"You are the Company:" The Demands of Employment in the Emerging Corporate Culture, Los Angeles, 1900-1930

Business History Review

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 328-362

  Davis, Clark ^a  

^a LA SIERRA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030338229     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3117241     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. "One's Impression of a Corporation," Union Oil Bulletin 3 (Sept. 1923): 5.
2. Thomas C. Cochran, Challenges to American Values: Society, Business, and Religion (New York, 1985). Cochran had pioneered just such work over a generation before in his Railroad Leaders, 1845-1890: The Business Mind in Action (Cambridge, Mass., 1953). See also Edward Chase Kirkland, Dream and Thought in the Business Community, 1860-1900 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1956).
3. Thomas C. Cochran, Challenges to American Values: Society, Business, and Religion (New York, 1985). Cochran had pioneered just such work over a generation before in his Railroad Leaders, 1845-1890: The Business Mind in Action (Cambridge, Mass., 1953). See also Edward Chase Kirkland, Dream and Thought in the Business Community, 1860-1900 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1956).
4. Thomas C. Cochran, Challenges to American Values: Society, Business, and Religion (New York, 1985). Cochran had pioneered just such work over a generation before in his Railroad Leaders, 1845-1890: The Business Mind in Action (Cambridge, Mass., 1953). See also Edward Chase Kirkland, Dream and Thought in the Business Community, 1860-1900 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1956).
5. For the dominant traditional paradigm of business history, see Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1963); The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1977); Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
6. For the dominant traditional paradigm of business history, see Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1963); The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1977); Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
7. For the dominant traditional paradigm of business history, see Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1963); The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1977); Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
8. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
9. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
10. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
11. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
12. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
13. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
14. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
15. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880-1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
16. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
17. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824-856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
18. Sanford Jacoby, Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945 (New York, 1985); Charles Delheim, "The Creation of a Company Culture: Cadbury's, 1861-1931," American Historical Review (Feb. 1987): 13-44; Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago, Ill., 1990); Angel Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business: Men and Women in the Corporate Office, 1870-1930 (Baltimore, Md., 1994). Other important works that have addressed the social and cultural dynamics of corporate emergence include: Louis Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business in America, 1880-1940: A Quantitative Study in Social Change (Baltimore, Md., 1975); Walter Licht, Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, N.J., 1983); Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers; Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York, 1991); Alan R. Raucher, "Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880- 1940," Business History Review 65 (Spring 1991): 130-163; David Vrooman, Daniel Willard and the Progressive Management on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Columbus, Ohio, 1991); and Wayne A. Lewchuk, "Men and Monotony: Fratemalism as a Managerial Strategy at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (Dec. 1993): 824- 856. See also John Theodore Landry, "Corporate Incentives for Managers in American Industry, 1900-1940," (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1995).
19. This increased attention to understanding the social and cultural dynamics of business growth has occurred alongside a flourishing of scholarship on the American middle class. John S. Gilkeson, Jr., Middle-Class Providence, 1820-1940 (Princeton, N.J., 1986); Mary Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790- 1865 (New York, 1981); E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (New York, 1989).
20. This increased attention to understanding the social and cultural dynamics of business growth has occurred alongside a flourishing of scholarship on the American middle class. John S. Gilkeson, Jr., Middle-Class Providence, 1820-1940 (Princeton, N.J., 1986); Mary Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790-1865 (New York, 1981); E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (New York, 1989).
21. This increased attention to understanding the social and cultural dynamics of business growth has occurred alongside a flourishing of scholarship on the American middle class. John S. Gilkeson, Jr., Middle-Class Providence, 1820-1940 (Princeton, N.J., 1986); Mary Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790- 1865 (New York, 1981); E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (New York, 1989).
22. This increased attention to understanding the social and cultural dynamics of business growth has occurred alongside a flourishing of scholarship on the American middle class. John S. Gilkeson, Jr., Middle-Class Providence, 1820-1940 (Princeton, N.J., 1986); Mary Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790- 1865 (New York, 1981); E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York, 1993); Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (New York, 1989).
23. Thomas Cochran describes the central challenge of early corporate leaders as the quest "to make bureaucracy responsible, imaginative, and effective" for middle-class Americans. Thomas C. Cochran, Challenges to American Values: Society, Business, and Religion (New York, 1985), 77.
24. Historian Angel Kwolek-Folland has defined the concept of corporate culture as: "The formal and informal rules and understandings that make corporations distinct institutions. These rules and understandings include both organization charts . . . and the sort of informal knowledge about how to get things done that are part of any large, bureaucratic system.'" I adopt this definition, but push it beyond the corporate office. Kwolek-Folland, Engendering Business, 197.
25. S. M. Kennedy, Winning the Public (New York, 1921), 6.
26. "Every Driver a Salesman," Union Oil Bulletin 8 (June 1928): 22.
27. For an understanding of the cultural milieu of small business, see Mansel G. Blackford, A History of Small Business in America (New York, 1991); Stuart Bruchey, ed., Small Business in American Life (New York, 1980). On professional cultures, see Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York, 1978), chapter 3; For a discussion of these issues within a specific profession, see Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York 1982). On nineteenth century farming cultures, see Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames, Iowa, 1987).
28. For an understanding of the cultural milieu of small business, see Mansel G. Blackford, A History of Small Business in America (New York, 1991); Stuart Bruchey, ed., Small Business in American Life (New York, 1980). On professional cultures, see Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York, 1978), chapter 3; For a discussion of these issues within a specific profession, see Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York 1982). On nineteenth century farming cultures, see Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames, Iowa, 1987).
