Engineers, businessmen, and the academy: The beginnings of sponsored research at the university of Michigan

Technology and Culture

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 721-762

  Servos, John W ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030336292     PISSN: 0040165X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3107096     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. See Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940 (New York, 1986), for a general survey of the funding of American research universities. For accounts of specific institutions, see John W. Servos, "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939" Isis 71 (1980): 531-49, and "Changing Partners: The Mellon Institute, Private Industry, and the Federal Patron," Technology and Cultured (1994): 221-57; W. Bernard Carlson, "Academic Entrepreneurship and Engineering Education: Dugald C. Jackson and the MIT-GE Cooperative Engineering Course, 1907-1932," Technology and Culture 29 (1988): 536-67; Christophe Lecuyer, "The Making of a Science-Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930-1957," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 23, no. 1 (1992): 153-80; Bruce Seely, "Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900-1960," Technology and Cultured (1993): 344-86.
2. See Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940 (New York, 1986), for a general survey of the funding of American research universities. For accounts of specific institutions, see John W. Servos, "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939" Isis 71 (1980): 531-49, and "Changing Partners: The Mellon Institute, Private Industry, and the Federal Patron," Technology and Cultured (1994): 221-57; W. Bernard Carlson, "Academic Entrepreneurship and Engineering Education: Dugald C. Jackson and the MIT-GE Cooperative Engineering Course, 1907-1932," Technology and Culture 29 (1988): 536-67; Christophe Lecuyer, "The Making of a Science-Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930-1957," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 23, no. 1 (1992): 153-80; Bruce Seely, "Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900-1960," Technology and Cultured (1993): 344-86.
3. See Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940 (New York, 1986), for a general survey of the funding of American research universities. For accounts of specific institutions, see John W. Servos, "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939" Isis 71 (1980): 531-49, and "Changing Partners: The Mellon Institute, Private Industry, and the Federal Patron," Technology and Cultured (1994): 221-57; W. Bernard Carlson, "Academic Entrepreneurship and Engineering Education: Dugald C. Jackson and the MIT-GE Cooperative Engineering Course, 1907-1932," Technology and Culture 29 (1988): 536-67; Christophe Lecuyer, "The Making of a Science-Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930-1957," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 23, no. 1 (1992): 153-80; Bruce Seely, "Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900-1960," Technology and Cultured (1993): 344-86.
4. See Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940 (New York, 1986), for a general survey of the funding of American research universities. For accounts of specific institutions, see John W. Servos, "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939" Isis 71 (1980): 531-49, and "Changing Partners: The Mellon Institute, Private Industry, and the Federal Patron," Technology and Cultured (1994): 221-57; W. Bernard Carlson, "Academic Entrepreneurship and Engineering Education: Dugald C. Jackson and the MIT-GE Cooperative Engineering Course, 1907-1932," Technology and Culture 29 (1988): 536-67; Christophe Lecuyer, "The Making of a Science-Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930-1957," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 23, no. 1 (1992): 153-80; Bruce Seely, "Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900-1960," Technology and Cultured (1993): 344-86.
5. See Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940 (New York, 1986), for a general survey of the funding of American research universities. For accounts of specific institutions, see John W. Servos, "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939" Isis 71 (1980): 531-49, and "Changing Partners: The Mellon Institute, Private Industry, and the Federal Patron," Technology and Cultured (1994): 221-57; W. Bernard Carlson, "Academic Entrepreneurship and Engineering Education: Dugald C. Jackson and the MIT-GE Cooperative Engineering Course, 1907-1932," Technology and Culture 29 (1988): 536-67; Christophe Lecuyer, "The Making of a Science-Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930-1957," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 23, no. 1 (1992): 153-80; Bruce Seely, "Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900-1960," Technology and Cultured (1993): 344-86.
6. See Roger L. Geiger, To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-1940 (New York, 1986), for a general survey of the funding of American research universities. For accounts of specific institutions, see John W. Servos, "The Industrial Relations of Science: Chemical Engineering at MIT, 1900-1939" Isis 71 (1980): 531-49, and "Changing Partners: The Mellon Institute, Private Industry, and the Federal Patron," Technology and Cultured (1994): 221-57; W. Bernard Carlson, "Academic Entrepreneurship and Engineering Education: Dugald C. Jackson and the MIT-GE Cooperative Engineering Course, 1907-1932," Technology and Culture 29 (1988): 536-67; Christophe Lecuyer, "The Making of a Science-Based Technological University: Karl Compton, James Killian, and the Reform of MIT, 1930-1957," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 23, no. 1 (1992): 153-80; Bruce Seely, "Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900-1960," Technology and Cultured (1993): 344-86.
