. Ann NY Acad Sci 696: 216-226
28. Cramer DV, Chapman FA, Makowka LA (1993) Prevention of vascularized allograft and xenograft rejection in rodents by brequinar sodium. Transplant Proc 25 [Suppl 2]: 23-28
29. Cramer DV, Chapman FA, Makowka L (1993) Summation of a brequinar sodium symposium. Transplant Proc 25 [Suppl 2}: 81-83
30. Cristol JP, Mourad G, Argiles A, Scignalet J, Iborra F, Ramounau-Pigot A, Cheng G, Mion C (1992) Negative crossmatch on current sera and good HLA matching are the main requirements for renal transplantation in highly sensitized patients. Transplant Proc 24:2470-2471
31. Darras F, Jordan M, Shapiro R, Sundberg R, Scantleburg VP, Jensen CW, Hakala TR, Starzl TE (1991) Transplantation of pédiatrie en bloc kidneys under FK 506 immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 23:3089-3090
32. Deierhoi MH, Shroyer TW, Hudson SL, Barger BO, Barber WH. Curtis JJ, Julian B A, Diethelm AC (1989) Sustained high PRA levels in highly sensitized patients: significance of continued transfusions. Transplant Proc 21:771-772
33. Deierhoi MH, Barger BO, Hudson SL, Shroyer TW, Diethelm AG (1992) The effect of erythropoietin and blood transfusions on highly sensitized patients in a single cadaver renal allograft waiting list. Transplantation 53:363-368
34. Deierhoi MH, Kauffman RS, Hudson SL, Barber WH, Curtis JJ, Julian BA, Gaston RS, Laskow DA, Diethelhm AG (1993) Experience with mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443) in renal transplantation at a single center. Ann Surg 217:476-482
35. Demetris AJ, Fung JJ, Todo S, Banner B, Zerbe T, Synsyn G, Starzl TE (1991) Pathologic observations in human allograft recipients treated with FK 506. Transplant Proc 22:25-34
36. Edwards EB, Breen TJ. Quo T, Ellison MD, Daily P (1992) The UNOS OPTN Waiting Eist: 1988 through November 30, 1992. In: Terasaki PI, Cecka MJ (eds) Clinical transplants 1992. UCLA Tissue Typing Eaboratory, Los Angeles, pp 61-65
37. Eugui EM, Allison AC (1993) Immunosuppressive activity of mycophenolate mofetil. Ann NY Acad Sci 685:309-329
38. Fuller TC. Forbes JB, Delmonico FL (1985) Fenal transplantation with a positive historical donor crossmatch. Transplant Proc 17:113-114
39. Fung JJ ( 1991 ) Adverse effects associated with the use of FK 506. Transplant Proc 23:3105-3108
40. Fung JJ, Todo S. Jain A, McCauley J, Alessiani M, Scotti C, Starzl TE (1990) Conversion from cyclosporine to FK 506 in liver allograft recipients with cyclosporine-related complications. Transplant Proc 22 [Suppl 11:6-12
41. Garovoy MR, Rheinschmidt MA, Bigos M, Perkins H, Colombe B, Feduska N, Salvatierra O (1983) Flow cytometry analysis: a high technology crossmatch technique facilitating transplantation. Transplant Proc 15:1939-1944
42. Gjertson DW (1992) Multifactorial analysis of renal transplants reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry. In: Terasaki PI, Cecka MJ (eds) Clinical transplants 1992. UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, Los Angeles, pp 299-317
43. Gnant MFX, Sautrer T, Rosenmar A, Muelbacher F (1992) Repeated HLA mismatch in multiple kidney transplantation preliminary results of 146 re transplantations in the cyclosporine era. Transplant Proc 2466-2468
44. Goeken NE, the Clinical Affairs Committee (1985) Outcome of renal transplantation following a positive crossmatch with historical sera: the ASHI survey. Hum Immunol 14:77-81
45. Groth C-G, Ohlman S, Gannedahl G, Ericzon B-G (1993) New immunosuppressive drugs in transplantation. Transplant Proc 25:2681-2683
46. Halas?. NA (1993) Towards a more equitable and utilitarian distribution of kidneys. Clin Transplant 7:357-359
47. Halloran P, Aprile M (1988) Factors influencing early renal function in cadaver kidney transplants. A case control study. Transplantation 45: 122-127