29. For an understanding of the cultural milieu of small business, see Mansel G. Blackford, A History of Small Business in America (New York, 1991); Stuart Bruchey, ed., Small Business in American Life (New York, 1980). On professional cultures, see Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York, 1978), chapter 3; For a discussion of these issues within a specific profession, see Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York 1982). On nineteenth century farming cultures, see Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames, Iowa, 1987).
30. For an understanding of the cultural milieu of small business, see Mansel G. Blackford, A History of Small Business in America (New York, 1991); Stuart Bruchey, ed., Small Business in American Life (New York, 1980). On professional cultures, see Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York, 1978), chapter 3; For a discussion of these issues within a specific profession, see Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York 1982). On nineteenth century farming cultures, see Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames, Iowa, 1987).
31. For an understanding of the cultural milieu of small business, see Mansel G. Blackford, A History of Small Business in America (New York, 1991); Stuart Bruchey, ed., Small Business in American Life (New York, 1980). On professional cultures, see Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York, 1978), chapter 3; For a discussion of these issues within a specific profession, see Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York 1982). On nineteenth century farming cultures, see Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames, Iowa, 1987).
32. For an understanding of the cultural milieu of small business, see Mansel G. Blackford, A History of Small Business in America (New York, 1991); Stuart Bruchey, ed., Small Business in American Life (New York, 1980). On professional cultures, see Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York, 1978), chapter 3; For a discussion of these issues within a specific profession, see Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York 1982). On nineteenth century farming cultures, see Hal S. Barron, Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth-Century New England (New York, 1984); Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames, Iowa, 1987).
33. On industrial workers, see: David Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Lahor Struggle (New York 1979); Steven J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York, 1985); Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, Ill., 1988); Roy Rozenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers & Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (New York, 1983); Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York, 1984); Richard Jules Oestreicher, Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, Ill., 1989).
34. On industrial workers, see: David Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Lahor Struggle (New York 1979); Steven J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York, 1985); Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, Ill., 1988); Roy Rozenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers & Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (New York, 1983); Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York, 1984); Richard Jules Oestreicher, Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, Ill., 1989).
35. On industrial workers, see: David Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Lahor Struggle (New York 1979); Steven J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York, 1985); Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, Ill., 1988); Roy Rozenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers & Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (New York, 1983); Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York, 1984); Richard Jules Oestreicher, Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, Ill., 1989).
36. On industrial workers, see: David Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Lahor Struggle (New York 1979); Steven J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York, 1985); Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, Ill., 1988); Roy Rozenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers & Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (New York, 1983); Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York, 1984); Richard Jules Oestreicher, Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, Ill., 1989).
37. On industrial workers, see: David Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Lahor Struggle (New York 1979); Steven J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York, 1985); Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, Ill., 1988); Roy Rozenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers & Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (New York, 1983); Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York, 1984); Richard Jules Oestreicher, Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, Ill., 1989).
38. On industrial workers, see: David Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Lahor Struggle (New York 1979); Steven J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788-1890 (New York, 1985); Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (Urbana, Ill., 1988); Roy Rozenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers & Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (New York, 1983); Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York, 1984); Richard Jules Oestreicher, Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900 (Urbana, Ill., 1989).
39. The rise of big business spurred protests against large firms on numerous fronts. Anti-trust legislation, federal regulatory agencies, public ownership campaigns, and third political parties all represented public reaction against big business initiatives. Individual firms encountered this public disfavor in different ways. Some, particularly, utilities, were threatened with acquisition by state and local governments, while others, such as large banks, faced restraints on growth when popular local banks exerted political pressure. These factors, when added to the extant competitive pressures from other firms, made public support crucial. On the general topic of public opposition to big business, see Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business; Neil J. Mitchell, The Generous Corporation: A Political Analysis of Economic Power (New Haven, Conn., 1989); James Livingston, Origins of the Federal Reserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism: 1890- 1913 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1986).
40. The rise of big business spurred protests against large firms on numerous fronts. Anti-trust legislation, federal regulatory agencies, public ownership campaigns, and third political parties all represented public reaction against big business initiatives. Individual firms encountered this public disfavor in different ways. Some, particularly, utilities, were threatened with acquisition by state and local governments, while others, such as large banks, faced restraints on growth when popular local banks exerted political pressure. These factors, when added to the extant competitive pressures from other firms, made public support crucial. On the general topic of public opposition to big business, see Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business; Neil J. Mitchell, The Generous Corporation: A Political Analysis of Economic Power (New Haven, Conn., 1989); James Livingston, Origins of the Federal Reserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism: 1890- 1913 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1986).
41. The rise of big business spurred protests against large firms on numerous fronts. Anti-trust legislation, federal regulatory agencies, public ownership campaigns, and third political parties all represented public reaction against big business initiatives. Individual firms encountered this public disfavor in different ways. Some, particularly, utilities, were threatened with acquisition by state and local governments, while others, such as large banks, faced restraints on growth when popular local banks exerted political pressure. These factors, when added to the extant competitive pressures from other firms, made public support crucial. On the general topic of public opposition to big business, see Galambos, The Public Image of Big Business; Neil J. Mitchell, The Generous Corporation: A Political Analysis of Economic Power (New Haven, Conn., 1989); James Livingston, Origins of the Federal Reserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism: 1890-1913 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1986).
42. For widely varying treatments of the history of Los Angeles, see: Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis; Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams; Southern California through the 1920s (New York, 1990); and Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990).
43. For widely varying treatments of the history of Los Angeles, see: Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis; Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams; Southern California through the 1920s (New York, 1990); and Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990).