7. Seely, in his excellent article, appears to misstate the level of industrial funding at Michigan. According to the university's Office of Research Administration and various other internal sources, the Department of Engineering Research received $309,922 from contract research in 1929-30 and $243,957 in 1930-31. Seely states that it "attracted $60,000 from industrial sources in 1930" (p. 354). While the larger figures may include some work undertaken for the state government, the bulk represented income from business firms. See University of Michigan, Office of Research Administration, "Sponsored Research, Industrial Research Expenditures," December 8, 1966, FI mu C540, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The Mellon Institute did about $800,000 of sponsored research in 1929 but had already severed relations with the University of Pittsburgh and hence was no longer, strictly speaking, an academic institution.
8. Statistics on the university's finances are available in the Bureau of Education, Biennial Survey of Education (Washington, D.C.); see also Appendix C of Geiger, To Advance Knowledge for a useful summary and comparative data on other universities. There are abundant records pertaining to the history of the Department of Engineering Research in the Bentley Historical Library, especially the College of Engineering Records (hereafter CER) and the Mortimer E. Cooley Papers (hereafter MEC). Minutes of the Board of Regents that pertain to the history of the department are excerpted at length in "Regents' Proceedings regarding Organization and Policies of the Department of Engineering Research and the Engineering Research Institute," Box 1, Records of the Division of Research Development and Administration (hereafter DRDA).
9. Statistics on the university's finances are available in the Bureau of Education, Biennial Survey of Education (Washington, D.C.); see also Appendix C of Geiger, To Advance Knowledge for a useful summary and comparative data on other universities. There are abundant records pertaining to the history of the Department of Engineering Research in the Bentley Historical Library, especially the College of Engineering Records (hereafter CER) and the Mortimer E. Cooley Papers (hereafter MEC). Minutes of the Board of Regents that pertain to the history of the department are excerpted at length in "Regents' Proceedings regarding Organization and Policies of the Department of Engineering Research and the Engineering Research Institute," Box 1, Records of the Division of Research Development and Administration (hereafter DRDA).
10. On the transition from private to public funding of academic R&D, see Rebecca S. Lowen, '"Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity': Stanford University, Industry and the Federal Government, 1937-1965" (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1990), and "Transforming the University: Administrators, Physicists, and Industrial and Federal Patronage at Stanford, 1935-49," History of Education Quarterly 31: 365-88; Peter Galison, Bruce Hevly, and Rebecca Lowen, "Controlling the Monster: Stanford and the Growth of Physics Research, 1935-1962," in Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research, ed. Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly (Stanford, 1992); Lecuyer; Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); and Roger L. Geiger, Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II (New York, 1993).
11. On the transition from private to public funding of academic R&D, see Rebecca S. Lowen, '"Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity': Stanford University, Industry and the Federal Government, 1937-1965" (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1990), and "Transforming the University: Administrators, Physicists, and Industrial and Federal Patronage at Stanford, 1935-49," History of Education Quarterly 31: 365-88; Peter Galison, Bruce Hevly, and Rebecca Lowen, "Controlling the Monster: Stanford and the Growth of Physics Research, 1935-1962," in Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research, ed. Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly (Stanford, 1992); Lecuyer; Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); and Roger L. Geiger, Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II (New York, 1993).
12. On the transition from private to public funding of academic R&D, see Rebecca S. Lowen, '"Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity': Stanford University, Industry and the Federal Government, 1937-1965" (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1990), and "Transforming the University: Administrators, Physicists, and Industrial and Federal Patronage at Stanford, 1935-49," History of Education Quarterly 31: 365-88; Peter Galison, Bruce Hevly, and Rebecca Lowen, "Controlling the Monster: Stanford and the Growth of Physics Research, 1935-1962," in Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research, ed. Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly (Stanford, 1992); Lecuyer; Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); and Roger L. Geiger, Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II (New York, 1993).