48. Hao L. Lefferty KJ, Allison AC, Eugui EM ( 1990) RS-61443 allows islet allografting and specific tolerance induction in adult mice. Transplant Proc 22:876-879
49. Hayashi R, Suzuki S, Shimatani K, Watanabe H, Kenmochi T, Kukoska J, Niiya S, Ainemiya H (1990) Synergistic effect of cyclosporine and mizoribine on graft survival in canine organ transplantation. Transplant Proc 22: 1676-1678
50. Hendricks GFJ, deLange P, Persijn GO, Rood JJ van (1987) Cyclosporine A, hyperimmunized patients and renal retransplantation. Transplant Proc 19:733-734
51. Mickey DP, Vivas CA, Jordan ML, Lopatin WB, Hrebinko R, O'Donovan R, Hakala TR (1991) Highly sensitized patients with delayed graft function: a management protocol. J Urol 145:131-134
52. Horsburgh T, Mistry N, Weston S, Morgan J, Donnelly PK, Veith PS, Bell PRF (1992) Relevance of positive crossmatches in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 24:2508-2509
53. Indudhara R, Khauli RB, Menon M, Stoff J (1994) Simultaneous quadruple therapy with cyclosporine induction in highrisk renal transplant recipients. J Urol 152:307-311
54. Iwaki Y, Lau M, Terasaki PI (1988) Successful transplant across T warm-positive crossmatches due to IgM antibodies. Clin Transplant 2:81-84
55. Jordan M, Shapiro R, Jensen CW, Scantlebury V, Fung JJ, Tzakis A, McCauley J, Jain A, Demetris AJ, Randhawa P, Starzl TE ( 1991 ) FK 506 conversion of renal allografts failing cyclosporine immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 23:30783081
56. Jordan ML, Shapiro R, Vivas A, Scantlebury VP, Rhandhawa P, Carrieri G, McCauley J, Demetris AJ, Tzakis A, Fung JJ, Starzt TE ( 1994) FK 506 "rescue" for resistant rejection of renal allografts under primary cyclosporine immunosuppression. Transplantation 57:860-865
57. Kahan BD (1993) Immunosuppressive agents acting upon lymphokine synthesis and signal transduction. Clin Transplant 7:113-125
58. Keown PA (1987) The highly sensitized patient: etiology, impact and management. Transplant Proc 19:74-78
59. Kerman RH, Flechner SM, Van Buren CT, Lorber MI, Kahan BD (1985) Successful transplantation of cyclosporine-treated allograft recipients with serologically positive historic, but negative preoperative, donor crossmatches. Transplantation 40:615-619
60. Kissmeyer-Nielsen F, Olsen S, Peterson VP, Fjeldborg O (1966) Hyperacute rejection of kidney allograft associated with preexisting humoral antibodies against donor cells. Lancet 11:662-665
61. Kokado Y. Ishibahi M, Jiang H, Takahara S, Sonoda T ( 1990) Low-dose cyclosporin, mizoribine and prednisolone in renal transplantation: a new triple-drug therapy. Clin Transplant 4: 1990-1991
62. Koyama H, Tsuji M (1983) Genetic and biochemical studies on the activation and cytotoxic mechanism of bredinin, a potent inhibitor of purine biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Biochem Pharmacol 32:3547-3551
63. Laskow DA, Deierhoi MH, Hudson SL, Orr CL, Curtis JJ, Diethelm AG (1994) The incidence of subsequent acute refection following the treatment of refractory renal allograft rejection with mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443). Transplantation 57:640-643
64. Laupacis A, Stiller CR, Keown PA, Leckie S, Hourmant M, Howson W, Wallace C (1983) Renal transplantation across a previously positive crossmatch using cyclosporine immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 15: 1919-1920
65. Lazda VA (1994) Identification of patients at risk for inferior renal allograft outcome by a strongly positive B cell flow cytometry crossmatch. Transplantation 57:964-969
66. Lazda VA, Pollak R, Mozes MF, Jonasson O (1988) The relationship between flow cytometer crossmatch results and subsequent rejection episodes in cadaver renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 45:562-565