44. For widely varying treatments of the history of Los Angeles, see: Robert Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis; Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); Kevin Starr, Material Dreams; Southern California through the 1920s (New York, 1990); and Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York, 1990).
45. James Findley Clifford, "The Economic Boom of the Twenties in Los Angeles," (Ph.D. diss., Claremont Graduate School, 1958), 29; Margaret S. Gordon, Employment Expansion and Population Growth: The California Experience, 1900-1950 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1954). A variety of factors have been put forward to explain the unusually high proportion of service sector employment in California, including the presence of the entertainment industry, the presence of the regional offices of many federal government agencies and a heavy volume of immigration, creating needs for expanded services.
46. James Findley Clifford, "The Economic Boom of the Twenties in Los Angeles," (Ph.D. diss., Claremont Graduate School, 1958), 29; Margaret S. Gordon, Employment Expansion and Population Growth: The California Experience, 1900-1950 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1954). A variety of factors have been put forward to explain the unusually high proportion of service sector employment in California, including the presence of the entertainment industry, the presence of the regional offices of many federal government agencies and a heavy volume of immigration, creating needs for expanded services.
47. I explore these issues in broader contexts in my dissertation, "Living on the Ladder: Work and Culture in the Emerging Corporate Order, Los Angeles, 1900-1930" (Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, 1994).
48. On the history of public relations, see Richard S. Tedlow, Keeping the Corporate Image: Public Relations and Business, 1900-1950 (Greenwich, Conn., 1979), and a special issue of Public Relations Review entitled "Publicity and American Culture," 16 (Fall 1990).
49. On the history of public relations, see Richard S. Tedlow, Keeping the Corporate Image: Public Relations and Business, 1900-1950 (Greenwich, Conn., 1979), and a special issue of Public Relations Review entitled "Publicity and American Culture," 16 (Fall 1990).
50. Records for these companies are found at several archives in California. The Huntington Library in San Marino has a wide variety of records and ephemera from the Union Oil Company of California, the Pacific Electric Railway Company, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, and numerous local banks. Records from the Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company are held at the company's corporate archives in Newport Beach, California. Southern California Edison also operates and maintains corporate archives and a history room at its Rosemead, California headquarters. Records from the Security First National Bank are kept at Bank of America corporate headquarters in San Francisco.
51. For histories of these companies, see: Earl M. Welty and Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, Calif., 1966); C. I. D. Moore, The Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California: A History of the Company and the Development of its Organization, the Sixtieth Anniversary, 1868-1928 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1928); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., Past is Prologue; A Centennial Profile of Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (Los Angeles, Calif., 1969); William A. Myers, Iron Men and Copper Wires: A Centennial History of the Southern California Edison Company (Clendale, Calif., 1983); J. R. Douglas, The Bank and the Community; A History of the Security Trust and Savings Bank (Los Angeles, Calif., 1929); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991); William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992).
52. For histories of these companies, see: Earl M. Welty and Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, Calif., 1966); C. I. D. Moore, The Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California: A History of the Company and the Development of its Organization, the Sixtieth Anniversary, 1868-1928 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1928); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., Past is Prologue; A Centennial Profile of Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (Los Angeles, Calif., 1969); William A. Myers, Iron Men and Copper Wires: A Centennial History of the Southern California Edison Company (Clendale, Calif., 1983); J. R. Douglas, The Bank and the Community; A History of the Security Trust and Savings Bank (Los Angeles, Calif., 1929); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991); William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992).
53. For histories of these companies, see: Earl M. Welty and Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, Calif., 1966); C. I. D. Moore, The Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California: A History of the Company and the Development of its Organization, the Sixtieth Anniversary, 1868-1928 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1928); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., Past is Prologue; A Centennial Profile of Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (Los Angeles, Calif., 1969); William A. Myers, Iron Men and Copper Wires: A Centennial History of the Southern California Edison Company (Clendale, Calif., 1983); J. R. Douglas, The Bank and the Community; A History of the Security Trust and Savings Bank (Los Angeles, Calif., 1929); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991); William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992).
54. For histories of these companies, see: Earl M. Welty and Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, Calif., 1966); C. I. D. Moore, The Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California: A History of the Company and the Development of its Organization, the Sixtieth Anniversary, 1868-1928 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1928); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., Past is Prologue; A Centennial Profile of Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (Los Angeles, Calif., 1969); William A. Myers, Iron Men and Copper Wires: A Centennial History of the Southern California Edison Company (Clendale, Calif., 1983); J. R. Douglas, The Bank and the Community; A History of the Security Trust and Savings Bank (Los Angeles, Calif., 1929); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991); William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992).
55. For histories of these companies, see: Earl M. Welty and Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, Calif., 1966); C. I. D. Moore, The Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California: A History of the Company and the Development of its Organization, the Sixtieth Anniversary, 1868-1928 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1928); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., Past is Prologue; A Centennial Profile of Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (Los Angeles, Calif., 1969); William A. Myers, Iron Men and Copper Wires: A Centennial History of the Southern California Edison Company (Clendale, Calif., 1983); J. R. Douglas, The Bank and the Community; A History of the Security Trust and Savings Bank (Los Angeles, Calif., 1929); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991); William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992).
56. For histories of these companies, see: Earl M. Welty and Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, Calif., 1966); C. I. D. Moore, The Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California: A History of the Company and the Development of its Organization, the Sixtieth Anniversary, 1868-1928 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1928); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., Past is Prologue; A Centennial Profile of Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (Los Angeles, Calif., 1969); William A. Myers, Iron Men and Copper Wires: A Centennial History of the Southern California Edison Company (Clendale, Calif., 1983); J. R. Douglas, The Bank and the Community; A History of the Security Trust and Savings Bank (Los Angeles, Calif., 1929); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991); William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992).
