Phylogenetic relationships, seed characters, and dispersal system evolution in amaryllideae (Amaryllidaceae)

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Volumn 83, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 362-386

  Snijman, D A ^a   Linder, H P ^b  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMARYLLIDACEAE; AMMOCHARIS; BOOPHANE; BRUNSVIGIA; CARPOLYZA; CRINUM; CROSSYNE; CYBISTETES; HESSEA; STRUMARIA; AMARYLLIS; NERINE;

EID: 0030324741     PISSN: 00266493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2399866     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Almeida, M. T. & F. A. Bisby. 1984. A simple method for establishing taxonomic characters from measurement data. Taxon 33: 405-409.
2. Anderberg, A. & A. Tehler. 1990. Consensus trees, a necessity in taxonomic practice. Cladistics 6: 399-402.
3. Armbruster, W. S. 1992. Phylogeny and the evolution of plant-animal interactions. Bioscience 42: 12-20.
4. Arroyo, S. C. 1984. Contribucion al conocimiento de los bulbos de Amaryllidaceae. Kurtziana 17: 55-70.
5. _ & D. F. Cutler. 1984. Evolutionary and taxonomic aspects of the internal morphology in Amaryllidaceae from South America and Southern Africa. Kew. Bull. 39: 467-498.
6. Axeirod, D. I. & P. H. Raven. 1978. Late Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation history of Africa. Pp. 77-130 in M. J. A. Werger (editor), Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Junk, The Hague.
7. Baker. J. G. 1888. Handbook of the Amaryllideae. George Bell, London.
8. _. 1896. Amaryllideae. Pp. 171-246 in W. J. Thiselton-Dyer (editor). Flora Capensis 6. L. Reeve, London.
9. Beaurieux, R. 1914. Observations anatomiques et physiologiques sur le Crinum capense Herb. Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liège 3, 10: 1-41.
10. Boyd, L. 1932. Monocotylous seedlings. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 31: 1-224.
11. Bradlow, F. R. (Editor). 1994. Francis Masson's Account of Three Journeys at the Cape of Good Hope 1772-1775. Tablecloth Press, Cape Town.
12. Bremer, K. 1988. The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42: 795-803.
13. Brummit, R. K. 1987. Report of the committee for spermatophyta: 33. Taxon 36: 734-739.
14. Carpenter, J. M. 1988. Choosing among multiple equally parsimonious cladograms. Cladistics 4: 291-296.
15. Clark, T. & R. F. Parsons. 1994. Ecology of Calostemma and Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) in the River Murray area, South-Eastem Australia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria 106: 129-145.
16. Corner, E. J. H. 1992, The pachychalaza in dicotyledons: Primitive or advanced? J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 108: 15-19.
17. Cowling, R. M. 1987. Fire and its role in coexistence and speciation in Gondwanan shrublands. S. African J. Sci. 83: 106-112.
18. Crisp, M. D. & P. H. Weston. 1995. Mirbelieae. Pp. 245-282 in M. Crisp & J. J. Doyle (editors). Advances in Legume Systemalics 7: Phylogeny. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.
19. Dahlgren, R. M. T. & H. T. Clifford. 1982. The Monocotyledons: A Comparative Study. Academic Press. London.
20. _ & F. N. Rasmussen. 1983. Monocotyledon evolution: Characters and phylogenetic estimation. Evol. Biol. 16: 255-395.
21. _, H. T. Clifford & P. F. Yeo. 1985. The Families of the Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
22. Deacon, H. J., M. R. Jury & F. Ellis. 1992. Selective regime and time. Pp. 7-22 in R. M. Cowling (editor), The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford Univ. Press, Cape Town.
23. Deleporte, P. 1993. Characters, attributes and tests of evolutionary scenarios. Cladistics 9: 427-432.
24. Donoghue, M. J., R. G. Olmstead, J. F. Smith & J. D. Palmer. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships of Dipsacales based on rbcL sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 333-345.
25. Dutt, B. S. M. 1957a. Morphology of the ovule of Crinum defixum Ker. Curr. Sci. 26: 22-23.
26. _. 1957b. Ovule and embryo sac of Crinum asiaticum L. Sci. & Cult. 22: 688-690.
27. _. 1959. Ovule and embryo-sac of Crinum latifolium L., a reinvestigation. Curr. Sci, 28: 293-294.
