Lawyer Mediators: Meeting the Ethical Challenges

Family Law Quarterly

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 679-720

  Moore, Loretta W ^a  

^a WASHBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 0030337310     PISSN: 0014729X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (358)

1. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONALS IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION (SPIDR) AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR MEDIATORS I (1996) [hereinafter MEDIATION STANDARDS]. See John D. Feerick, Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 79 JUDICATURE 314 (1996). The actual process of mediation is beyond the scope of this article. There are numerous other sources available on the process of mediation. See, e.g., JOHN M. HAYNES, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY MEDIATION (1994); JAY FOLBERG & ALISON TAYLOR, MEDIATION: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT LITIGATION (1984); KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (1994); FORREST MOSTEN, THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MEDIATION: THE CUTTING-EDGE ALTERNATIVE IN THE FAMILY LAW PRACTICE (1996).
2. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONALS IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION (SPIDR) AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR MEDIATORS I (1996) [hereinafter MEDIATION STANDARDS]. See John D. Feerick, Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 79 JUDICATURE 314 (1996). The actual process of mediation is beyond the scope of this article. There are numerous other sources available on the process of mediation. See, e.g., JOHN M. HAYNES, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY MEDIATION (1994); JAY FOLBERG & ALISON TAYLOR, MEDIATION: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT LITIGATION (1984); KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (1994); FORREST MOSTEN, THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MEDIATION: THE CUTTING-EDGE ALTERNATIVE IN THE FAMILY LAW PRACTICE (1996).
3. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONALS IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION (SPIDR) AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR MEDIATORS I (1996) [hereinafter MEDIATION STANDARDS]. See John D. Feerick, Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 79 JUDICATURE 314 (1996). The actual process of mediation is beyond the scope of this article. There are numerous other sources available on the process of mediation. See, e.g., JOHN M. HAYNES, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY MEDIATION (1994); JAY FOLBERG & ALISON TAYLOR, MEDIATION: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT LITIGATION (1984); KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (1994); FORREST MOSTEN, THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MEDIATION: THE CUTTING-EDGE ALTERNATIVE IN THE FAMILY LAW PRACTICE (1996).
4. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONALS IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION (SPIDR) AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR MEDIATORS I (1996) [hereinafter MEDIATION STANDARDS]. See John D. Feerick, Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 79 JUDICATURE 314 (1996). The actual process of mediation is beyond the scope of this article. There are numerous other sources available on the process of mediation. See, e.g., JOHN M. HAYNES, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY MEDIATION (1994); JAY FOLBERG & ALISON TAYLOR, MEDIATION: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT LITIGATION (1984); KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (1994); FORREST MOSTEN, THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MEDIATION: THE CUTTING-EDGE ALTERNATIVE IN THE FAMILY LAW PRACTICE (1996).
5. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONALS IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION (SPIDR) AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR MEDIATORS I (1996) [hereinafter MEDIATION STANDARDS]. See John D. Feerick, Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 79 JUDICATURE 314 (1996). The actual process of mediation is beyond the scope of this article. There are numerous other sources available on the process of mediation. See, e.g., JOHN M. HAYNES, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY MEDIATION (1994); JAY FOLBERG & ALISON TAYLOR, MEDIATION: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT LITIGATION (1984); KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (1994); FORREST MOSTEN, THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MEDIATION: THE CUTTING-EDGE ALTERNATIVE IN THE FAMILY LAW PRACTICE (1996).
6. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONALS IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION (SPIDR) AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR MEDIATORS I (1996) [hereinafter MEDIATION STANDARDS]. See John D. Feerick, Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 79 JUDICATURE 314 (1996). The actual process of mediation is beyond the scope of this article. There are numerous other sources available on the process of mediation. See, e.g., JOHN M. HAYNES, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY MEDIATION (1994); JAY FOLBERG & ALISON TAYLOR, MEDIATION: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT LITIGATION (1984); KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (1994); FORREST MOSTEN, THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MEDIATION: THE CUTTING-EDGE ALTERNATIVE IN THE FAMILY LAW PRACTICE (1996).
7. AMERICAN ARBITRATION ASSOCIATION, SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONALS IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION (SPIDR) AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, THE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR MEDIATORS I (1996) [hereinafter MEDIATION STANDARDS]. See John D. Feerick, Standards of Conduct for Mediators, 79 JUDICATURE 314 (1996). The actual process of mediation is beyond the scope of this article. There are numerous other sources available on the process of mediation. See, e.g., JOHN M. HAYNES, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY MEDIATION (1994); JAY FOLBERG & ALISON TAYLOR, MEDIATION: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT LITIGATION (1984); KIMBERLEE K. KOVACH, MEDIATION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (1994); FORREST MOSTEN, THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO MEDIATION: THE CUTTING-EDGE ALTERNATIVE IN THE FAMILY LAW PRACTICE (1996).
8. ABA MODEL RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT (1992) [hereinafter MODEL RULES]. Thirty-five states appear to have adopted the Model Rules.
9. ABA MODEL RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT (1992) [hereinafter MODEL RULES]. Thirty-five states appear to have adopted the Model Rules.
10. ABA MODEL CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY (1980).
11. See, e.g., Linda J. Silberman, Professional Responsibility Problems of Divorce Mediation, 16 FAM. L.Q. 107 (1982); Richard E. Crouch, The Dark Side Is Still Unexplored, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 27 (1992). Leonard Riskin, Toward New Standards for the Neutral Lawyer in Mediation, 26 ARIZ. L. REV. 329 (1984).
12. See, e.g., Linda J. Silberman, Professional Responsibility Problems of Divorce Mediation, 16 FAM. L.Q. 107 (1982); Richard E. Crouch, The Dark Side Is Still Unexplored, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 27 (1992). Leonard Riskin, Toward New Standards for the Neutral Lawyer in Mediation, 26 ARIZ. L. REV. 329 (1984).
13. See, e.g., Linda J. Silberman, Professional Responsibility Problems of Divorce Mediation, 16 FAM. L.Q. 107 (1982); Richard E. Crouch, The Dark Side Is Still Unexplored, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 27 (1992). Leonard Riskin, Toward New Standards for the Neutral Lawyer in Mediation, 26 ARIZ. L. REV. 329 (1984).
14. See, e.g., MODEL RULES Rule 2.2, permitting a lawyer to mediate between existing clients. Compare with ILL. 16TH CIR. CT. R. 15.22(0(1) (1996) [hereinafter Ill. 16 CIR. MED. R.] (prohibiting a lawyer-mediator from representing "either party in any matter during the mediation process").
15. See, e.g., MODEL RULES Rule 2.2, permitting a lawyer to mediate between existing clients. Compare with ILL. 16TH CIR. CT. R. 15.22(0(1) (1996) [hereinafter Ill. 16 CIR. MED. R.] (prohibiting a lawyer-mediator from representing "either party in any matter during the mediation process").
16. See, e.g., MODEL RULES Rule 2.2, permitting a lawyer to mediate between existing clients. Compare with ILL. 16TH CIR. CT. R. 15.22(0(1) (1996) [hereinafter Ill. 16 CIR. MED. R.] (prohibiting a lawyer-mediator from representing "either party in any matter during the mediation process").