13. On the transition from private to public funding of academic R&D, see Rebecca S. Lowen, '"Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity': Stanford University, Industry and the Federal Government, 1937-1965" (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1990), and "Transforming the University: Administrators, Physicists, and Industrial and Federal Patronage at Stanford, 1935-49," History of Education Quarterly 31: 365-88; Peter Galison, Bruce Hevly, and Rebecca Lowen, "Controlling the Monster: Stanford and the Growth of Physics Research, 1935-1962," in Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research, ed. Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly (Stanford, 1992); Lecuyer; Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); and Roger L. Geiger, Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II (New York, 1993).
14. On the transition from private to public funding of academic R&D, see Rebecca S. Lowen, '"Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity': Stanford University, Industry and the Federal Government, 1937-1965" (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1990), and "Transforming the University: Administrators, Physicists, and Industrial and Federal Patronage at Stanford, 1935-49," History of Education Quarterly 31: 365-88; Peter Galison, Bruce Hevly, and Rebecca Lowen, "Controlling the Monster: Stanford and the Growth of Physics Research, 1935-1962," in Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research, ed. Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly (Stanford, 1992); Lecuyer; Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); and Roger L. Geiger, Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II (New York, 1993).
15. Mortimer E. Cooley, Scientific Blacksmith (Ann Arbor, 1947); Monte A. Calvert, "Cooley, Mortimer Elwyn," in Edward T. James, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, Suppl. 3 (New York, 1973), pp. 188-89; Cooley to Burton, November 29, 1921, Folder 33, Box 5, Marion LeRoy Burton Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan (hereafter Burton Papers).
16. Mortimer E. Cooley, Scientific Blacksmith (Ann Arbor, 1947); Monte A. Calvert, "Cooley, Mortimer Elwyn," in Edward T. James, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, Suppl. 3 (New York, 1973), pp. 188-89; Cooley to Burton, November 29, 1921, Folder 33, Box 5, Marion LeRoy Burton Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan (hereafter Burton Papers).
17. Henry E. Riggs, "Pioneers in Public Utility Regulation: Henry C. Adams and Mortimer E. Cooley," Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review 51 (1954): 297-301; Melvin G. Holli and C. David Tompkins, "Mortimer E. Cooley: Technocrat as Politician," Michigan History 52 (Summer 1968); 133-46. For a broader historical treatment of engineers in this period, see Edwin T. Layton, Jr., The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession (Cleveland, 1971), esp. pp. 57-61. Cooley's comfortable relations with businessmen made him a favorite target of radical engineers in the 1920s. See Kenneth E. Trombley, The Life and Times of a Happy Liberal: A Biography of Monis Llewellyn Cooke (New York, 1954), pp. 50-69.
18. Henry E. Riggs, "Pioneers in Public Utility Regulation: Henry C. Adams and Mortimer E. Cooley," Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review 51 (1954): 297-301; Melvin G. Holli and C. David Tompkins, "Mortimer E. Cooley: Technocrat as Politician," Michigan History 52 (Summer 1968); 133-46. For a broader historical treatment of engineers in this period, see Edwin T. Layton, Jr., The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession (Cleveland, 1971), esp. pp. 57-61. Cooley's comfortable relations with businessmen made him a favorite target of radical engineers in the 1920s. See Kenneth E. Trombley, The Life and Times of a Happy Liberal: A Biography of Monis Llewellyn Cooke (New York, 1954), pp. 50-69.
19. Henry E. Riggs, "Pioneers in Public Utility Regulation: Henry C. Adams and Mortimer E. Cooley," Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review 51 (1954): 297-301; Melvin G. Holli and C. David Tompkins, "Mortimer E. Cooley: Technocrat as Politician," Michigan History 52 (Summer 1968); 133-46. For a broader historical treatment of engineers in this period, see Edwin T. Layton, Jr., The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession (Cleveland, 1971), esp. pp. 57-61. Cooley's comfortable relations with businessmen made him a favorite target of radical engineers in the 1920s. See Kenneth E. Trombley, The Life and Times of a Happy Liberal: A Biography of Monis Llewellyn Cooke (New York, 1954), pp. 50-69.