28. _. 1962. A contribution to the life-history of Crinum defixum Ker. Pp. 37-48 in Plant Embryology: A Symposium. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Biological Research Committee. New Delhi.
29. _. 1970. Amaryllidaceae. Bull. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. 41: 365-367.
30. Dyer, R. A. 1950. A review of the genus Brunsivigia, Pl. Life 6: 63-83.
31. _. 1951. A review of the genus Brunsvigia Heist. (Part 2). PI. Life 7: 44-64.
32. _. 1976. Amaryllidaceae. Pp. 947-954 in R. A. Dyer (editor). The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants 2. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria.
33. Ellner, S. & A. Shmida. 1981. Why are adaptations for long-range seed dispersal rare in desert plants? Oecologia (Berhn) 51: 133-144.
34. Erdtman, G. 1966. Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy. Hafner, New York.
35. Fangan, B. M. & I. Nordal. 1993. A comparative analysis of morphology, chloroplast-DNA and distribution within the genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae). J. Biogeogr. 20: 55-61.
36. Farris. J. S. 1969. A successive approximations approach to character weighting. Syst. Zool. 18: 374-385.
37. _. 1970. Methods of computing Wagner trees. Syst. Zool. 19: 83-92.
38. _. 1983. The logical basis of phylogenetic analysis. Pp. 7-36 in N. I. Platniek & V. A. Funk (editors). Advances in Cladistics 2. Proceedings of the second meeting of the Willi Hennig Society. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
39. _. 1988. Hennig86: Version 1.5. 41 Admiral Street. Port Jefferson Station. New York 11776.
40. Fay, M. F., J. Hartwell, L. R. Caddick, A. V. Cox & M. W. Chase. 1994. A molecular evaluation of the monophyly of Alliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 81 (6. Suppl.): 154-155. [Abstract.]
41. Forbes, V. S. (Editor). 1986. Carl Peter Thunberg. Travels at the Cape of Good Hope 1772-1775. Second Series No. 17. Van Riebeeck Society. Cape Town.
42. _ & J. Rourke (Editors). 1980. Paterson's Cape Travels 1777-1779. Brenthurst Press. Johannesburg.
43. Frumhoff, P. C. & H. K. Reeve. 1994. Using phylogenies to test hypotheses of adaptation: A critique of some current proposals. Evolution 48: 172-180.
44. Goebel, K. 1932. Organographie der Pflanzen 3, 1. 3rd ed. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
45. Goldblatt, P. 1972. Chromosome cytology in relation to classification in Nerine and Brunsvigia (Amaryllidaceae). J. S. African Bot. 38: 261-275.
46. _. 1976. Chromosome cytology of Hessea, Strumaria and Carpolyza (Amaryllidaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: 314-320.
47. Goloboff, P. A. 1991a. Homoplasy and the choice among cladograms. Cladistics 7: 215-232.
48. _. 1991b. Random data, homoplasy and information. Cladistics 7: 395-406
49. _. 1993. P-Wee, Version 2.0 NONA, Version 1.0. Computer Programs and Manual. Published by the author, New York.
50. Gouws, J. B. 1949. Karyology of some South African Amaryllidaceae. PI. Life 5: 54-Sl.
51. Hannibal. L. S. 1985. The Asian-South Pacific Crinum. Notes Waimea Arbor. 12: 2-8.
52. Hilton-Taylor, C. 1994. Western Cape Domain (Succulent Karoo). Pp. 204-217 in S. D. Davis & V. H. Heywood (editors). Centres of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford,
53. Hofmeister, W. 1861. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Embryobildung der Phanerogamen 11. Monokotyledon. Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. 5: 629-760.
54. Howell, G. & N. Prakash. 1990. Embryology and reproductive ecology of the Darling lily, Crinum flaccidum Herbert. Austral. J. Bot. 38: 433-444.
55. Huber, H. 1969. Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Liliifloren. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 219-538.
56. Inariyama, S. 1937. Karyotype studies in Amaryllidaceae l. Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku Sect. B, 52. 3: 95-113.
57. Isaac, W. E. & G. McGillivray. 1965. A note on the water-storing seeds of two species of Crinum and of some other South African Amaryllidaceae (sub-family Amaryllidoideae). Ann. Bot. (London) N.S. 29: 739-740.
58. Ising, G. 1970. Evolution of karyotypes in Cyrtanthus. Hereditas 65: 1-28.
59. Koshimizu, T. 1930. Carpobiological studies of Crinum asiaticum L. var. japonicum Bak. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B.. Biol. 5: 183-227.