17. See generally Lon L. Fuller, Mediation - Its Forms and Functions, 44 S. CAL. L. REV. 305 (1971); JOHN M. HAYNES, DIVORCE MEDIATION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THERAPISTS AND COUNSELORS (1981); O.J. COOGLER, STRUCTURED MEDIATION IN DIVORCE SETTLEMENT: A HANDBOOK FOR MARITAL MEDIATORS (1978); Jessica Pearson & Nancy Thoennes, The Benefits Outweigh the Costs, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 26 (1982); DIVORCE MEDIATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE (Jay Folberg & Ann Milne eds. 1988).
18. See generally Lon L. Fuller, Mediation - Its Forms and Functions, 44 S. CAL. L. REV. 305 (1971); JOHN M. HAYNES, DIVORCE MEDIATION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THERAPISTS AND COUNSELORS (1981); O.J. COOGLER, STRUCTURED MEDIATION IN DIVORCE SETTLEMENT: A HANDBOOK FOR MARITAL MEDIATORS (1978); Jessica Pearson & Nancy Thoennes, The Benefits Outweigh the Costs, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 26 (1982); DIVORCE MEDIATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE (Jay Folberg & Ann Milne eds. 1988).
19. See generally Lon L. Fuller, Mediation - Its Forms and Functions, 44 S. CAL. L. REV. 305 (1971); JOHN M. HAYNES, DIVORCE MEDIATION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THERAPISTS AND COUNSELORS (1981); O.J. COOGLER, STRUCTURED MEDIATION IN DIVORCE SETTLEMENT: A HANDBOOK FOR MARITAL MEDIATORS (1978); Jessica Pearson & Nancy Thoennes, The Benefits Outweigh the Costs, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 26 (1982); DIVORCE MEDIATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE (Jay Folberg & Ann Milne eds. 1988).
20. See generally Lon L. Fuller, Mediation - Its Forms and Functions, 44 S. CAL. L. REV. 305 (1971); JOHN M. HAYNES, DIVORCE MEDIATION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THERAPISTS AND COUNSELORS (1981); O.J. COOGLER, STRUCTURED MEDIATION IN DIVORCE SETTLEMENT: A HANDBOOK FOR MARITAL MEDIATORS (1978); Jessica Pearson & Nancy Thoennes, The Benefits Outweigh the Costs, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 26 (1982); DIVORCE MEDIATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE (Jay Folberg & Ann Milne eds. 1988).
21. See generally Lon L. Fuller, Mediation - Its Forms and Functions, 44 S. CAL. L. REV. 305 (1971); JOHN M. HAYNES, DIVORCE MEDIATION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THERAPISTS AND COUNSELORS (1981); O.J. COOGLER, STRUCTURED MEDIATION IN DIVORCE SETTLEMENT: A HANDBOOK FOR MARITAL MEDIATORS (1978); Jessica Pearson & Nancy Thoennes, The Benefits Outweigh the Costs, 4 FAM. ADVOC. 26 (1982); DIVORCE MEDIATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE (Jay Folberg & Ann Milne eds. 1988).
22. See Richard C. Reuben, The Lawyer Turns Peacemaker, 82 A.B.A.J. 54 (1996) (discussing the burgeoning specialty in alternative dispute resolution (ADR), with particular emphasis on the process of mediation).
23. For a list of statutes, see NANCY H. ROGERS & CRAIG A. MCEWEN, MEDIATION: LAW, POLICY, PRACTICE app. B (2d ed. 1994).
24. Joan B. Kelly, A Decade of Mediation Research: Some Answers and Questions, 34 FAM. & COUNCIL CT. REV. 373 (1996); Jessica Pearson, The Equity of Mediated Divorce Agreements, 9 MEDIATION Q. 179 (1991); Jessica Pearson, Ten Myths About Family Law, 27 FAM. L.Q. 279, 298 (1993).
25. Joan B. Kelly, A Decade of Mediation Research: Some Answers and Questions, 34 FAM. & COUNCIL CT. REV. 373 (1996); Jessica Pearson, The Equity of Mediated Divorce Agreements, 9 MEDIATION Q. 179 (1991); Jessica Pearson, Ten Myths About Family Law, 27 FAM. L.Q. 279, 298 (1993).
26. Joan B. Kelly, A Decade of Mediation Research: Some Answers and Questions, 34 FAM. & COUNCIL CT. REV. 373 (1996); Jessica Pearson, The Equity of Mediated Divorce Agreements, 9 MEDIATION Q. 179 (1991); Jessica Pearson, Ten Myths About Family Law, 27 FAM. L.Q. 279, 298 (1993).
27. American Bar Association Family Law Section, Standards of Practice for Lawyer Mediators in Family Disputes, 18 FAM. L.Q. 363 (1984) [hereinafter Family Law Standards].
28. American Bar Association Family Law Section, Standards of Practice for Lawyer Mediators in Family Disputes, 18 FAM. L.Q. 363 (1984) [hereinafter Family Law Standards].
29. See, e.g., Comm. of Professional Responsibility Boston Bar Ass'n, Op. 78-1 (1978); Comm. on Professional and Judicial Ethics Ass'n of the Bar of the City of New York, Op. 80-23 (1981); Legal Ethics Comm. of the Oregon State Bar, Op. 488 (1983).
30. See, e.g., KAN. SUP. CT. R. 901 (1995) [hereinafter KAN. MED. R.]; IOWA RULES GOVERNING STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR LAWYER MEDIATORS IN FAMILY DISPUTES Rule 6 (1996) [hereinafter IOWA FAM. MED. R.]; HAWAII STATE JUDICIARY, STANDARDS ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC MEDIATORS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII (1986).
31. See, e.g., KAN. SUP. CT. R. 901 (1995) [hereinafter KAN. MED. R.]; IOWA RULES GOVERNING STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR LAWYER MEDIATORS IN FAMILY DISPUTES Rule 6 (1996) [hereinafter IOWA FAM. MED. R.]; HAWAII STATE JUDICIARY, STANDARDS ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC MEDIATORS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII (1986).
32. See, e.g., KAN. SUP. CT. R. 901 (1995) [hereinafter KAN. MED. R.]; IOWA RULES GOVERNING STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR LAWYER MEDIATORS IN FAMILY DISPUTES Rule 6 (1996) [hereinafter IOWA FAM. MED. R.]; HAWAII STATE JUDICIARY, STANDARDS ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC MEDIATORS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII (1986).
33. See, e.g., KAN. SUP. CT. R. 901 (1995) [hereinafter KAN. MED. R.]; IOWA RULES GOVERNING STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR LAWYER MEDIATORS IN FAMILY DISPUTES Rule 6 (1996) [hereinafter IOWA FAM. MED. R.]; HAWAII STATE JUDICIARY, STANDARDS ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC MEDIATORS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII (1986).
34. See, e.g., KAN. SUP. CT. R. 901 (1995) [hereinafter KAN. MED. R.]; IOWA RULES GOVERNING STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR LAWYER MEDIATORS IN FAMILY DISPUTES Rule 6 (1996) [hereinafter IOWA FAM. MED. R.]; HAWAII STATE JUDICIARY, STANDARDS ON PRIVATE AND PUBLIC MEDIATORS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII (1986).