57. For histories of these companies, see: Earl M. Welty and Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, Calif., 1966); C. I. D. Moore, The Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company of California: A History of the Company and the Development of its Organization, the Sixtieth Anniversary, 1868-1928 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1928); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., Past is Prologue; A Centennial Profile of Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (Los Angeles, Calif., 1969); William A. Myers, Iron Men and Copper Wires: A Centennial History of the Southern California Edison Company (Clendale, Calif., 1983); J. R. Douglas, The Bank and the Community; A History of the Security Trust and Savings Bank (Los Angeles, Calif., 1929); Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991); William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992).
58. Excellent studies of social and cultural responses to shifting occupational circumstances are Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920 (Chicago, 1984); and James B. Gilbert, Work Without Salvation: America's Intellectuals and Industrial Alienation, 1880-1920 (Baltimore, Md., 1977).
59. Excellent studies of social and cultural responses to shifting occupational circumstances are Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920 (Chicago, 1984); and James B. Gilbert, Work Without Salvation: America's Intellectuals and Industrial Alienation, 1880-1920 (Baltimore, Md., 1977).
60. See Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggle (New York, 1979); Ross, Workers on the Edge; Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth Century America (New York, 1989); Wilentz, Chants Democratic.
61. See Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggle (New York, 1979); Ross, Workers on the Edge; Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth Century America (New York, 1989); Wilentz, Chants Democratic.
62. See Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggle (New York, 1979); Ross, Workers on the Edge; Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth Century America (New York, 1989); Wilentz, Chants Democratic.
63. See Montgomery, Workers Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggle (New York, 1979); Ross, Workers on the Edge; Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth Century America (New York, 1989); Wilentz, Chants Democratic.
64. Zunz, Making America Corporate: Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentleman of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America (New York, 1987); Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class.
65. Zunz, Making America Corporate: Cindy Sondik Aron, Ladies and Gentleman of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America (New York, 1987); Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class.
66. On the opportunities for women in emerging corporate bureaucracies, see Kwolek-Follands, Engendering Business; Ileen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Lisa Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1990); Marjory Davies, Woman's Place is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1982); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 147- 148; Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana, Ill., 1992).
67. On the opportunities for women in emerging corporate bureaucracies, see Kwolek- Follands, Engendering Business; Ileen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Lisa Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1990); Marjory Davies, Woman's Place is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1982); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 147- 148; Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana, Ill., 1992).
68. On the opportunities for women in emerging corporate bureaucracies, see Kwolek- Follands, Engendering Business; Ileen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Lisa Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1990); Marjory Davies, Woman's Place is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1982); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 147- 148; Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana, Ill., 1992).
69. On the opportunities for women in emerging corporate bureaucracies, see Kwolek- Follands, Engendering Business; Ileen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Lisa Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1990); Marjory Davies, Woman's Place is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1982); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 147- 148; Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana, Ill., 1992).
70. On the opportunities for women in emerging corporate bureaucracies, see Kwolek- Follands, Engendering Business; Ileen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Lisa Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1990); Marjory Davies, Woman's Place is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1982); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 147-148; Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana, Ill., 1992).
71. On the opportunities for women in emerging corporate bureaucracies, see Kwolek- Follands, Engendering Business; Ileen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn-of-the Century Pittsburgh (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Lisa Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1990); Marjory Davies, Woman's Place is at the Typewriter: Office Work and Office Workers, 1870-1930 (Philadelphia, Penn., 1982); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 147- 148; Sharon Hartman Strom, Beyond the Typewriter: Gender, Class, and the Origins of Modern Office Work, 1900-1930 (Urbana, Ill., 1992).
72. Two classic studies of white-collar workers are C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York, 1956);
73. and Jurgen Kocka, White Collar Workers in America, 1890-1940: A Social Political History in International Perspective (London, 1980).
74. Ernest G. Bishop, "Loyalty," Pacific Mutual News 24 (Sept. 1925): 314. Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company corporate communications records are housed in the company's Newport Beach, California, headquarters, Cynthia Graham, director, Corporate Archives.
75. "Employees Who Climb," Pacific Electric Magazine 4 (10 Sept. 1919); 5.
76. "How Big is Your Job," Security First News Bulletin 1 (1 July 1929): 2.
77. Paul Lupke, "Expanded Loyalty," Edison Current Topics (July 1912): 1. Southern California Edison corporate communication records were housed in the company's Corporate Communications Department at its headquarters in Rosemead, California.
78. T. A. Graham, "Tardy Reports" memo of 1 April 1922. Pacific Mail Steamship Company (PMSS) box 6A, file 439.
79. See for instance [general agent] letter to Mr. T. A. Graham, c. 4/22, in which the sociability of a new employee was discussed as central to the company's expectations of his performance. PMSS collection, box 34A, Los Angeles file.
80. On the rise of modern sales and advertising, see Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1985); Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York, 1976); Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Chicago, Ill., 1988); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 176. See also: Timothy Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1995).
81. On the rise of modern sales and advertising, see Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1985); Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York, 1976); Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Chicago, Ill., 1988); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 176. See also: Timothy Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1995).
82. On the rise of modern sales and advertising, see Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1985); Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York, 1976); Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Chicago, Ill., 1988); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 176. See also: Timothy Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1995).
83. On the rise of modern sales and advertising, see Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1985); Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York, 1976); Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Chicago, Ill., 1988); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 176. See also: Timothy Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1995).
84. On the rise of modern sales and advertising, see Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Los Angeles, Calif., 1985); Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York, 1976); Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Chicago, Ill., 1988); Zunz, Making America Corporate, 176. See also: Timothy Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1995).