60. Larson, A., D. B. Wake, L. R. Maxson & R. Highton. 1981. A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the origins of morphological novelties in the salamanders of the tribe Plethodontini (Amphibia, Plethodontidae). Evolution 35: 405-422.
61. Linder, H. P. 1991. Confidence limits in phylogenies: An example from the African Restionaceae. Taxon 40: 253-266.
62. Maddison, W. P. & D. Maddison. 1987. MacClade version 2.1: An interactive, graphic program for analyzing phylogenies and studying character evolution. Distributed by the authors.
63. Maddox, J. C. & S. Carlquist. 1985. Wind dispersal in Californian desert plants: Experimental studies and conceptual considerations. Aliso 11: 77-96.
64. Manasse. R. S. 1990. Seed size and habitat effects on e water-dispersed perennial, Crinum erubescens (Amaryllidaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 77: 1336-1341.
65. Markötter, E. I. 1936. Die lewensgeskiedenis van sekere geslagte van die Amaryllidaceae. Ann. Univ. Stellenbosch, Reeks 14, A, Wis-Natuurk, 2: 1-84.
66. Meacham, C. A. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships at the basal radiation of angiosperme: Further study by probability of character compatibility. Syst. Bot. 19: 506-522.
67. Meerow, A. W. 1984. Karyotype evolution in the Amaryllidaceae. Herbertia 40: 139-154.
68. _. 1989. Systematics of the Amazon lilies, Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amarvllidaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 136-220.
69. _. 1995. Towards a phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae. Pp. 167-179 in P. J. Rudall, P. J. Cribb, D. F. Cutler & C. J. Humphries (editors). Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
70. Merry, J. 1937. Formation of periderm in the endosperm of Crinum asiaticum. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 22: 159-164.
71. Mickevich, M. F. 1982. Transformation series analysis. Syst. Zool. 31: 461-478.
72. Milne-Redhead, E. & H. G. Schweickerdt. 1939. A new conception of the genus Ammocharis Herb. J. Linn. Soc.. Bot. 52: 159-197.
73. Müller-Doblies, D. & U. 1985. De Liliifloris notulae 2. De taxonomia subtribus Strumariinae (Amaryllidaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 107: 17-47.
74. _ & _. 1992. De Liliifloris notulae 4. Notes on Hessea (including Kamiesbergia; Amaryllidaceae of Southern Africa). Gleditschia 20: 15-20.
75. _ & _. 1994. De Lilliifloris notulae 5. Some new taxa and combinations in the Amaryllidaceae tribe Amaryllideae from arid Southern Africa. Feddes Repert. 105: 331-363.
76. Nixon, K. C. 1992. CLADOS, Ver. 1.2. Published by the author, Trumansburg. New York.
77. _ & J. M. Carpenter. 1993, On outgroups. Cladistics 9: 413-426.
78. Nordal, I. 1977. Revision of the East African taxa of the genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae). Norweg. J. Bot. 24: 179-194.
79. _. 1982. Amaryllidaceae. Pp. 1-30 in R. M. Polhill (editor). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Balkema, Rotterdam.
80. _ & R. Wahlstrøm. 1980. A study of the genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) in Cameroun. Adansonia, ser. 2, 20: 179-198.
81. Oganezova, G. G. 1990. Seed and fruit anatomy of some Amaryllidaceae in connection with their systematics and phylogeny. Bot. Zhum. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 615-630.
82. Pax, E. 1887. Amaryllidaceae. Pp. 97-124 in H. G. A. Engler & K. A. E. Prantl (editors). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2, 5. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
83. Phillips, E. P. 1917. A contribution to the flora of the Leribe Plateau and environs. Ann. S. African Mus. 16: 1-379.
84. _. 1938. Ammocharis coranica. T. 712 in I. B. Pole-Evans (editor). The Flowering Plants of South Africa 18. L. Reeve, Ashford. Kent.
85. _. 1951. Amaryllidaceae. Pp. 198-207 in E. P. Phillips (editor). The genera of South African flowering plants, 2nd ed. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 25.
86. Pijl, L. Van der. 1982. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
87. Rendle, A. B. 1901. The bulbiform seeds of certain Amaryllideae. J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 26: 89-96.