35. The Society of Professionals in Dispute Resolution (SPIDR), the Academy of Family Mediators, and the Center for Dispute Resolution have independently developed standards for mediators.
36. See generally ROGERS & MCEWEN, supra note 8.
37. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1. South Carolina appears to be the first state to pattern its standards on these Mediation Standards. See S.C. R. CIR. CT. MED. COND. STDS. (1996) [hereinafter S.C. MED. STDS.]
38. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1. South Carolina appears to be the first state to pattern its standards on these Mediation Standards. See S.C. R. CIR. CT. MED. COND. STDS. (1996) [hereinafter S.C. MED. STDS.]
39. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1. South Carolina appears to be the first state to pattern its standards on these Mediation Standards. See S.C. R. CIR. CT. MED. COND. STDS. (1996) [hereinafter S.C. MED. STDS.]
40. MODEL RULES Rule 5.7(b).
41. Two different proposals were introduced in 1991 to the ABA House of Delegates. By a narrow margin the ABA adopted the Litigation Section's "prohibitory" rule which prevented law firms from providing nonlegal services ancillary to the practice of law unless the services were provided by employees of the firm to clients in connection with the provision of legal services. It was repealed the following year. A Committee on Ancillary Business formulated a new rule which passed in February 1994. For a historical discussion of the earlier version of Model Rule 5.7, see Dennis J. Block et al., Model Rule of Professional Conduct 5.7: Its Origin and Interpretation, 5 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 739 (1992).
42. See Andrew S. Morrison, Is Divorce Mediation the Practice of Law? A Matter of Perspective, 75 CAL. L. REV. 1093 (1987). Some argue that a lawyer-mediator practices law by using knowledge to solve problems. See Glen Sato, The Mediator Lawyer: Implications for the Practice of Law and One Argument for Professional Responsibility Guidance - A Proposal for Some Ethical Considerations, 34 UCLA L. REV. 507, 521 (1986) (a lawyer practices law when using legal knowledge in problem solving).
43. See Andrew S. Morrison, Is Divorce Mediation the Practice of Law? A Matter of Perspective, 75 CAL. L. REV. 1093 (1987). Some argue that a lawyer-mediator practices law by using knowledge to solve problems. See Glen Sato, The Mediator Lawyer: Implications for the Practice of Law and One Argument for Professional Responsibility Guidance - A Proposal for Some Ethical Considerations, 34 UCLA L. REV. 507, 521 (1986) (a lawyer practices law when using legal knowledge in problem solving).
44. See, e.g., Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard IV, § c. See also Thomas Bishop, The Standards of Practice for Family Mediators: An Individual Interpretation and Comments, 17 FAM. L.Q. 461, 467 (1984) ("[T]he lawyer mediator must take special caution to assure that the participants do not view the lawyer-mediator's suggestions as an alternative to obtaining separate legal advice.").
45. See, e.g., Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard IV, § c. See also Thomas Bishop, The Standards of Practice for Family Mediators: An Individual Interpretation and Comments, 17 FAM. L.Q. 461, 467 (1984) ("[T]he lawyer mediator must take special caution to assure that the participants do not view the lawyer-mediator's suggestions as an alternative to obtaining separate legal advice.").
46. See, e.g., NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913(6) (1995); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.06-.07; N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1-07 (1991).
47. See, e.g., NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913(6) (1995); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.06-.07; N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1-07 (1991).
48. See, e.g., NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913(6) (1995); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.06-.07; N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1-07 (1991).
49. MODEL RULES Rule 5.7, Comment 1 ("5.7 applies to the provision of law-related services by a lawyer even when the lawyer does not provide legal services to the person for whom the law-related services are performed.").
50. Id. The Committee report noted that there are some situations where even though the provider of law-related services makes full disclosure that they are not legal services, the lawyer may not escape the application of the Model Rules governing the lawyer's conduct.
51. Id.
52. See William B. Dunn, Legal Ethics and Ancillary Business, 74 MICH. B.J. 154 (1995); Joanne Pelton Pitulla, Law-Related Services May Not be Exempt from Ethics Rules, 81 A.B.A.J. 78 (1995).
53. See William B. Dunn, Legal Ethics and Ancillary Business, 74 MICH. B.J. 154 (1995); Joanne Pelton Pitulla, Law-Related Services May Not be Exempt from Ethics Rules, 81 A.B.A.J. 78 (1995).
54. MODEL RULES Rule 1.1.
55. Detailed discussion of the qualification and education standards for mediators is beyond the scope of this article. So too, is any discussion of the debate surrounding the appropriateness of restricting mediation of legal issues to attorneys.
56. See, e.g., FLA. RULES FOR CERTIFIED AND COURT-APPOINTED MEDIATORS Rule 10.010 and 10.120 (1996) [hereinafter FLA. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty hours conflict resolution); DEL. SUPER. CT. CIV. INTERIM R. 16.2(g) (twenty hours); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11(4) (1996) (twenty-five hours).
57. See, e.g., FLA. RULES FOR CERTIFIED AND COURT-APPOINTED MEDIATORS Rule 10.010 and 10.120 (1996) [hereinafter FLA. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty hours conflict resolution); DEL. SUPER. CT. CIV. INTERIM R. 16.2(g) (twenty hours); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11(4) (1996) (twenty-five hours).
58. See, e.g., FLA. RULES FOR CERTIFIED AND COURT-APPOINTED MEDIATORS Rule 10.010 and 10.120 (1996) [hereinafter FLA. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty hours conflict resolution); DEL. SUPER. CT. CIV. INTERIM R. 16.2(g) (twenty hours); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11(4) (1996) (twenty-five hours).
59. See, e.g., FLA. RULES FOR CERTIFIED AND COURT-APPOINTED MEDIATORS Rule 10.010 and 10.120 (1996) [hereinafter FLA. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty hours conflict resolution); DEL. SUPER. CT. CIV. INTERIM R. 16.2(g) (twenty hours); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11(4) (1996) (twenty-five hours).
60. See, e.g., FLA. RULES FOR CERTIFIED AND COURT-APPOINTED MEDIATORS Rule 10.010 and 10.120 (1996) [hereinafter FLA. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty hours conflict resolution); DEL. SUPER. CT. CIV. INTERIM R. 16.2(g) (twenty hours); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11(4) (1996) (twenty-five hours).
61. See, e.g., FLA. RULES FOR CERTIFIED AND COURT-APPOINTED MEDIATORS Rule 10.010 and 10.120 (1996) [hereinafter FLA. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty hours conflict resolution); DEL. SUPER. CT. CIV. INTERIM R. 16.2(g) (twenty hours); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11(4) (1996) (twenty-five hours).
62. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
63. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
64. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
65. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
66. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
67. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
68. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
69. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
70. See, e.g., ILL. 17TH CIR. CT. R. 6(A) (1996) [hereinafter ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R.]; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-2913 (1995) (thirty additional hours in family mediation); S.C. RULES OF FAM. CT. MEDIATION Rule 10 (1996) [hereinafter S.C. FAM. MED. R.] (40 hours of specialized training in family mediation); MO. R. CIV. P. 88.05(b) (twenty hours of child custody training); N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 328-C:5 (1994) (eight hours training in domestic violence and family matters); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 154.052 (West Supp. 1995) (twenty-four hours in family dynamics, child development, and family law).