85. Robert O'Hair, "Commercial Development Department," The Pacific Southeast 5 (July 1927): 4.
86. Ibid.
87. "Statement of the Southern California Edison Company of its claims for the Charles A. Coffin Medal Effort, the Year 1922," unpublished manuscript, Southern California Edison Archives (hereafter SCE Archives).
88. "Electrical Christmas Campaign," Edison Energy 2 (Dec. 1928): 5.
89. "Better Home Lighting; A Textbook for Power Company Employees and their Families," pamphlet issued by Southern California Edison in 1930, SCE Archives.
90. In a 1929 report, the company proclaimed: "Two of the SCE districts now have 100 percent of married employees using electric ranges." "Statement by SCE Company in Respect of its Accomplishment during the year 1928 for consideration in the Award of the Charles A. Coffin Medal for that year," unpublished manuscript, 1929, SCE Archives.
91. Union Oil, for instance, printed numerous "travelogue" articles outlining scenic automobile trips and vacations. See: "Visiting ten county seats in twenty-four hours," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (June 1927): 12-13.
92. "Our interest in aviation," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (Aug. 1927): 1.
93. See for instance, "Western asphalt association," Union Oil Bulletin 6 (Feb. 1927): 18; "Riding on Rubber," Union Oil Bulletin 5 (June 1925): 4; George H. Woodhams, "Oil Sprays for Insect Pest Control," Union Oil Bulletin 8 (April 1928): 11.
94. See for instance, "Western asphalt association," Union Oil Bulletin 6 (Feb. 1927): 18; "Riding on Rubber," Union Oil Bulletin 5 (June 1925): 4; George H. Woodhams, "Oil Sprays for Insect Pest Control," Union Oil Bulletin 8 (April 1928): 11.
95. See for instance, "Western asphalt association," Union Oil Bulletin 6 (Feb. 1927): 18; "Riding on Rubber," Union Oil Bulletin 5 (June 1925): 4; George H. Woodhams, "Oil Sprays for Insect Pest Control," Union Oil Bulletin 8 (April 1928): 11.
96. Don Francisco, "Are you enlisted in your firm's army of recommenders?" Union Oil Bulletin 3 (March 1923): 1.
97. "Grows like a snowball," Union Oil Bulletin 3 (June 1923): 25.
98. "Are you Pacific Electric-Minded?" Pacific Electric Magazine 14 (10 Dec. 1929): 3.
99. "Wanted! - 5,000 business getters," Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (10 Jan. 1925): 7; "Are you helping to increase PE revenues?" Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Dec. 1918): 4-5.
100. "Wanted! - 5,000 business getters," Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (10 Jan. 1925): 7; "Are you helping to increase PE revenues?" Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Dec. 1918): 4-5.
101. "Cooperation of every factor the backbone of company success," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Jan. 1919): 5; "Selling Transportation," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Dec. 1918): 5; "Travel tip campaign begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 12 (10 June 1927): 10.
102. "Cooperation of every factor the backbone of company success," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Jan. 1919): 5; "Selling Transportation," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Dec. 1918): 5; "Travel tip campaign begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 12 (10 June 1927): 10.
103. "Cooperation of every factor the backbone of company success," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Jan. 1919): 5; "Selling Transportation," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 Dec. 1918): 5; "Travel tip campaign begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 12 (10 June 1927): 10.
104. "Freight Solicitation by Employees," Pacific Electric Magazine 1 (10 June 1916): 6.
105. F. E. Billhardt, "Over Thousand Passengers from 4 Employees' Tips," Pacific Electric Magazine 11 (10 Aug. 1926): 15;
106. For another example of articles praising employee sales efforts, see: "Many Employees active in Freight Solicitation," Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (10 March 1925): 10.
107. Pacific Mutual had systematic training programs designed to help its agents become more effective salesmen. Beginning in 1914, for instance, the firm began a correspondence school in sales for all agents. See, "Pacific Mutual School for Salesman: An Important Announcement," Pacific Mutual News 13 (May 1914): 108.
108. John F. Forrester, "Life Insurance as a Business; Its Scope and Possibilities," Pacific Mutual News 10 (Feb. 1911): 5-6; "Insure your friends," Pacific Mutual News 22 (Oct. 1923): 320.
109. John F. Forrester, "Life Insurance as a Business; Its Scope and Possibilities," Pacific Mutual News 10 (Feb. 1911): 5-6; "Insure your friends," Pacific Mutual News 22 (Oct. 1923): 320.
110. "Leisure Hours," Pacific Mutual News 9 (June 1910): 5. Another company pronouncement read: "Every interest you have in life may be represented by a circle. These circles of course vary in size with each individual, but your largest circle should be the insurance business." "An idea on Concentration; Which of these represents your method?" Pacific Mutual News 11 (March 1912): 43.
111. "Leisure Hours," Pacific Mutual News 9 (June 1910): 5. Another company pronouncement read: "Every interest you have in life may be represented by a circle. These circles of course vary in size with each individual, but your largest circle should be the insurance business." "An idea on Concentration; Which of these represents your method?" Pacific Mutual News 11 (March 1912): 43.
112. Mansel Blackford has traced the extent to which California firms proactively maneuvered to mold government policies to their benefit in: The Politics of Business in California, 1890-1920 (Columbus, Ohio, 1977).
113. William Issel has detailed how California businessmen helped shape public policy in favor of their business interests through various community organizations and citizens leagues in, "Citizens Outside the Government: Business and Urban Policy in San Francisco and Los Angeles, 1879-1932," Pacific Historical Review 57 (1987): 117-145.