20. Henry E. Riggs, "Pioneers in Public Utility Regulation: Henry C. Adams and Mortimer E. Cooley," Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review 51 (1954): 297-301; Melvin G. Holli and C. David Tompkins, "Mortimer E. Cooley: Technocrat as Politician," Michigan History 52 (Summer 1968); 133-46. For a broader historical treatment of engineers in this period, see Edwin T. Layton, Jr., The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession (Cleveland, 1971), esp. pp. 57-61. Cooley's comfortable relations with businessmen made him a favorite target of radical engineers in the 1920s. See Kenneth E. Trombley, The Life and Times of a Happy Liberal: A Biography of Monis Llewellyn Cooke (New York, 1954), pp. 50-69.
21. Howard H. Peckham, The Making of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1967), gives sporadic attention to the history of the College of Engineering; more useful is Mortimer Elwyn Cooley and George Granger Brown, "The College of Engineering," in The University of Michigan: An Encyclopedic Survey, vol. 3, ed. Wilfred B. Shaw (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1951), pp. 1161-78. Cooley offers a frank appraisal of the college in a letter to Sutton Van Pelt, March 20, 1916, Box 8, CER.
22. Howard H. Peckham, The Making of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1967), gives sporadic attention to the history of the College of Engineering; more useful is Mortimer Elwyn Cooley and George Granger Brown, "The College of Engineering," in The University of Michigan: An Encyclopedic Survey, vol. 3, ed. Wilfred B. Shaw (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1951), pp. 1161-78. Cooley offers a frank appraisal of the college in a letter to Sutton Van Pelt, March 20, 1916, Box 8, CER.
23. Cooley, Scientific Blacksmith, p. 106.
24. Ibid., p. 118.
25. Cooley to Sutton Van Pelt.
26. For illustrations, see Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago, 1965), pp. 149-79.
27. Harry Burns Hutchins, "The State University Idea," in John Lewis Brumm, ed., Educational Problems in College and University: Addresses Delivered . . . on the Occasion of the Inauguration of President Marion LeRoy Burton (Ann Arbor, 1921), p. 15.
28. Cooley to Sutton Van Pelt (n. 7 above).
29. Kent Sagendorph, Michigan: The Story of the University (New York, 1948), pp. 204-5.
30. Layton (n. 6 above), pp. 17-19, 58-59, 67; David F. Noble, America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (New York, 1977), pp. 33-49.
31. Layton (n. 6 above), pp. 17-19, 58-59, 67; David F. Noble, America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (New York, 1977), pp. 33-49.
32. Quote from Cooley to Sutton Van Pelt, April 29, 1916, Box 8, CER; see also Cooley to Lucius L. Hubbard, October 26, 1916, Box 8, CER.
33. See Hugh Hawkins, "American Universities and the Inclusion of Professional Schools," History of Higher Education Annual 13 (1993): 53-68, for an exploration of university presidents' views on professional education.
34. See, e.g., Noble, p. 6.
35. Henry E. Riggs to Roy D. Chapin, August 18, 1915, Box 22, MEC; John J. Cox to M. E. Cooley, July 14, 1916; W. T. Fishleigh to M. E. Cooley, March 1, 1916; Report to Cooley from the Department of Chemical Engineering, July 9, 1916, and from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, July 12, 1916, all in Box 8, CER; Peckham (n. 7 above), p. 117.
36. This agreement grew out of an unusually close relationship between Swenson Evaporator and Walter L. Badger of the Department of Chemical Engineering; in 1929 Badger became president of the company without relinquishing his professorship at Michigan. See K. R. Lindfors to Dean of the University of Michigan, November 7, 1921; M. L. Burton to Cooley, November 14, 1921; Cooley to Members of the Administrative Committee, February 3, 1922; and A. E. White to M. L. Burton, April 27, 1922, all in Box 9, CER.
37. Cooley to Sutton Van Pelt (n. 7 above).
38. Cooley to Lucius L. Hubbard (n. 16 above).
39. Cooley to A. Marston, September 30, 1914, Box 21, MEC.
40. Cooley to Sutton Van Pelt (n. 16 above).
41. Van Pelt to Cooley, April 6, 1916, Box 8, CER.
42. Donal Hamilton Haines, "The New Dual Alliance. A Brief Survey of the Recent Cooperation between Science and Industry," unpubl. MS, ca. 1930, University of Michigan Vertical File, Bentley Historical Library.