71. ALA. CT. R. 7 (1996) [hereinafter ALA. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.090; OKLA. RULES AND PROC. DISPUTE RESOLUTION ACT, CODE OF PROF. COND. FOR MEDIATORS.
72. ALA. CT. R. 7 (1996) [hereinafter ALA. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.090; OKLA. RULES AND PROC. DISPUTE RESOLUTION ACT, CODE OF PROF. COND. FOR MEDIATORS.
73. ALA. CT. R. 7 (1996) [hereinafter ALA. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.090; OKLA. RULES AND PROC. DISPUTE RESOLUTION ACT, CODE OF PROF. COND. FOR MEDIATORS.
74. ALA. CT. R. 7 (1996) [hereinafter ALA. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.090; OKLA. RULES AND PROC. DISPUTE RESOLUTION ACT, CODE OF PROF. COND. FOR MEDIATORS.
75. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 1; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.030(a)(3).
76. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 1; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.030(a)(3).
77. S.C MED. STDS. supra note 15, at Standard IV.
78. MODEL RULES Rule 1.3.
79. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3(c); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050(c).
80. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3(c); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050(c).
81. See, e.g., KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard II.
82. See, e.g., KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard II.
83. Note that Model Rule 1.5(b) indicates that the lawyer should have a written agreement with respect to fees.
84. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050(b); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1) and (d).
85. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050(b); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1) and (d).
86. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050(b); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1) and (d).
87. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050(b); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1) and (d).
88. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(4); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(4); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4(A)(2); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1(A); RULES OF THE CIVIL DIST. CT. FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA RULES OF PRACTICE RULE 18 § 3 (1996) [hereinafter LA. MED. R.].
89. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(4); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(4); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4(A)(2); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1(A); RULES OF THE CIVIL DIST. CT. FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA RULES OF PRACTICE RULE 18 § 3 (1996) [hereinafter LA. MED. R.].
90. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(4); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(4); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4(A)(2); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1(A); RULES OF THE CIVIL DIST. CT. FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA RULES OF PRACTICE RULE 18 § 3 (1996) [hereinafter LA. MED. R.].
91. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(4); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(4); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4(A)(2); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1(A); RULES OF THE CIVIL DIST. CT. FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA RULES OF PRACTICE RULE 18 § 3 (1996) [hereinafter LA. MED. R.].
92. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(4); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(4); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4(A)(2); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1(A); RULES OF THE CIVIL DIST. CT. FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA RULES OF PRACTICE RULE 18 § 3 (1996) [hereinafter LA. MED. R.].
93. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(4); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(4); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4(A)(2); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1(A); RULES OF THE CIVIL DIST. CT. FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS OF THE STATE OF LOUISIANA RULES OF PRACTICE RULE 18 § 3 (1996) [hereinafter LA. MED. R.].
94. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standards; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160 et seq. app. § 26 (1996) [hereinafter CAL. FAM. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.A. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. 23-603(a) (1995). See also Family Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I.
95. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standards; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160 et seq. app. § 26 (1996) [hereinafter CAL. FAM. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.A. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. 23-603(a) (1995). See also Family Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I.
96. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standards; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160 et seq. app. § 26 (1996) [hereinafter CAL. FAM. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.A. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. 23-603(a) (1995). See also Family Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I.
97. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standards; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160 et seq. app. § 26 (1996) [hereinafter CAL. FAM. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.A. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. 23-603(a) (1995). See also Family Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I.
98. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standards; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160 et seq. app. § 26 (1996) [hereinafter CAL. FAM. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.A. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. 23-603(a) (1995). See also Family Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I.
99. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standards; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160 et seq. app. § 26 (1996) [hereinafter CAL. FAM. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.A. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. 23-603(a) (1995). See also Family Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I.
100. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standards; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160 et seq. app. § 26 (1996) [hereinafter CAL. FAM. MED. CODE]; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.050; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.A. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. 23-603(a) (1995). See also Family Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I.
101. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; MO. R. CIV. P. 88.03.
102. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; MO. R. CIV. P. 88.03.
103. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; MO. R. CIV. P. 88.03.
104. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at II.
105. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at II.
106. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at II.
107. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at II.
108. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(1). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at II.
109. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.D. See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard V.
110. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.D. See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard V.
111. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.D. See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard V.
112. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.D. See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard V.
113. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 and 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 (b)(3). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard VI. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6.
114. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 and 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 (b)(3). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard VI. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6.
115. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 and 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 (b)(3). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard VI. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6.
116. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 and 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 (b)(3). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard VI. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6.
117. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 and 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 (b)(3). See also Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard VI. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6.
118. See, e.g., ALASKA STAT. § 25.20.080 (1991); N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052 (Anderson Supp. 1994); R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-5-29 (1988).
119. See, e.g., ALASKA STAT. § 25.20.080 (1991); N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052 (Anderson Supp. 1994); R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-5-29 (1988).
120. See, e.g., ALASKA STAT. § 25.20.080 (1991); N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052 (Anderson Supp. 1994); R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-5-29 (1988).
121. See, e.g., ALASKA STAT. § 25.20.080 (1991); N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052 (Anderson Supp. 1994); R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-5-29 (1988).
122. MODEL RULES Rule 1.2, Comment4 ("[T]he objectives or scope of services provided by a lawyer may be limited by agreement with the client or by the terms under which the lawyer's services are made available to the client.").
123. Robert A. Baruch Bush, Defining the Job of Mediators: ADR's Benefits and Mediators' Ethical Dilemmas, NIDR FORUM, Summer/Fall 1993 [hereinafter Bush].
124. Id. at 19. See also ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4(C) (imposing the duty on the mediator to achieve a fair agreement).
125. As a clinical instructor in a mediation clinic, I have observed that law student-mediators appear to be more acutely aware of this dilemma and have more difficulty adjusting their advocacy orientation than experienced lawyer-mediators. Added to this difficulty is the fact that most parties involved in the law-student mediations are pro se.
126. At least one lawyer-mediator whom I know faced this problem so often that she surrendered her license to practice, opting to provide services exclusively as a mediator.
127. Bush, supra note 45, at 18-19.
128. See also Robert A. Baruch Bush, The Dilemmas of Mediation Practice: A Study of Ethical Dilemmas and Policy Implications, A Report on a Study for the National Institute of Dispute Resolution (1992)
129. [hereinafter NIDR Report] (providing model standards of practice that would give mediators consistent guidance).
130. MODEL RULES Rule 4.2.
131. FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.140(a); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4.
132. FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.140(a); ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4.
133. Id.
134. MODEL RULES Rule 2.1.
135. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3(a) and (4); Rule 7(d) (mediators should refrain from rendering a personal or professional opinion regarding a specific outcome; if done at all, the opinion should be rendered only in the presence of the lawyer for the party).
136. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901.
137. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901.
138. Id. Standard 7(a) and (b). See, e.g., Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard I, § G; IV, § C; and VI, §§ A, D.
139. Id. Standard 9; S.C. MED. STDS., supra note 15 at Standard I cmt. (1996).
140. MODEL RULES Rule 3.1 cmt.
141. Id., at Rule 1.3 cmt.
142. Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard III; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(a). Impartiality is generally considered to mean that the mediator refrains from demonstrating favoritism or bias toward one party in her work, actions or appearance.