114. Texts arguing that business maneuvered to secure government support include Gabriel Kolko's The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916 (New York, 1963),
115. and Martin Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism: The Market, the Law, and Politics (New York, 1988).
116. Arguing against this thesis, at least with respect to railroads, is Albro Martin, Enterprise Denied: Origins of the Decline of American Railroads, 1897-1917 (New York, 1971).
117. Morton Keller, Regulating a New Economy: Public Policy and Economic Change in America, 1900-1933 (Cambridge, 1990).
118. On local regulation of utilities, see Keller, 60-65.
119. R. H. Ballard, "Concentration brings efficiency and Low Rates," Edison Current Topics 4 (Oct. 1915): 190.
120. William A. Myers, "Electricity in Orange County, California, 1890-1940: A Case Study of the Socioeconomic Impact of Technology," (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1991); See Blackford, Politics of Business in California, chapter 5.
121. William A. Myers, "Electricity in Orange County, California, 1890-1940: A Case Study of the Socioeconomic Impact of Technology," (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1991); See Blackford, Politics of Business in California, chapter 5.
122. "Employee's Manual," handbook issued by Southern California Edison Company, c. early 1920s, SCE Archives.
123. George Walker, "Capital," Edison Current Topics 5 (April 1916): 61; See also "Public Interests and Private Interests Synonymous," Edison Current Topics 5 (June 1916): 108.
124. George Walker, "Capital," Edison Current Topics 5 (April 1916): 61; See also "Public Interests and Private Interests Synonymous," Edison Current Topics 5 (June 1916): 108.
125. A. W. Childs, "Great Banquet of Employees," Edison Current Topics 2 (April 1913): 12.
126. "Statement of the Southern California Edison Company of its Claims for the Charles A. Coffin Medal Effort, the Year 1922," unpublished manuscript, 1922, SCE Archives.
127. See Paul Shoup, "Our Financial Condition," Pacific Electric Magazine 1 (10 Aug. 1916); See also: "Taxes and the Jitney," Pacific Electric Magazine 1 (10 Oct. 1916): 4; "Taxes one of greatest burdens of nation and state," Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (Nov. 1924): 12.
128. See Paul Shoup, "Our Financial Condition," Pacific Electric Magazine 1 (10 Aug. 1916); See also: "Taxes and the Jitney," Pacific Electric Magazine 1 (10 Oct. 1916): 4; "Taxes one of greatest burdens of nation and state," Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (Nov. 1924): 12.
129. See Paul Shoup, "Our Financial Condition," Pacific Electric Magazine 1 (10 Aug. 1916); See also: "Taxes and the Jitney," Pacific Electric Magazine 1 (10 Oct. 1916): 4; "Taxes one of greatest burdens of nation and state," Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (Nov. 1924): 12.
130. "Increased Taxation versus economy," Pacific Electric Magazine 5 (10 Feb. 1921): 1.
131. "To All Employees of this Company," Pacific Electric Magazine 7 (10 April 1923): 1; "Are you a good citizen?" Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (10 Oct. 1924): 2; "Vice-President Pontius points out election importance and urges all to vote," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 April 1926): 4; "Employees rally to own company's cause in opposing territory invasion," Pacific Electric Magazine 14 (10 June 1929): 11.
132. "To All Employees of this Company," Pacific Electric Magazine 7 (10 April 1923): 1; "Are you a good citizen?" Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (10 Oct. 1924): 2; "Vice-President Pontius points out election importance and urges all to vote," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 April 1926): 4; "Employees rally to own company's cause in opposing territory invasion," Pacific Electric Magazine 14 (10 June 1929): 11.
133. "To All Employees of this Company," Pacific Electric Magazine 7 (10 April 1923): 1; "Are you a good citizen?" Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (10 Oct. 1924): 2; "Vice-President Pontius points out election importance and urges all to vote," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 April 1926): 4; "Employees rally to own company's cause in opposing territory invasion," Pacific Electric Magazine 14 (10 June 1929): 11.
134. "To All Employees of this Company," Pacific Electric Magazine 7 (10 April 1923): 1; "Are you a good citizen?" Pacific Electric Magazine 9 (10 Oct. 1924): 2; "Vice-President Pontius points out election importance and urges all to vote," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 April 1926): 4; "Employees rally to own company's cause in opposing territory invasion," Pacific Electric Magazine 14 (10 June 1929): 11.
135. On banking regulation, see Keller, 201-207.
136. Lynne Pierson Doti and Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American West: From the Gold Rush to Deregulation (Norman, Okla., 1991).
137. See for instance: "Senate passes bill: Elliott on return from Sacramento Reports Progress on California Bank Act Amendments," Security First News Bulletin 1 (15 April 1929): 4; "Elliott Discnsses new tax decision of Supreme Court in Convention Report: Head Office vice president in opening address at CBA Conclave declares verdict of high tribunal regrettable set-back," Security First News Bulletin 1 (15 June 1929): 1. Another example of the relationship between larger political concerns and bank operations is seen in the frequent correspondence about national and international matters between bank officers. Farmers and Merchants National Bank's president and vice president corresponded regularly during the 1910s on issues ranging from railroad regulation to the effect of the War on trade, to railroad policies, noting how these issues might affect bank operations. See, for example, series of letters regarding war issues: I. W. Hellman letter to Jackson A. Graves, 17 March 1915, 10 July 1915, 17 Sept. 1915. Jackson A. Graves Collection, Huntington Library.