43. Shirley W. Smith, Harry Burns Hutchins and the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1951), p. 218.
44. J. R. Bibbins to Cooley, April 8, 1916, Box 8, CER.
45. Cooley to Sutton Van Pelt (n. 16 above). The regents permitted engineering faculty to assign patent rights to business firms when the faculty members acted outside their official capacities, as, for instance, when they worked as part-time consultants. The deal with the Swenson Evaporator Company, the first notable exception to the regents' policy, had not yet been made; nor did the regents, when they approved it in 1917, review the terms with sufficient care to recognize it as an exception to their policy.
46. Cooley to A. E. White, January 29, 1919, Box 8, CER.
47. Cooley, "Memorandum on Request of Michigan Manufacturers' Association for Co-operation with Board of Regents of University in Industrial Research," February 7, 1919, Box 8, CER; "Regents' Meeting, February 1919," p. 505, DRDA; "Report of the Committee Appointed to Consider the Proposal of the Michigan Manufacturers' Association regarding Cooperation between the University and the Industries of the State," 1919, Box 26, MEC.
48. Cooley, "Memorandum on Request of Michigan Manufacturers' Association for Co-operation with Board of Regents of University in Industrial Research," February 7, 1919, Box 8, CER; "Regents' Meeting, February 1919," p. 505, DRDA; "Report of the Committee Appointed to Consider the Proposal of the Michigan Manufacturers' Association regarding Cooperation between the University and the Industries of the State," 1919, Box 26, MEC.
49. Cooley to H. E. Howe, July 9, 1919; A. H. White to B. S. Hanchett, November 28, 1919, and November 29, 1919, all in Box 9, CER. For thumbnail sketches of the regents, see Smith, pp. 120-23 and 130-32.
50. Cooley to Alfred H. White, July 3, 1919, Box 9, CER.
51. Cooley, "Memorandum on Request of Michigan Manufacturers' Association"; Cooley to T. H. Hinchman, February 14, 1919, Box 26, MEC. A mill tax provided the bulk of the university's income at this time.
52. Cooley to Alfred H. Lloyd, June 7, 1919, Box 9, CER.
53. Cooley to James R. Angell, July 21, 1919, Box 9, CER.
54. J. R. Bibbins to Harry B. Hutchins, June 28, 1919, Box 9, CER. Others, as well, feared that corporate laboratories would come to monopolize research; see Larry Owens, "MIT and the Federal 'Angel': Academic R&D and Federal-Private Cooperation before World War II," Isis 81 (1990): 191.
55. "Regents' Meeting, January 1920," pp. 818-19, DRDA.
56. "Regents' Meeting, February 1920," DRDA.
57. Cooley to Burton, May 13, 1920, Folder 30, Box 1, Burton Papers.
58. Marion LeRoy Burton, "The Functions of the State University," in Brumm, ed. (n. 12 above), p. 50; Cooley, Scientific Blacksmith (n. 5 above), p. 75; Cooley to Frederick P. Fish, August 25, 1920, Folder 30, Box 1, Burton Papers. Charles Franklin Thwing, "Burton, Marion LeRoy," in Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 3 (New York, 1929), pp. 243-41.
59. Marion LeRoy Burton, "The Functions of the State University," in Brumm, ed. (n. 12 above), p. 50; Cooley, Scientific Blacksmith (n. 5 above), p. 75; Cooley to Frederick P. Fish, August 25, 1920, Folder 30, Box 1, Burton Papers. Charles Franklin Thwing, "Burton, Marion LeRoy," in Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 3 (New York, 1929), pp. 243-41.
60. Marion LeRoy Burton, "The Functions of the State University," in Brumm, ed. (n. 12 above), p. 50; Cooley, Scientific Blacksmith (n. 5 above), p. 75; Cooley to Frederick P. Fish, August 25, 1920, Folder 30, Box 1, Burton Papers. Charles Franklin Thwing, "Burton, Marion LeRoy," in Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 3 (New York, 1929), pp. 243-41.