143. Family Law Standards, supra note 10, at Standard III; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(a). Impartiality is generally considered to mean that the mediator refrains from demonstrating favoritism or bias toward one party in her work, actions or appearance.
144. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(c).
145. S.C. MED. STDS., supra note 15, Standard II.
146. FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(a)(3).
147. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(a).
148. FLA MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(a) and (a)(1).
149. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 1 and Standard 9; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. V.C.
150. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 1 and Standard 9; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. V.C.
151. S.C. FAM. MED. R., supra note 27, Standard III.
152. MODEL RULES Rule 1.5 requires the lawyer's fees to be reasonable and supported with documentation of the basis for the fees charged.
153. Mediation Standard VIII, supra note 1 ("[A] mediator shall fully disclose and explain the basis of compensation, fees and charges to the parties."). See, e.g., KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.F.
154. Id. at Rule 901.
155. FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.100(b) & Rule 10.100(a)(1) (mediator must furnish a written explanation of fees which itemizes the basis for and amount of charges).
156. MODEL RULES Rule 1.5.
157. KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.100.
158. KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.100.
159. MODEL RULES Rule 6.1 urges lawyers "to render at least (50) hours of pro bono publico legal services" each year.
160. FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.150(a).
161. ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(C); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6(A); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. VI.A.
162. ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(C); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6(A); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. VI.A.
163. ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(C); IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 6(A); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. VI.A.
164. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1, at VIII cmt.
165. FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.130.
166. Model Rule 5.7 makes lawyers who provide law-related services subject to the Rules of Professional Conduct, including those which govern the promotion of law-related services. See discussion, supra notes 16-24 and accompanying text.
167. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(7); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(5).
168. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(7); FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b)(5).
169. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1. See also ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3 (mediator must withdraw if there is reason to believe that the process is being used to further illegal conduct, to perpetrate a fraud, or to obtain an agreement that is overriding or unconscionable).
170. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1. See also ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3 (mediator must withdraw if there is reason to believe that the process is being used to further illegal conduct, to perpetrate a fraud, or to obtain an agreement that is overriding or unconscionable).
171. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3(b); FLA. MED. R., supra note 20, Rule 10.050(b); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-913(4) (1995).
172. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3(b); FLA. MED. R., supra note 20, Rule 10.050(b); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-913(4) (1995).
173. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3(b); FLA. MED. R., supra note 20, Rule 10.050(b); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-913(4) (1995).
174. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 3(b); FLA. MED. R., supra note 20, Rule 10.050(b); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; NEB. REV. STAT. § 25-913(4) (1995).
175. Id. Standard (a)(2).
176. See, e.g., KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, at 901 permits termination if: (1) The parties' interests are too complex and difficult for a prudent agreement to be reached without legal or expert assistance; (2) There is a known or potential conflict of interest which would affect the mediator's impartiality; (3) A fair and full disclosure of all relevant information has not been obtained or a participant is unable or unwilling to participate; (4) The continuation of the process would harm a participant or the proposed agreement does not protect the best interests of children; and (5) In the professional judgment of the mediator, the agreement does or will involve overreaching, duress or unfairness.
177. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-604(a) (1993).
178. See, e.g., RULES OF THE UNITED STATES BANKR. CT. FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLA. Rule 2.23 (1996).
179. S.C. FAM. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7.
180. Feerick, supra note 1, at 316.
181. See FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070(b) committee notes (known potential conflicts, include membership on a board of directors, full-or part-time service as a representative or advocate, consultation work performed for a fee, current stock or bond ownership other than mutual fund shares or appropriate trust arrangements, or any other form of managerial, financial, or any other pertinent form of immediate family interest of the party involved).
182. Compare Riskin supra note 4, at 341-42, with ROGERS & MCEWEN, supra note 8. See also Ky. Op. E-335, 53 KY BENCH & BAR, Summer 1989, at 47 (Rule 2.2 directly applies to mediation); WASH. R. PROF. CONDUCT FOR LAWYERS ACTING AS MEDIATORS I.C (mediation does not constitute intermediation under 2.2).
183. Compare Riskin supra note 4, at 341-42, with ROGERS & MCEWEN, supra note 8. See also Ky. Op. E-335, 53 KY BENCH & BAR, Summer 1989, at 47 (Rule 2.2 directly applies to mediation); WASH. R. PROF. CONDUCT FOR LAWYERS ACTING AS MEDIATORS I.C (mediation does not constitute intermediation under 2.2).
184. See, e.g., ILL. 16 CIR. MED. R., supra note 5, Rule 15.22(f)(1).
185. See, e.g., KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(4) and (5). Moreover, subsection (e) of this rule states that nothing in it restricts the activity of: (2) intermediaries, as defined by EC 5-20 of the Code of Professional Responsibility.
186. There is little guidance provided to lawyer-mediators for reconciling these concurrent standards. FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.030, in an attempt to address the issue, advised the mediator that "[n]othing [in the Florida Standards of Professional Conduct] shall replace, eliminate, or render inapplicable relevant ethical standards, not in conflict with these rules, which may be imposed upon any mediator by virtue of the mediator's calling."
187. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(1)(c).
188. Id. Standard 5(b)(6): "The burden of disclosure rests on the mediator and continues throughout the mediation process. After appropriate disclosure, the mediator may mediate the dispute if all parties to the mediation agree to the mediator's participation. . . ."
189. Id.
190. KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901(b)(5).
191. ILL. 16 CIR. MED. R., supra note 5, Rule 15.22(f)(1).
192. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 5(b)(7).
193. See supra notes 81-3.
194. Poly Software Int'l, Inc. v. Su, 880 F. Supp. 1487 (D. Utah 1995).
195. Id. at 1494: Adversarial proceedings . . . are characterized by vigorous attempts to maintain confidences. Attorneys who have received such confidential information are under a strict duty to avoid, without the consent of the client, any disclosures of that information. And because adjudicators do not occupy a relationship of confidence and trust with the parties akin to that occupied by the attorneys, they do not, for the most part, have access to those confidences.
196. Id.
197. Id.
198. Poly Software, 880 F. Supp. at 1495.
199. 615 N.Y.S.2d 954 (App. Div. 1994), affirmed, 616 N.Y.S.2d 275 (App. Div. 1994).
200. Id. at 955.
201. 616 N.Y.S.2d 275 (App. Div. 1994).
202. Id. at 276.
203. Id.
204. Id.
205. Id. at 277.
206. 616 N.Y.S.2d at 277 (N.Y. App. Div. 1996).
207. See Howard v. Drapkin, 271 Cal. Rptr. 893 (Ct. App. 1990).
208. Id. at 902.
209. The issue of confidentiality in mediation has been discussed extensively elsewhere. See, e.g., Note, Protecting Confidentiality in Mediation, 98 HARV. L. REV. 441 (1984); Irene Stanley Said, The Mediator's Dilemma: The Legal Requirements Exception to Confidentiality Under the Texas ADR Statute, 36 S. TEX. L. REV. 579, 690 (1995) (discussing underlying policies behind confidentiality); Robert C. McKay, Ethical Considerations in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 45 ARB. J. 15 (1990); Kevin Gibson, Confidentiality in Mediation: A Moral Reassessment, 1 J. DISP. RESOL. 25 (1992).