67. Lee HA, Slapak M, Venkataraman A, Mason J, Digard N, Wise M (1993) Mizoribine as an alternative to azathioprine in triple-therapy immunosuppressant regimens in cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 25:2699-2700
68. Leone MR, Alexander SR, Melvin T, Striegel J, Relier K, Norman DJ, Barry JM (1990) A comparison of two protocols for living-related renal transplantation in children: donor-specific transfusions versus cyclosporin. J Urol 144:721-723
69. Little RG II, Ebertowski LA, David CS (1991) Cyclosporine A inhibition of alloantigen presentation. Transplant Proc 23 fSupp!2]:6-9
70. Luo H, Chen H, Daloze P, Chang JY, St-Louis G, Wu J (1992) Inhibition of in vitro immunoglobulin production by rapamycin. Transplantation 53: 1071
71. Mahoney RJ, Ault KA, Given SR, Adams RJ, Breggia AC. Pans PA, Palomaki GE, Hitcjcox SA, White BW, Himmelfarb J (1990) The flow cytometric crossmatch and early renal transplant loss. Transplantation 49:527-535
72. Martin MF (1994) Nephrotoxic effects of immunosuppression (editorial). Mayo Clin Proc 69: 191-192
73. Marumo F, Okubo M, Yokota K, Yokota K, Uchida H, Kumano K, Endo T, Watanabe K, Kashiwagi N (1988) A clinical study of renal transplant patients receiving triple-drug therapy-cyclosporine A, mizoribine, and prednisolone. Transplant Proc 20 [Suppl 1]:406-409
74. Matas AJ, Nehlsen-Canarella S, Tellis VA, Kuemmel P, Soberman R. Veith FJ (1984) Successful kidney transplantation with current-sera-negative/historical-sera-positive T cell crossmatch. Transplantation 37: 1 11-113
75. Matas AJ, Tellis VA, Quinn TA, Glisklich D, Soberman R, Veith FJ (1988) Successful transplantation of highly sensitized patients without regard to HLA matching. Transplantation 45:338-342
76. Matas AJ, Frey DJ, Gillingham DJ, Norccn H.I, Reinsmoen NL, Payne WD, Dunn DL, Sutherland DER. Najarian JS (1990) The impact of HLA matching on graft survival and on sensitization after a failed transplantation - evidence that failure of poorly matched renal transplants does not result in increased sensitization. Transplantation 50:599-607
77. Metcalfe SM, Richards FM (1990) Cyclosporine, FK 506 and rapamycin: some effects on early activation events in serumfree, mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells. Transplantation 49:798-802
78. Mita K, Akiyama N, Nagao T. Sugimoto H. Inome S, Osakabe T, Nakayama Y, Yokota K, Sato K, Uchida H (1990) Advantages of mizoribine over azathioprine in combination therapy with cyclosporine for renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 22:1679-1681
79. Mjornstedt L, Konar J, Skarp I, Olaussen M. Sandberg L, Tufvesson G (1992) Repeated mismatches may not impair survival of renal regrafts in recipients with 0% to 50% panel reactive antibodies. Transplant Proc 24:2469
80. Morris PJ (1988) Kidney transplantation - principles and practice, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 661
81. Morris PJ, Ting A, Muller G (1981) Factors influencing survival of sequential grafts and their influence on the selection of a donor and recipient for a sequential graft. In: Touraine JL (ed) Transplantation and clinical immunology, vol XIII. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 89-97
82. Morris RE (1991) Rapamycin: FK 506's fraternal twin or distant cousin? Immunol Today 12: 137-140
83. Morris RE (1992) Rapamycins. antifungal, antitumor, antiproliferative and immunosuppressive macrolides. Transplant Rev 6:39-48
84. Morris RE, Meiser BM (1989) Identification of a new pharamcologic action for an old component. Med Sci Res 17: 609-610
85. Morris RE, Wanh J (1991) Comparison of immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolic acid and the morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (RS-61443) in recipients of heart allografts. Transplant Proc 23:493-496