61. Haines (n. 26 above), p. 5.
62. A. E. White to Cooley, November 13, 1923, Box 10, CER.
63. Cooley to Burton, June 30, 1923, Box 10, CER.
64. A. E. White to Benjamin S. Hanchett, November 22, 1924, Folder 21, Box 19, Burton Papers.
65. F. W. Hutchings to Cooley, February 25, 1926, Box 11, CER.
66. A. E. White to Cooley, November 13, 1923.
67. A. E. White to Cooley, December 1, 1920, Box 9, CER.
68. A. E. White to Martin Cavenaugh, November 29, 1926, and B. G. Klugh to A. E. White, February 18, 1927, both in Box 11, CER.
69. Cooley to Burton, May 2, 1922, Box 9, CER; A. E. White, draft of address for a meeting with Michigan manufacturers, May 27, 1926, Box 11, CER.
70. Alfred A. White to Shirley W. Smith, October 17, 1920, Box 9, CER; quote from A. E. White to M. S. Ketchum, March 29, 1927, Box 11, CER.
71. Cooley to Burton, May 13, 1923, Box 10, CER; Burton to Cooley, October 10, 1924, Folder 3, Box 18, Burton Papers; quotation from Cooley to George B. Pegram, February 12, 1924, Box 10, CER.
72. A. E. White, "Report of the Director of the Department of Engineering Research of the University of Michigan to the Committee on Research of the Michigan Manufacturers' Association," January 31, 1927, Box 11, College of Engineering Records.
73. C. F. Hirshfeld to A. E. White, February 9, 1927, Box 11, CER.
74. Cooley, "Agenda for June 25, 1926 Meeting of Special Committee of Department of Engineering Research," Box 11, CER.
75. A. E. White to Regents, September 20, 1927, Box 11, CER. The agreement awarded each party one-third shares of royalties until Detroit Edison recouped its payments to the university, after which time royalties would be divided equally between the university and Bailey.
76. "Regents' Meeting, May 1928," pp. 561-62, DRDA.
77. "Regents' Meeting, April 24, 1928," p. 510, DRDA. The lawyer was Milton Tibbetts. Neither Tibbetts nor the regents acknowledged that the two-tiered system of overhead charges undercut the principle that all comers should have equal access to the university's talents.
78. Ibid.
79. University administrators in the 1920s were also troubled by the distinct issue of the disposition of rights to patents generated by research that was not sponsored by external agencies, on which see Rima D. Apple, "Patenting University Research: Harry Steenbock and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation," Isis 80 (1989): 375-94, and Owens (n. 37 above), pp. 203-5.
80. University administrators in the 1920s were also troubled by the distinct issue of the disposition of rights to patents generated by research that was not sponsored by external agencies, on which see Rima D. Apple, "Patenting University Research: Harry Steenbock and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation," Isis 80 (1989): 375-94, and Owens (n. 37 above), pp. 203-5.
81. "Regents' Meeting, February 3, 1928," p. 451, DRDA.
82. Department of Engineering Research, "Research Service in Sound," n.d., FI mu C540, Engineering Research Institute, Willow Run Research Center, Vertical File, Bentley Historical Library; A. E. White to Rank E. Robbins, August 6, 1929, Box 11, CER.
83. Cooley to Burton, March 7, 1923, and F. E. Robbins to Cooley, March 28, 1923, both in Folder 6, Box 10, Burton Papers; "Agenda for Administrative Committee Meeting," ca. October 14, 1925, Folder 7, Box 2, Clarence Cook Little Papers, Bentley Historical Library (hereafter Little Papers); A. E. White to Cooley, November 16, 1925, Box 10, CER; "Regents' Meeting, September 1924," p. 404, DRDA.
84. Cooley to Burton, March 7, 1923, and F. E. Robbins to Cooley, March 28, 1923, both in Folder 6, Box 10, Burton Papers; "Agenda for Administrative Committee Meeting," ca. October 14, 1925, Folder 7, Box 2, Clarence Cook Little Papers, Bentley Historical Library (hereafter Little Papers); A. E. White to Cooley, November 16, 1925, Box 10, CER; "Regents' Meeting, September 1924," p. 404, DRDA.