138. See for instance: "Senate passes bill: Elliott on return from Sacramento Reports Progress on California Bank Act Amendments," Security First News Bulletin 1 (15 April 1929): 4; "Elliott Discnsses new tax decision of Supreme Court in Convention Report: Head Office vice president in opening address at CBA Conclave declares verdict of high tribunal regrettable set-back," Security First News Bulletin 1 (15 June 1929): 1. Another example of the relationship between larger political concerns and bank operations is seen in the frequent correspondence about national and international matters between bank officers. Farmers and Merchants National Bank's president and vice president corresponded regularly during the 1910s on issues ranging from railroad regulation to the effect of the War on trade, to railroad policies, noting how these issues might affect bank operations. See, for example, series of letters regarding war issues: I. W. Hellman letter to Jackson A. Graves, 17 March 1915, 10 July 1915, 17 Sept. 1915. Jackson A. Graves Collection, Huntington Library.
139. Blackford, The Politics of Business in California, 40-59.
140. See "Overproduction," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (May 1927): 1; "Conservation of Gas," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (July 1927): 1; E. W. Clark, "Good Business," Union Oil Bulletin 8 (Nov. 1928): 1.
141. See "Overproduction," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (May 1927): 1; "Conservation of Gas," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (July 1927): 1; E. W. Clark, "Good Business," Union Oil Bulletin 8 (Nov. 1928): 1.
142. See "Overproduction," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (May 1927): 1; "Conservation of Gas," Union Oil Bulletin 7 (July 1927): 1; E. W. Clark, "Good Business," Union Oil Bulletin 8 (Nov. 1928): 1.
143. Jerry H. Powell, "Taxing the motorist," Union Oil Bulletin 4 (Feb. 1925): 1-3.
144. Francis P. Smith, "Getting the most for the highway dollar," Union Oil Bulletin 5 (Nov. 1925): 13.
145. C. C. Mallory correspondence to Mr. T. A. Graham, 12 Aug. 1924, Pacific Mail Steamship Collection, Box #4, Huntington Library.
146. "Public Appreciation Expressed; Service and Courtesy Bring their Reward," Pacific Electric Magazine 13 (10 Aug. 1928): 13.
147. See: "Over the Top," Pacific Electric Magazine 2 (10 May 1918): 1; "Our Red Cross Auxiliary," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Riverside Trainmen go over top," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Still a few openings in company B," Pacific Electric Magazine 5 (10 Aug. 1920); "Employees exceed quota in charity drive," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 Dec. 1925): 11; "Community Chest Drive Begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 11 (10 Nov. 1926): 4.
148. See: "Over the Top," Pacific Electric Magazine 2 (10 May 1918): 1; "Our Red Cross Auxiliary," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Riverside Trainmen go over top," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Still a few openings in company B," Pacific Electric Magazine 5 (10 Aug. 1920); "Employees exceed quota in charity drive," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 Dec. 1925): 11; "Community Chest Drive Begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 11 (10 Nov. 1926): 4.
149. See: "Over the Top," Pacific Electric Magazine 2 (10 May 1918): 1; "Our Red Cross Auxiliary," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Riverside Trainmen go over top," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Still a few openings in company B," Pacific Electric Magazine 5 (10 Aug. 1920); "Employees exceed quota in charity drive," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 Dec. 1925): 11; "Community Chest Drive Begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 11 (10 Nov. 1926): 4.
150. See: "Over the Top," Pacific Electric Magazine 2 (10 May 1918): 1; "Our Red Cross Auxiliary," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Riverside Trainmen go over top," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Still a few openings in company B," Pacific Electric Magazine 5 (10 Aug. 1920); "Employees exceed quota in charity drive," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 Dec. 1925): 11; "Community Chest Drive Begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 11 (10 Nov. 1926): 4.
151. See: "Over the Top," Pacific Electric Magazine 2 (10 May 1918): 1; "Our Red Cross Auxiliary," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Riverside Trainmen go over top," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Still a few openings in company B," Pacific Electric Magazine 5 (10 Aug. 1920); "Employees exceed quota in charity drive," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 Dec. 1925): 11; "Community Chest Drive Begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 11 (10 Nov. 1926): 4.
152. See: "Over the Top," Pacific Electric Magazine 2 (10 May 1918): 1; "Our Red Cross Auxiliary," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Riverside Trainmen go over top," Pacific Electric Magazine 3 (10 July 1918): 5; "Still a few openings in company B," Pacific Electric Magazine 5 (10 Aug. 1920); "Employees exceed quota in charity drive," Pacific Electric Magazine 10 (10 Dec. 1925): 11; "Community Chest Drive Begins," Pacific Electric Magazine 11 (10 Nov. 1926): 4.
153. W. R. Neelands, "Relations to consumers discussed by Neelands," Edison Current Topics 5 (May 1916): 92-93.
154. S. C. Haver, "Uses of the little red book," Edison Current Topics (June 1912): 15-16.
155. These pamphlets are housed in SCE Archives.
156. See for instance, "Edison Men Make Big Red Cross Drive," Edison Current Topics 6 (June 1917): 111-113.
157. S. M. Kennedy, Winning the Public (New York, 1921), 136.
158. "Statement of the Southern California Edison Company of its claims for the Charles A. Coffin Medal Effort for the Year 1922," unpublished manuscript, 1923, SCE Archives; Minutes, Management Committee meeting, SCE, 12 April 1923, SCE Archives. On service clubs, see Jeffrey A. Charles, Service Clubs in American Society: Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions (Urbana, Ill., 1993).