86. Morris RE, Hoyt EG, Murphy MP, Eugui EM, Allison AC (1990) Mycophenolic acid morphinoethylester (RS-61443) is a new immunosuppressant that prevents and halts heart allograft rejection by selective inhibition of T- and B-cell purine synthesis. Transplant Proc 22:1659-1662
87. Morris RE, Wang J, Gregory C, Blum JR, Flavin T, Murphy JP, Almquist P, Chu N (1991) Initial studies of the efficacy and safety of rapamycin (RPM) administered to cynomolgus monkey recipients of heart allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 10:182-186
88. Mourad G, Cristol JP, Chong G, Lorho R, Argiles A, Scignalet J, Mion C (1992) Disappearance of anti-HLA antibodies in highly sensitized patients treated with erythropoietin. Transplant Proc 24:2512-2513
89. Nelson K, Gallagher M, Youngs D (1992) B-lymphocyte crossmatches by flow cytometry identify renal transplant recipients at risk for early graft loss: importance of autologous controls (abstract). Hum Immunol 34:68
90. Norman DJ, Barry JM, Wetzsteon PJ (1985) Successful cadaver kidney transplantation in patients highly sensitized by blood transfusions - unimportance of the most reactive serum in pre-transplant crossmatch. Transplantation 39:253-255
91. Nossal GJV (1991) Summary of the first international FK 506 congress: perspectives and prospects. Transplant Proc 23 : 3371-3375
92. Ogura K (1992) Sensitization. In: Terasaki PI, Cecka JM (eds) Clinical transplants 1992. UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, Los Angeles, pp 357-369
93. Ogura K, Koyama H, Takemoto S, Chia J, Johnson O, Terasaki PI (1993) Flow cytometry crossmatching for kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 25:245-246
94. Ogura K, Terasaki PI, Johnson R, Mendez R, Rosenthal JT, Ettenger R, Margin DC, Dainko E, Cohen L, Mackett T
95. The significance of a positive flow cytometry crossmatch test in primary kidney transplantation. Transplantation 56:294-298
96. Oluwole SF, Lau HT. Reemtsma K, Hardy MA ( 1987) Synergistic effect of UV-irradiated donor specific transfusions with peri-transplant cyclosporine on cardiac allograft survivals in rats. Transplant Proc 19:451-453
97. OpelJ. G (1986) Factors affecting kidney transplant survival. CTS Newsletter June: 1-5
98. Opelz G, Gustafsson LA, Terasaki PI (1976) Influence of interval between first graft removal and re transplantation on outcome of second cadaver kidney erafts. Transplantation 22: 521-522
99. Opelz G. Graver B, Mickey MR, Terasaki PI (1981) Lymphocytotoxic antibody responses to transfusions in potential kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 32:177-183
100. Palmer A. Taub D, Welsh K, Bewick M, Gjorstrup P. Thick M (1989) Removal of anti-HLA antibodies by extra corporeal immunoadsorption to enable renal transplantation. Lancet 1 : 10-12
101. Patel R, Terasaki PI (1969) Significance of the positive crossmatch test in kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 280: 735-739
102. Paul LC, Class FHJ, vanEs LA, Kalff MW, deFraeff J (1979) Accelerated rejection of a renal allograft associated with pretransplant antibodies directed against donor antigens on endothelium and monocytes. N Engl J Med 300: 1258-1260
103. Pirofsky B, Rosner ER (1974) DTT test: a new method to differentiate IgM and IgG erythrocyte antibodies. Vox Sang 27 : 480-488
104. Platz KP, Sollinger HW, Hullett DA, Eckhoff DE, Eugui EM, Allison AC (1991) RS-61443, a new, potent immunosuppressive agent. Transplantation 51:27-31
105. Platz KP, Beckstein WO, Eckhoff DE, Suzuki Y, Sollinger H W (1991) RS-61443 reverses acute allograft rejection in dogs. Surgery 110:736-741
106. Price HE, Arens L (1986) Effect of storage on lymphocyte surface markers in whole blood units. Transplantation 41 : 235-238
107. Ramos EL, Kasiske BL, Alexander SR, Danovitch GM, Harmon WE, Kahana L. Kirenk TJ, Neylan JF (1994) The evaluation of candidates for renal transplantation. The current practice of U.S. Transplant Centers. Transplantation 57:490-497