85. A. E. White to H. C. Sadler, August 6, 1928, Box 20, CER.
86. E. Blythe Stason and Helen Travis, "The Organization, Powers, and Personnel of the Board of Regents," The University of Michigan: An Encyclopedic Survey (n. 7 above), vol. 1, p. 157. Six of the eight regents who served in 1916 remained in office in 1929, as did the secretary and treasurer of the university.
87. Peter E. Van de Water, Alexander Grant Ruthven of Michigan: Biography of a University President (n.p., 1977), pp. 56-57; Alexander G. Ruthven, Naturalist in Two Worlds: Random Recollections of a University President (Ann Arbor, 1963), p. 29.
88. Peter E. Van de Water, Alexander Grant Ruthven of Michigan: Biography of a University President (n.p., 1977), pp. 56-57; Alexander G. Ruthven, Naturalist in Two Worlds: Random Recollections of a University President (Ann Arbor, 1963), p. 29.
89. The resolution is quoted at length in Cooley and Brown, "The College of Engineering" (n. 7 above), p. 1178, Although the resolution is dated December 21, 1910, it was passed at a meeting of the regents on January 19, 1911; see F. W. Hutchings to Cooley (n. 46 above).
90. Cooley to Fred C. Purcell, September 20, 1907, Box 15, MEC; see also Cooley to H. B. Hutchins, September 26, 1914, Box 21, MEC; Cooley to C. R. Richards, June 14, 1919, Box 9, CER.
91. Cooley to Richards, ibid.
92. Burton to Cooley, January 26, 1922, Folder 33, Box 5, Burton Papers.
93. Ibid.; Cooley to Burton, November 11, 1922, Folder 6, Box 10, Burton Papers.
94. Correspondence relating to this survey is in Folder 6, Box 10, Burton Papers. Miraculously, engineers who had once boasted of earning more than their salaries in outside income now insisted that consulting fees rarely, if ever, equaled their salaries. See, e.g., Henry E. Riggs to Cooley, January 31, 1922, Folder 33, Box 5, and Riggs to Cooley, August 11, 1922, Folder 6, both in Box 10, Burton Papers.
95. These quotations are taken from unnamed members of the engineering faculty whose views are cited in J. R. Nelson to Cooley, October 4, 1922, Folder 6, Box 10, Burton Papers. Nelson had been assigned the task of conducting the survey by Cooley.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Frank N. Wilson, "The University Hospital," in The University of Michigan: An Encyclopedic Survey (n. 7 above), vol. 2, p. 968. On the full-time plan in medical education, see Steven C. Wheatley, The Politics of Philanthropy: Abraham Flexner and Medical Education (Madison, Wisc., 1988), and W. Bruce Fye, "The Origin of the Full-Time Faculty System," Journal of the American Medical Association 265 (1991): 1555-62.
99. Frank N. Wilson, "The University Hospital," in The University of Michigan: An Encyclopedic Survey (n. 7 above), vol. 2, p. 968. On the full-time plan in medical education, see Steven C. Wheatley, The Politics of Philanthropy: Abraham Flexner and Medical Education (Madison, Wisc., 1988), and W. Bruce Fye, "The Origin of the Full-Time Faculty System," Journal of the American Medical Association 265 (1991): 1555-62.
100. Frank N. Wilson, "The University Hospital," in The University of Michigan: An Encyclopedic Survey (n. 7 above), vol. 2, p. 968. On the full-time plan in medical education, see Steven C. Wheatley, The Politics of Philanthropy: Abraham Flexner and Medical Education (Madison, Wisc., 1988), and W. Bruce Fye, "The Origin of the Full-Time Faculty System," Journal of the American Medical Association 265 (1991): 1555-62.
101. Cooley to Burton, January 30, 1922, Folder 33, Box 5, Burton Papers.
102. Alfred H. White to Cooley, September 21, 1922, Folder 6, Box 10, Burton Papers. See also H. C. Anderson to Cooley, August 16, 1922, Folder 6, Box 10, Burton Papers.
103. Little to A. E. White, March 28, 1927, Box 11, CER.
104. "Regents' Meeting, March 29, 1929," p. 943, and "Regents' Meeting, November 14, 1930," p. 495, both in DRDA; A. E. White, "Annual Report of the Director of The Department of Engineering Research, 1928-1929," Box 20, CER.