88. Riedl, R. 1978. Order in Living Organisms, A Systems Analysis of Evolution. John Wiley, Chichester.
89. Rutherford, M. C. & R. H. Westfall. 1986. Biomes of southern Africa - An objective categorization. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 54: 1-98.
90. Satô, D. 1938. Karyotype evolution and phylogeny. IV. Karyotypes in Amaryllidaceae with special reference to the SAT-chromosome. Cytologia 9: 203-242.
91. Schlimbach, Von H. 1924. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Samenanlagen und Samen der Amaryllidaceen. Flora 117: 41-54.
92. Schulze, W. 1984. Beitrage zur Taxonomie der Liliifloren XIV. Der Umfang der Amaryllidaceae. Wiss. Z. Friedrich-Schiller Univ. Jena. Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 32: 985-1003.
93. Simpson, M. G. 1993. Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny of the Haemodoraceae. Syst. Bot. 18: 593-613,
94. Snijman, D. A. 1992. Systematic Studies in the Tribe Amaryllideae (Amaryllidaceae). Ph.D. Thesis. University of Cape Town.
95. _. 1994. Systematics of Hessea, Strumaria and Carpolyza (Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae). Contr. Bolus Herb. 16: 1-162.
96. _ & G. Williamson. 1994. A taxonomic re-assessment of Ammocharis herrei and Cybistetes longifolia (Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae). Bothalia 24: 127-132.
97. Stebbins, G. L. 1970. Transference of function as a factor in the evolution of seeds and their accessory structures. Israel J. Bot. 19: 59-70.
98. Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering Plants, Evolution above the Species Level. Edward Arnold, London.
99. Swofford, D. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 3.1.1. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.
100. Tankard, A. J. & J. Rogers. 1978. Late Cenozoic palaeoenvironments on the west coast of southern Africa. J. Biogeogr. 5: 319-337.
101. Toilliez-Genoud, J. 1965. L'ovule et la graine de Crinum giganteum And. (Amaryllidacées). Adansonia 5: 525-530.
102. Tomita, K. 1931. Über die Entwicklung des nackten Embryos von Crinum latifolium L. Sci. Rep. Tôhoku Imp. Univ. Ser. 4, Biol. 6: 163-169.
103. Traub, H. P. 1957. Classification of the Amaryllidaceae-Subfamilies, tribes and genera. Pl. Life 13: 76-83.
104. _. 1962. Classification of the Amaryllidaceae. Pl. Life 18: 50-54.
105. _. 1963. The Genera of Amaryllidaceae. The American Plant Life Society. La Jolla, California.
106. _. 1965. Addenda to Traub's "The Genera of the Amaryllidaceae" (1963). Pl. Life 21: 88-89.
107. _. 1967. Review of the Genus Nerine. The American Plant Life Society, La Jolla. California.
108. _. 1970. An Introduction to Herbert's "Amaryllidaceae, etc." 1837 and Related Works. J. Cramer, Lehre.
109. Troll, W. 1954. Praktische Einfuhrung in die Pflanzenmorphologie 1: Der Vegetative Aufbau. Gustav Fischer. Jena.
110. Turner, H. 1995. Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of Arytera Blume and Mischarytera gen. nov. (Sapindaceae) with notes on methodology and a full taxonomic revision. Blumea Suppl. Vol. 9: 1-230.
111. Venkateswarlu, J. & N. Lakshmi. 1978. A contribution the embryology of Crinum moorei L. Botanique (Nagpur, India) 8: 61-68.
112. Verdoorn, I. C. 1973. The genus Crinum in southern Africa. Bothalia 11: 27-52.
113. Vogel, S. 1990. The role of scent glands in pollination. Amerind. New Delhi. Translation of S. Vogel. 1963. Duftdrüssen im Dienste der Bestaubung. Über Bau und Funktion der Osmophoren. Akad. Wiss. Abh. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 10: 599-763.
114. Vosa, C. G. & P. D. Marchi. 1980. Chromosome analysis of Haemanthus and Scadoxus (Amarvllidaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 135: 119-126.
115. Watt, J. M. & M. G. Breyer-Brandwijk. 1962. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E. & S. Livingstone, Edinburgh.
116. West, J. G. & D. P. Faith. 1990. Data, methods and assumptions in phylogenetic inference. Austral. Syst. Bot. 3: 9-20.
117. Zohary, M. 1962. Plant Life of Palestine. Reinhold Press. London.