108. Ramounau-Pigot A, Mourad G, Cristol JP, Argiles A, Scignalet J (1992) Role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in sensitized patients awaiting renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 24:2496
109. Reed E, Hardy M, Benvenitsky A, Lattes C, Brensilver J, McCabe R, Reemstma K, King DW, Suciu-Foca N (1987) Effect of antiidiotypic antibodies to HLA on graft survival in renal transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 316: 1450-1455
110. Research Déparaient, UNOS (1994) Patients awaiting kidney transplantation. UNOS, Richmond, Virginia, May 31
111. Riccordi C, Tzakis A, Carroll P, Zeng Y, Rilo HL, Alejandro R, Shapiro R, Fung JJ, Mintz DH, Starzl TE (1991) Human islet allotransplantation under FK 506. Transplant Proc 23:3207
112. Roels L, Vanrenterghen Y, Waer M, Dindievel J, Emonds MP, Christians R, Gruwez J, Mickelsen P (1989) Single center experience with the CTS-HIT allocation system for highly immunized patients. Transplant Proc 21 :1492-1493
113. Rosenthal JT, Rabin B, Taylor RJ, Griffith M, Carpenter B, Hakala TR (1985) Positive T cell crossmatch with stored recipient sera in cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation 39:310-311
114. Ross CN, Gaskin G, Macgregor SG, Patel AA, Davey NJ, Lechler RI, Williams G, Rees AJ, Pusey CD (1993) Renal transplantation following immunoadsorption in highly sensitized recipients. Transplantation 55:785-789
115. Rudy T, Opelz G (1987) Dithiothreitol treatment of crossmatch sera in highly immunized transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 19:800-802
116. SanFilippo F, Vaughn WK, Bollinger RR, Spees EK (1982) Comparative effects of pregnancy, transfusion and prior graft rejection on sensitization and renal transplant results. Transplantation 34:360-366
117. Schmidbauer G, Hancock WH, Wasowska B, Badger AM, Kupiec-Weglinski JW (1994) Abrogation by rapamycin of accelerated rejection in sensitized rats by inhibition of alloantibody responses and selective suppression of intragraft mononuclear and endothelial cell activation, cytokine production and cell adhesion. Transplantation 57:933-941
118. Scornick JC, Brunson ME. Howard RJ, Pfaff WW ( 1992) Alloimmunization, memory and the interpretation of crossmatch results for renal transplantation. Transplantation 54:389-394
119. 18. Shapiro R, Jordan ML, Scantlebury V, Fung J, Jensen C, Tzakis A, McCauley J. Carroll P, Riccordie C, Demetris AJ. Starzl TE (1991) FK 506 in clinical kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 23:3065-3067
120. Sigal NH, Dumont FJ (1992) Cyclosporin A. FK-506, and rapamycin. Pharamcological probes of lymphocyte signal transduction. Annu Rev Immunol 10:519-560
121. Sollinger HW. Deierhoi MH, Beizer FO. Diethlem AG, Kauffman RJ (1992) RS-61443 - a phase I clinical trial and pilot rescue study. Transplantation 33:428-432
122. Sollinger HW. Beizer FO, Deierhoi MH, Diethelm AG, Gonwa TA. Kauffman RS, Klintmalm GB, McDaniel SV, Roberts J, Roxantra JT (1992) RS-61443 (mycophenolate mofetil): a multicenter study for refractory kidney transplant rejection. Ann Surg 216:513-518
123. Starzl TE. Hakala TR, Tzakis A, Gordon R, Steiber A, Makowka L, Klimoski J. Bahnson HT (1987) A multifactorial system for equitable selection of cadaver kidney recipients. JAMA 257:3073-3075
124. Starzl TE. Todo S. Fung JJ. Demetris AJ. Venkataraman R, Jain A (1989) FK 506 for liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation. Lancet II: 1000-1004
125. Starzl TE. Fung J, Jordan M, Shapiro R, Tzakis A, McCauley J. Johnson J. Iwaki J. Jain A, Alessiani M (1990) Kidney transplantation under FK 506. JAMA 264:6-7