159. "Statement of the Southern California Edison Company of its claims for the Charles A. Coffin Medal Effort for the Year 1922," unpublished manuscript, 1923, SCE Archives; Minutes, Management Committee meeting, SCE, 12 April 1923, SCE Archives. On service clubs, see Jeffrey A. Charles, Service Clubs in American Society: Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions (Urbana, Ill., 1993).
160. Kennedy, Winning the Public, 51.
161. "Your responsibility" Pacific Mutual News 23 (April 1924): 168.
162. For an excellent discussion of the industry's difficulties and public disfavor with life insurance agents, see Viviana A. Rotman Zelizer, Morals and Markets: The Development of Life Insurance in the United States (New Brunswick, 1983), chaps. 6 and 7.
163. Danford Baker, "The need of new men," Pacific Mutual News 23 (May 1924): 206.
164. Jackson A. Graves letter to I. W. Hellman, 20 July 1918, Jackson A. Graves collection, Huntington Library.
165. William H. Wallace, "Personality as an assett in banking," Proceedings of the 18th Annual Convention of the California Bankers Association, 1912, 184-197. On the matter of sensitivity toward branch banking, see: Barney Goss, "Business and Financial Review," Saturday Night (22 Sept. 1922), 21; On California banking, see: Doti and Schweikart, Banking in the American West. See also Benjamin J. Klaebner, American Commercial Banking: A History (Boston, Mass., 1990).
166. William H. Wallace, "Personality as an assett in banking," Proceedings of the 18th Annual Convention of the California Bankers Association, 1912, 184-197. On the matter of sensitivity toward branch banking, see: Barney Goss, "Business and Financial Review," Saturday Night (22 Sept. 1922), 21; On California banking, see: Doti and Schweikart, Banking in the American West. See also Benjamin J. Klaebner, American Commercial Banking: A History (Boston, Mass., 1990).
167. William H. Wallace, "Personality as an assett in banking," Proceedings of the 18th Annual Convention of the California Bankers Association, 1912, 184-197. On the matter of sensitivity toward branch banking, see: Barney Goss, "Business and Financial Review," Saturday Night (22 Sept. 1922), 21; On California banking, see: Doti and Schweikart, Banking in the American West. See also Benjamin J. Klaebner, American Commercial Banking: A History (Boston, Mass., 1990).
168. William H. Wallace, "Personality as an assett in banking," Proceedings of the 18th Annual Convention of the California Bankers Association, 1912, 184-197. On the matter of sensitivity toward branch banking, see: Barney Goss, "Business and Financial Review," Saturday Night (22 Sept. 1922), 21; On California banking, see: Doti and Schweikart, Banking in the American West. See also Benjamin J. Klaebner, American Commercial Banking: A History (Boston, Mass., 1990).
169. The company used this system at least through 1910. Jess Stoddard, untitled speech, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Contention of the California Bankers Association, 1910, 71-74.
170. "Personality is an Asset in Trust Relations," News of the Los Angeles First National 5 (12 Feb. 1928): 4.
171. "The Boss," Security First News Bulletin 1 (1 Sept. 1929): 2.
172. In the first two weeks of April 1929, bank employees spoke to ten different groups including the Arnama Club, the Vermont Avenue Presbyterian Church, the Bellflower Real Estate Board, the Los Angeles Chapter of the League of American Pen women, and classes at the Venice High School and Sentous Junior High School. "Speakers Division promotes good will: MacLennan in Charge of Bureau providing Security-First National Men and Women for organization and club programs," Security First News Bulletin 1 (1 Aug. 1929): 3;
173. "Security First National Speakers," Security First News Bulletin 1 (15 April 1929): 3.
174. In the spring of 1929, for instance, bank president Joseph Sartori began contributing a weekly column about matters of local business and economic needs to the Los Angeles Examiner. "Our Greatest Need: President starts unique series of weekly articles in Examiner on Civic Necessities," Security First News Bulletin 1 (1 May 1929): 4. 4Cike most large corporations, banks also believed participation in charities would boost their image. L.A.'s Security First even organized its own charity fund - The Los Angeles Community Foundation. Evidencing the bank's public relations ambitions for the Foundation, the booklet given to employees read: "Perhaps nothing can build more general good will for our institution." "Read the Foundation Booklet," Security First News Bulletin 1 (15 June 1929): 2.
175. In the spring of 1929, for instance, bank president Joseph Sartori began contributing a weekly column about matters of local business and economic needs to the Los Angeles Examiner. "Our Greatest Need: President starts unique series of weekly articles in Examiner on Civic Necessities," Security First News Bulletin 1 (1 May 1929): 4. 4Cike most large corporations, banks also believed participation in charities would boost their image. L.A.'s Security First even organized its own charity fund - The Los Angeles Community Foundation. Evidencing the bank's public relations ambitions for the Foundation, the booklet given to employees read: "Perhaps nothing can build more general good will for our institution." "Read the Foundation Booklet," Security First News Bulletin 1 (15 June 1929): 2.
176. See, for instance, "Courtesy in Business," Union Oil Bulletin 3 (Jan. 1924): 17.
177. 1926 issues of Union Oil Bulletin, for instance, contain numerous articles devoted to the company's "Outdoor campaign for safety and courtesy on the highways." As an example, see: L.P. St. Clair, "Be Careful," Union Oil Bulletin 5 (Feb. 1926): 3-6.
178. "Our New Year's Resolution," Pacific Electric Magazine 6 (10 Jan. 1922).