210. The issue of confidentiality in mediation has been discussed extensively elsewhere. See, e.g., Note, Protecting Confidentiality in Mediation, 98 HARV. L. REV. 441 (1984); Irene Stanley Said, The Mediator's Dilemma: The Legal Requirements Exception to Confidentiality Under the Texas ADR Statute, 36 S. TEX. L. REV. 579, 690 (1995) (discussing underlying policies behind confidentiality); Robert C. McKay, Ethical Considerations in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 45 ARB. J. 15 (1990); Kevin Gibson, Confidentiality in Mediation: A Moral Reassessment, 1 J. DISP. RESOL. 25 (1992).
211. The issue of confidentiality in mediation has been discussed extensively elsewhere. See, e.g., Note, Protecting Confidentiality in Mediation, 98 HARV. L. REV. 441 (1984); Irene Stanley Said, The Mediator's Dilemma: The Legal Requirements Exception to Confidentiality Under the Texas ADR Statute, 36 S. TEX. L. REV. 579, 690 (1995) (discussing underlying policies behind confidentiality); Robert C. McKay, Ethical Considerations in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 45 ARB. J. 15 (1990); Kevin Gibson, Confidentiality in Mediation: A Moral Reassessment, 1 J. DISP. RESOL. 25 (1992).
212. The issue of confidentiality in mediation has been discussed extensively elsewhere. See, e.g., Note, Protecting Confidentiality in Mediation, 98 HARV. L. REV. 441 (1984); Irene Stanley Said, The Mediator's Dilemma: The Legal Requirements Exception to Confidentiality Under the Texas ADR Statute, 36 S. TEX. L. REV. 579, 690 (1995) (discussing underlying policies behind confidentiality); Robert C. McKay, Ethical Considerations in Alternative Dispute Resolution, 45 ARB. J. 15 (1990); Kevin Gibson, Confidentiality in Mediation: A Moral Reassessment, 1 J. DISP. RESOL. 25 (1992).
213. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 60-452a (1994) (. . . no person who serves as a mediator . . . may be subpoenaed or otherwise compelled to disclose any matter disclosed . . . in mediation).
214. ALA. CIV. CT. MEDIATION RULES, Rule II (1995) [hereinafter ALA. MED. R.]; S.C. FAM. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7(c).
215. ALA. CIV. CT. MEDIATION RULES, Rule II (1995) [hereinafter ALA. MED. R.]; S.C. FAM. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7(c).
216. ALA. CIV. CT. MEDIATION RULES, Rule II (1995) [hereinafter ALA. MED. R.]; S.C. FAM. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7(c).
217. ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 6(a) (1995).
218. See, e.g., KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512(a) (1995). S.C. FAM. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(f)(3), Rule 7; WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996).
219. See, e.g., KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512(a) (1995). S.C. FAM. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(f)(3), Rule 7; WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996).
220. See, e.g., KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512(a) (1995). S.C. FAM. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(f)(3), Rule 7; WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996).
221. LA. MED. R., supra note 37, Rule 18; WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996).
222. LA. MED. R., supra note 37, Rule 18; WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996).
223. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 2; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 3.
224. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 2; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 3.
225. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512(a) (1995).
226. WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 Judicial Council Note (1996).
227. IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 2.
228. State v. Castellano, 460 So. 2d 480 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1984) (defense was able to introduce testimony that during the course of mediation the person who became a victim of attempted murder made life-threatening statements).
229. Byrd v. State, 367 S.E.2d 300 (Ga. Ct. App. 1988).
230. People v. Snyder, 492 N.Y.S.2d 890, 892 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1985).
231. Byrd, 367 S.E.2d at 302; Snyder, 492 N.Y.S.2d at 891.
232. See, e.g., FLA. STAT. ANN. § 44.102(2) (1996); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512 (1996); LA. MED. R., supra note 37, Rule 18.
233. See, e.g., FLA. STAT. ANN. § 44.102(2) (1996); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512 (1996); LA. MED. R., supra note 37, Rule 18.
234. See, e.g., FLA. STAT. ANN. § 44.102(2) (1996); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512 (1996); LA. MED. R., supra note 37, Rule 18.
235. S.C. CIR. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7; See MODEL RULES Rule 1.6.
236. S.C. CIR. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7; See MODEL RULES Rule 1.6.
237. CAL. EVID. CODE § 1152.5 (1995); IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 2; S.C. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5.
238. CAL. EVID. CODE § 1152.5 (1995); IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 2; S.C. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5.
239. CAL. EVID. CODE § 1152.5 (1995); IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 2; S.C. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5.
240. 573 A.2d 780 (D.C. 1990).
241. Waller, 573 A.2d at 780.
242. Id. at 784 n.5.
243. LA. MED. R., supra note 37, Rule 18 § 6. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. § 60-452a (1994).
244. LA. MED. R., supra note 37, Rule 18 § 6. See also KAN. STAT. ANN. § 60-452a (1994).
245. MICH. RULES OF CT. Rule 3.216(g)(6) (1996) [hereinafter MICH. MED. R.].
246. MICH. RULES OF CT. Rule 3.216(g)(6) (1996) [hereinafter MICH. MED. R.].
247. McKinlay v. McKinlay, 648 So. 2d 806 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995).
248. 600 So. 2d 7 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1992).
249. Hudson, 600 So.2d at 8. The applicable mediation Statute, FLA. STAT. ANN. § 44.102(3) (1996), provides, in part: Each party . . . has a privilege to refuse to disclose, and to prevent any person present at the [mediation] proceeding from disclosing, communications made during such proceeding. . . . [All oral or written communications in a mediation proceeding . . . shall be confidential and inadmissible, as evidence in any subsequent legal proceeding, unless all parties agree otherwise. [Emphasis added.] The McKinlay court, in part, distinguished its case from Hudson on the basis that the version of the mediation statute it applied provided: "[A]ll oral or written communications in a mediation proceeding . . . shall be confidential and inadmissible . . . as evidence . . . unless both parties agree otherwise." (Emphasis added.) This would appear to be a difference without distinction.
250. See also Randle v. Mid Gulf, Inc., 1996 WL 447954 (Tex. Ct. App. 1996). After the parties signed a mediation agreement in an oil and gas dispute, one party refused to execute the court settlement documents and repudiated the mediated agreement contending that he had signed it under duress because he was constantly told the case had to settle that day. The other party moved for summary judgment to specifically enforce the mediated agreement and not allow confidential mediation communications. The court ruled that a party cannot sue for specific performance of a mediation agreement while at the same time invoking mediator privilege to prevent the breaching party from supporting a defense of duress.
251. See S.C. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5, which requires that "upon reaching agreement, the parties shall, before the adjournment of the mediation, reduce the agreement to writing and sign along with their attorneys. In accord, see WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 excepting "any written agreement, stipulation or settlement made . . . during or pursuant to the mediation" from the rule against admissibility of mediation communications. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 44.102(3) (1995) (All oral and written communications in a mediation proceeding, other than an executed settlement agreement . . . shall be confidential and inadmissible as evidence. . .).