105. "Regents' Meeting, March 29, 1929," p. 943, and "Regents' Meeting, November 14, 1930," p. 495, both in DRDA; A. E. White, "Annual Report of the Director of The Department of Engineering Research, 1928-1929," Box 20, CER.
106. "Regents' Meeting, March 29, 1929," p. 943, and "Regents' Meeting, November 14, 1930," p. 495, both in DRDA; A. E. White, "Annual Report of the Director of The Department of Engineering Research, 1928-1929," Box 20, CER.
107. Van de Water (n. 66 above), p. 56.
108. Ruthven (n. 66 above), p. 29.
109. Ibid., pp. 34 and 37-38; Van de Water, pp. 57-59.
110. Van de Water, pp. 88-89; for the original letters, see H. C. Sadler to Ruthven, October 28, 1930, and Ruthven to Sadler, November 6, 1930, both in Folder 23, Box 3, Alexander Grant Ruthven Papers, Bentley Historical Library (hereafter Ruthven Papers). Hoad and Decker, of the Department of Sanitary Engineering, were partners in a consulting firm that had been offering advice on sewage purification and water filtration since 1914. Menefee, of the Department of Engineering Mechanics, served as vice president of the United Engineering Corporation of Detroit and Ann Arbor.
111. Van de Water, p. 75.
112. H. C. Sadler to George H. Ruhling, June 1, 1932, Folder 10, Box 6, Ruthven Papers.
113. "Regents' Meeting, June 15, 1934," pp. 352-53, DRDA.
114. "Regents' Meeting, November 25, 1932," DRDA; A. E. White to Alexander G. Ruthven, July 7, 1934, Box 11, CER; "Minutes of the Standing Committee," May 22, 1936, Box 11, CER. On the Depression's impact on the university as a whole, see Peckham (n. 7 above), pp. 172-73.
115. "Regents' Meeting, November 25, 1932," DRDA; A. E. White to Alexander G. Ruthven, July 7, 1934, Box 11, CER; "Minutes of the Standing Committee," May 22, 1936, Box 11, CER. On the Depression's impact on the university as a whole, see Peckham (n. 7 above), pp. 172-73.
116. Ruthven (n. 66 above), p. 119. See also pp. 207-16 where Ruthven describes his sometimes uneasy relations with corporate leaders.
117. Van de Water, p. 207.
118. Ruthven, p. 131.
119. S. W. Smith to C. W. Good, July 15, 1937, Box 11, CER. The letter in question was going to the Ford Motor Co.
120. Whether the department ever "earned" money for the university was a matter of some debate. During the late 1920s, the engineers claimed that the department was in the black; university officials, however, noted that the engineers' accounting excluded the university's annual $20,000 subvention from the department's expenses! Nor did any estimates of gains and losses include amortization costs on the space occupied by the department. See G. W. Smith to Executive Committee, C. C. Little, J. E. Beal, and W. H. Sawyer, January 19, 1928, Box 11, CER.
121. While giving way on patents, however, the university insisted that work accepted should be intellectually challenging - a point that individuals did not always insist on.
122. University of Michigan, Office of Research Administration, "The University of Michigan. Sponsored Research, Industrial Research Expenditures," December 8, 1966, and "The University of Michigan. Volume of Research. Source Groups, 1963-64," February 19, 1965. both in FI mu C540, Bentley Historical Library.
123. Van de Water (n. 66 above), pp. 218-19; Peckham (n. 7 above), pp. 211, 221-22. Geiger, Research and Relevent Knowledge (n. 4 above), effectively illustrates how the combination of federal money and disciplinary ambition could weaken the position of university officials; see esp. pp. 61 and 84-85.
124. Van de Water (n. 66 above), pp. 218-19; Peckham (n. 7 above), pp. 211, 221-22. Geiger, Research and Relevent Knowledge (n. 4 above), effectively illustrates how the combination of federal money and disciplinary ambition could weaken the position of university officials; see esp. pp. 61 and 84-85.
125. Van de Water (n. 66 above), pp. 218-19; Peckham (n. 7 above), pp. 211, 221-22. Geiger, Research and Relevent Knowledge (n. 4 above), effectively illustrates how the combination of federal money and disciplinary ambition could weaken the position of university officials; see esp. pp. 61 and 84-85.