126. Stepkowski SM, Chen H, Daloze P, Kahan BD (1991) Rapamycin, a potent immunosuppressive drug for vasularized heart, kidney and small bowel transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 51 :22-26
127. Sumrani N, Delaney V, Hong JH, Daskalakis P, Sommer BG ( 1992) The influence of nephrectomy of the primary allograft on re transplant graft outcome in the cyclosporine ear. Transplantation 53:52-55
128. Taube D (1990) Immunoadsorption in the sensitized transplant recipient. Kidney Int 38:350-358
129. Taube DH, Williams DG, Cameron JS, Bewick M, Ogg CS, Rudge CJ, Welsh KI. Kennedy LA, Thick MG (1984) Renal transplantation after removal and prevention of re synthesis of HLA antibodies. Lancet 1:824-828
130. Taylor CJ, Chapman JR. Ting A, Morris PJ (1989) Characterization of lymphocytotoxic antibodies causing a positive crossmatch in renal transplantation. Relationship to primary and regraft outcome. Transplantation 48:953-958
131. Terasaki PI, Mickey MR, Yamazaki JN, Vredevoe D (1970) Maternal-fetal incompatibility. Transplantation 9:538-543
132. Thistlethwaite JR Jr, Buckingham MR, Gaber AO, Stuart JK, Stuart FP ( 1986) Correlation of the outcome of renal transplantation with T-cell flow cytometric immunofluoroscence crossmatch results. Transplant Proc 18:440-442
133. Thomas PP, Jacob CK, Kirubakaran MO, Pandey AP, Gopalakrishnan G. Shastry JCM (1989) Indications for routine allograft nephrectomy in cases of irreversible rejection. Transplantation 48:155-159
134. Thorogood J, Persijn CG, Schreuder GMT, D'Amaro J, Zantvoort FA, Honwelingen SC van, Rood JJ van (1990) The effect of H LA matching on kidney graft survival in separate post-transplantation intervals. Transplantation 50:146-150
135. Ting A (1988) HLA matching and cross matching in renal transplantation. In: Morris PJ (ed) Kidney transplantation principles and practice, 3rd edn. Saunders. Philadelphia, pp 204-206
136. Ting A, Morris PJ (1983) Successful transplantation with a positive T and B cell crossmatch due to autoreactive antibodies. Tissue Antigens 21:219-226
137. Todo S, Tzakis AG, Abu-Elmagd K, Murase N, Starzl TE (1992) Intestinal transplantation in composite visceral grafts or alone. Ann Surg 216:223-234
138. Turka LA, Goguen JE, Gagne JE, Milford EL (1989) Presensitization and the renal allograft recipient. Transplantation 47: 234-240
139. Uchida H. Yokota K, Akiyama N, Masaki Y, Aso K, Okubo M, Okudaira M, Kalo M, Kashiwagi N (1979) Effectiveness of a new drug, bredinin, on canine kidney allotransplant survival. Transplant Proc 11 :865-870
140. Venkataramanan R, Jain A, Warty V. Abu-Elmagd K. Alessiani M, Lever J, Krajak A, Flowers J, Mehta S, Zuckerman S (1991) Pharmacokinetics of FK 506 in transplant patients. Transplant Proc 23:2736-2740
141. Warner-Favre C, Jeannet M, Harder F, Montandon A (1979) Blood transfusions, cytotoxic antibodies, and kidney graft survival. Transplantation 28:343-346
142. Wicker LS, Boltz RC Jr, Matt V, Nichols EA, Peterson LB, Sigal NH (1990) Suppression of B-cell activation by cyclosporin A, FK 506 and rapamycin. Eur J Immunol 20: 2277-2283
143. Wu J, Palladino MA, Figari IS, Morris RE (1991) Comparative immunoregulatory effects of rapamycin, FK 506 and cyclosporine on mitogen-induced cytokine production and lymphoproliferation. Transplant Proc 23:238-240
144. Yasunaga C, Cramer DV, Chapman FA, Wang HK, Barnett M, Wu GD, Makowka L (1993) The prevention of accelerated cardiac allograft rejection in sensitized recipients after treatment with brequinar sodium. Transplantation 56:898904
145. Yasunaga C, Cramer DV, Chapman RA, Wang HK, Barnett M, Wu GD, Makowka L (1993) Cardiac graft rejection in hypersensitized recipients: prevention of antibody response and graft rejection using brequinar sodium. Transplant Proc 25 [Suppl2]:65-68
146. Yuh DD, Morris RE (1993) The immunopharmacology of immunosuppression by 15-deoxyspergualin. Transplantation 55:578-591