252. See S.C. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5, which requires that "upon reaching agreement, the parties shall, before the adjournment of the mediation, reduce the agreement to writing and sign along with their attorneys. In accord, see WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 excepting "any written agreement, stipulation or settlement made . . . during or pursuant to the mediation" from the rule against admissibility of mediation communications. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 44.102(3) (1995) (All oral and written communications in a mediation proceeding, other than an executed settlement agreement . . . shall be confidential and inadmissible as evidence. . .).
253. See S.C. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5, which requires that "upon reaching agreement, the parties shall, before the adjournment of the mediation, reduce the agreement to writing and sign along with their attorneys. In accord, see WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 excepting "any written agreement, stipulation or settlement made . . . during or pursuant to the mediation" from the rule against admissibility of mediation communications. FLA. STAT. ANN. § 44.102(3) (1995) (All oral and written communications in a mediation proceeding, other than an executed settlement agreement . . . shall be confidential and inadmissible as evidence. . .).
254. 33 Cal. Rptr. 2d 158 (1994).
255. Id. at 161.
256. Id. at 162 ("Certainly, the confidentiality given to mediation must end at some point. However, in this context, we need not undertake the task of defining the boundaries of mediation.").
257. Id. at 163.
258. See MERRIAM WEBSTER DICTIONARY, def. 12.
259. For further discussion, see James M. Assey, Jr., Mum's the Word on Mediation: Confidentiality and Snyder-Falkinham v. Stockburger, 9 GEO. J. LEG. ETHICS 991 (1996) (cautioning that state statutes restricting the admissibility of mediation statements into evidence may not really meet the privacy expectations of the participants, partly due to the poorly crafted language in some statutes which leave holes large enough for statements of participants to find their way into court).
260. See MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1, Standard V.
261. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 5-512(b)(3) (Supp. 1996).
262. For a detailed treatment of the diversity of statutes regulating mediation confidentiality and categories of exceptions, see comments from a paper presented by Professor Carol Izumi, excerpted in JOHN S. MURRY ET AL., MEDIATION AND OTHER NON-BINDING ADR PROCESSES 189 (1996).
263. See, e.g., KAN. STAT. ANN. § 38-1522 (1992) (requiring court-ordered mediators to report evidence of child abuse). See also WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996) (exempting mediators who report child abuse from the duty of confidentiality); and ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7 (permitting the mediator to disclose evidence of a clear danger of imminent harm to a child or party).
264. See, e.g., KAN. STAT. ANN. § 38-1522 (1992) (requiring court-ordered mediators to report evidence of child abuse). See also WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996) (exempting mediators who report child abuse from the duty of confidentiality); and ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7 (permitting the mediator to disclose evidence of a clear danger of imminent harm to a child or party).
265. See, e.g., KAN. STAT. ANN. § 38-1522 (1992) (requiring court-ordered mediators to report evidence of child abuse). See also WIS. STAT. ANN. § 904.085 (1996) (exempting mediators who report child abuse from the duty of confidentiality); and ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 7 (permitting the mediator to disclose evidence of a clear danger of imminent harm to a child or party).
266. See, e.g., MICH. MED. R., supra note 137, Rule 3.216(G)(6).
267. See McKinlay v. McKinlay, 648 So. 2d 806 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1995).
268. Barbour v. Barbour, 505 A.2d 1217 (Vt. 1986).
269. Barbour, 505 A.2d at 1220-21.
270. Kan. Bar Ass'n Advisory Opinion 95-10 (1995).
271. Think Ethics, 64 J.K.B.A. 10 (1995).
272. CSP v. DDC, 842 P.2d 528, 534 (Wyo. 1992).
273. Id. at 534.
274. Walker v. Walker, 707 P.2d 110 (Utah 1985).
275. MODEL RULES Rule 2.2.
276. Id. (citing Conn. Bar Ass'n Comm. on Professional Ethics, Op. 27 (1976) & W. Va. State Bar Legal Ethics Comm., Op.77-7 (1977)).
277. Id. (citing Conn. Bar Ass'n Comm. on Professional Ethics, Op. 27 (1976) & W. Va. State Bar Legal Ethics Comm., Op.77-7 (1977)).
278. See, e.g., FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070; IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 10, Rule 3.
279. See, e.g., FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.070; IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 10, Rule 3.
280. See, e.g., ALA. MED. CODE, supra note 29, Standard 1.
281. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1, Standard VI cmt.
282. See, e.g., IA. FAM. MED., supra note 12, Rule 6; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. VII.
283. See, e.g., IA. FAM. MED., supra note 12, Rule 6; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. VII.
284. Penelope Eileen Bryan, Reclaiming Professionalism: The Lawyer's Role in Divorce Mediation, 28 FAM. L.Q. 177 (1994) [hereinafter Bryan].
285. Id. at 193. See also Trina Grillo, The Mediation Alternative: Process Dangers for Women, 100 YALE L.J. 1545 (1991).
286. Id. at 192.
287. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(h); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
288. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(h); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
289. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(b).
290. See KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.E. The lawyer-mediator should conduct a screening process. See Linda K. Girdner, Mediation Triage: Screening for Spouse Abuse in Divorce Mediation, 7 MED. Q. 365 (1990); Maggie Vincent, Mandatory Mediator of Custody Disputes: Criticism, Legislation, and Support, 20 VT. L. REV. 255 (1995).
291. See KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.E. The lawyer-mediator should conduct a screening process. See Linda K. Girdner, Mediation Triage: Screening for Spouse Abuse in Divorce Mediation, 7 MED. Q. 365 (1990); Maggie Vincent, Mandatory Mediator of Custody Disputes: Criticism, Legislation, and Support, 20 VT. L. REV. 255 (1995).
292. See KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. I.E. The lawyer-mediator should conduct a screening process. See Linda K. Girdner, Mediation Triage: Screening for Spouse Abuse in Divorce Mediation, 7 MED. Q. 365 (1990); Maggie Vincent, Mandatory Mediator of Custody Disputes: Criticism, Legislation, and Support, 20 VT. L. REV. 255 (1995).
293. See ILL. 17 CIR. R., supra note 28, Rule 11.
294. See Id. Rule 12; LOCAL RULES OF THE UNITES STATES DIST. CT. FOR THE DIST. OF NEB. Rule 3(d) (1995); S.C. CIR. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(3).
295. See Id. Rule 12; LOCAL RULES OF THE UNITES STATES DIST. CT. FOR THE DIST. OF NEB. Rule 3(d) (1995); S.C. CIR. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 5(3).
296. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1.
297. See ILL. 16 CIR. MED. R., supra note 5, Rule 15.22.
298. Note that most states require prior written consent of the parties for a mediator to privately meet with any party, the party's lawyer or a third party. See, e.g., ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 and 7; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
299. Note that most states require prior written consent of the parties for a mediator to privately meet with any party, the party's lawyer or a third party. See, e.g., ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 and 7; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
300. CAL. FAM. CODE § 3181(a) (1994); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(7).
301. CAL. FAM. CODE § 3181(a) (1994); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(7).
302. CAL. FAM. CODE § 3181(a) (1994); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 902. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(7).
303. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
304. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
305. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
306. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
307. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
308. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
309. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
310. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
311. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
312. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
313. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
314. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
315. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
316. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
317. Some statutes limit or prohibit mediation in domestic violence situations. See, e.g., COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13-22-311 (Supp. 1995); DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, § 711-A (Supp. 1994); FLA. STAT. § 44.102(2)(b) (Supp. 1995); ILL. ANN. STAT. ch. 750, para. 5/607.1(c)(4) (Smith-Hurd Supp. 1995); HAW. REV. STAT. tit. 31, § 580-41.5 (Supp. 1994); IOWA CODE ANN. § 236.13 (West 1994); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 9:332, 363 (West Supp. 1995); ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 19, § 768.5 (West Supp. 1994); MINN. STAT. ANN. § 518.619 (West 1990); MONT. CODE ANN. § 40-4-301 (1993); NEB. REV. STAT. § 43-2906, 2910 (Supp. 1994); NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 3.500(2)(b) (Michie Supp. 1993); N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-09.1.02 (1991); UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-3-21, 22 (Supp. 1995); WIS. STAT. ANN. § 767.11 (West Supp. 1995).
318. The mediator has a duty to suspend or terminate mediation whenever continuation of the process would harm one or more of the participants . . . [or] [i]f the mediator believes that the participants are unable or unwilling to meaningfully participate in the process. . . . The mediator has a duty to assure a balanced dialogue and must attempt to diffuse any manipulative or intimidating negotiation techniques utilized by either of the participants. See also IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (Michie 1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052(A) (Anderson Supp. 1994) (mediation in cases of domestic violence only if in best interests of parties).
319. The mediator has a duty to suspend or terminate mediation whenever continuation of the process would harm one or more of the participants . . . [or] [i]f the mediator believes that the participants are unable or unwilling to meaningfully participate in the process. . . . The mediator has a duty to assure a balanced dialogue and must attempt to diffuse any manipulative or intimidating negotiation techniques utilized by either of the participants. See also IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (Michie 1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052(A) (Anderson Supp. 1994) (mediation in cases of domestic violence only if in best interests of parties).
320. The mediator has a duty to suspend or terminate mediation whenever continuation of the process would harm one or more of the participants . . . [or] [i]f the mediator believes that the participants are unable or unwilling to meaningfully participate in the process. . . . The mediator has a duty to assure a balanced dialogue and must attempt to diffuse any manipulative or intimidating negotiation techniques utilized by either of the participants. See also IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (Michie 1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052(A) (Anderson Supp. 1994) (mediation in cases of domestic violence only if in best interests of parties).
321. The mediator has a duty to suspend or terminate mediation whenever continuation of the process would harm one or more of the participants . . . [or] [i]f the mediator believes that the participants are unable or unwilling to meaningfully participate in the process. . . . The mediator has a duty to assure a balanced dialogue and must attempt to diffuse any manipulative or intimidating negotiation techniques utilized by either of the participants. See also IOWA FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 5; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901; N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-4-8 (Michie 1994); OHIO REV. CODE ANN. § 3109.052(A) (Anderson Supp. 1994) (mediation in cases of domestic violence only if in best interests of parties).
322. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-604(b)(2) (Supp. 1996). See also ILL. R. 16 CIR. MED. R., supra note 5, Rule 15.22(i).
323. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-604(b)(2) (Supp. 1996). See also ILL. R. 16 CIR. MED. R., supra note 5, Rule 15.22(i).
324. The mediator shall assure that there is full financial and factual disclosure, such as each would reasonably receive in the discovery process, or that the participants have sufficient information to waive intelligently the right to such disclosure . . .in addition . . . the mediator shall promote the equal understanding of such information before any agreement is reached. . . .the mediator shall assure that each participant has had the opportunity to fully understand the implications and ramifications of all available options. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 4. See also similar provisions in KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
325. The mediator shall assure that there is full financial and factual disclosure, such as each would reasonably receive in the discovery process, or that the participants have sufficient information to waive intelligently the right to such disclosure . . .in addition . . . the mediator shall promote the equal understanding of such information before any agreement is reached. . . .the mediator shall assure that each participant has had the opportunity to fully understand the implications and ramifications of all available options. IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 4. See also similar provisions in KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
326. Most standards require that the parties agree to the mediator meeting alone with each participant (caucusing). See, e.g., IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. Other jurisdictions prohibit separate sessions with either party.
327. Most standards require that the parties agree to the mediator meeting alone with each participant (caucusing). See, e.g., IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 1; KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app. Other jurisdictions prohibit separate sessions with either party.
328. KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901, app. V.B. See also ILL. 16 CIR. MED., supra note 5, Rule 15.22(i).
329. KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901, app. V.B. See also ILL. 16 CIR. MED., supra note 5, Rule 15.22(i).
330. See MICH. MED. R., supra note 135, Rule 3.216; RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE OF THE UNITED STATES DIST. CT. FOR THE MIDDLE DIST. OF N.C., Rule 605(d)(2) (1995).
331. See MICH. MED. R., supra note 135, Rule 3.216; RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE OF THE UNITED STATES DIST. CT. FOR THE MIDDLE DIST. OF N.C., Rule 605(d)(2) (1995).
332. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-603(6) (Supp. 1996).
333. FLA. RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 1.720 (1996) [hereinafter Fla. Civ. Pro. R.].
334. FLA. RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Rule 1.720 (1996) [hereinafter Fla. Civ. Pro. R.].
335. See, e.g., IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4.
336. See, e.g., IA. FAM. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 3; ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4.
337. FLA. CIV. PRO. R., supra note 186, Rule 1.720.
338. CAL. FAM. CODE § 3182 (1994).
339. See, e.g., ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 4 (requiring a mediator to respect the complementary relationship between the fields of mediation and law and to promote cooperation with other professionals).
340. See Bryan, supra note 166, at 209.
341. MEDIATION STANDARDS, supra note 1, Standard VI and cmt.
342. See Bryan, supra note 166, at 198 n.45.
343. See CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160-86 (1994); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-601 et seq. (Supp. 1996); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
344. See CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160-86 (1994); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-601 et seq. (Supp. 1996); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
345. See CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160-86 (1994); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-601 et seq. (Supp. 1996); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
346. See CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26; CAL. FAM. CODE § 3160-86 (1994); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-601 et seq. (Supp. 1996); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
347. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(c)(2) and (f); CAL. FAM. CODE § 3180(b) (1994); KAN STAT. ANN. § 23-603(8) (1995); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
348. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(c)(2) and (f); CAL. FAM. CODE § 3180(b) (1994); KAN STAT. ANN. § 23-603(8) (1995); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
349. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(c)(2) and (f); CAL. FAM. CODE § 3180(b) (1994); KAN STAT. ANN. § 23-603(8) (1995); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
350. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(c)(2) and (f); CAL. FAM. CODE § 3180(b) (1994); KAN STAT. ANN. § 23-603(8) (1995); KAN. MED. R., supra note 12, Rule 901 app.
351. CAL. FAM. CODE § 3180(a) (1994).
352. CAL. FAM. MED. CODE, supra note 38, § 26(f)(1).
353. Id.
354. ILL. 16 CIR. MED. R., supra note 5, Rule 15.22.
355. ILL. 17 CIR. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 11.
356. See FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.160-80; S.C. CIR. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 12.
357. See FLA. MED. R., supra note 27, Rule 10.160-80; S.C. CIR. CT. MED. R., supra note 28, Rule 12.
358. See Carrie Menkel-Meadow, A Need for Code of Professional Responsibility for Third Party Neutrals, 9 ALTERNATIVE 129 (1993).