Endotoxin-based molecular strategies for the prevention and treatment of gram-negative sepsis and septic shock

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Volumn 216, Issue , 1996, Pages 275-297

  Pollack, M ^a   Ohl, C A ^a  

^a WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEGIBACTERIA;

BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CD14 ANTIGEN; CELL PROTEIN; CENTOXIN; E 5531; ENDOTOXIN; ENDOTOXIN ANTIBODY; GLYCOPROTEIN; LIPID A; LIPID A DERIVATIVE; LIPOPROTEIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY E5; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; POLYMYXIN B; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; SDZ MRL 953; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADSORPTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; EXCHANGE BLOOD TRANSFUSION; GRAM NEGATIVE INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LIMULUS; NONHUMAN; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SEPTIC SHOCK;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIGENS, CD14; ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC PEPTIDES; BLOOD PROTEINS; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; LIPOPROTEINS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; SEPSIS; SHOCK, SEPTIC;

EID: 0030322238     PISSN: 0070217X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80186-0_13     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Alpert G, Baldwin G, Thompson C, Wainwright N, Novitsky TJ, Gillis Z, Parsonnet J, Fleisher GR, Siber GR (1992) Limulus antilipopolysaccharide factor protects rabbits from meningococcal endotoxin shock. J Infect Dis 165 494-500
2. Ammons WS, Kohn FR, Kung AHC (1994) Protective effects of an N-terminal fragment of bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein in rodent models of gram-negative sepsis: role of bactericidal properties. J Infect Dis 170: 1473-1482
3. Appelmelk BJ, Cohen J (1992) The protective role of antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide core region. In: Ryan JL, Morrison DC (eds) Immunopharmacology and pathophysiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 375-410 (Bacterial endotoxic lipopolysaccharides, vol 2)
4. Appelmelk BJ, An Y-Q, Geerts M, Thijs BG, de Boer HA, MacLaren DM, de Graaff J, Nuijens JH (1994a) Lactoferrin is a lipid A-binding protein. Infect Immun 62: 2628-2632
5. 23) is a universal lipopolysaccharide-binding ligand. Infect Immun 62: 3564-3567
6. Arditi M, Zhou J, Dorio R, Rong GW, Goyert SM, Kim KS (1993) Endotoxin-mediated endothelial cell injury and activation: role of soluble CD14. Infect Immun 61: 3149-3156
7. Arditi M, Zhou J, Huang SH, Luckett PM, Marra MN, Kim KS (1994) Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein protects vascular endothelial cells from lipopolysaccharide-induced activation and injury. Infect Immun 62: 3930-3936
8. Astiz ME, Saha DC, Brooks K, Carpati CM, Rackow EC (1993) Comparison of the induction of endotoxin tolerance in endotoxemia and peritonitis by monophosphoryl lipid A and lipopolysaccharide. Circ Shock 39: 194-198
9. Astiz ME, Rackow EC, Still JG, Howell ST, Cato A, Von Eschen KB, Ulrich JT, Rudbach JA, McMahon G, Vargas R, Stern W (1995) Pretreatment of normal humans with monophosphoryl lipid A induces tolerance to endotoxin. a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial Crit Care Med 23. 9-17
10. Baldwin G, Alpert G, Caputo GL, Baskin M, Parsonnet J, Gillis ZA, Thompson C, Siber GR, Fleisher GR (1991) Effect of polymyxin B on experimental shock from meningococcal and Escherichia coli endotoxins. J Infect Dis 164. 542-549
11. Baumgartner JD, Heumann D, Gerain J, Weinbreck P, Grau GE, Glauser MP (1990) Association between protective efficacy of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies and suppression of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 J Exp Med 171: 889-896
12. Bogard WC Jr, Siegel SA, Leone AO, Damiano E, Shealy DJ, Ely TM, Frederick B, Mascelli MA, Siegel RC, Machielse B, Naveh D, Kaplan PM, Daddona PE (1993) Human monoclonal antibody HA-1A binds to endotoxin via an epitope in the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide J Immunol 150: 4438-4449
13. Bunnell E, Lynn M, Parrillo JE, Habet K, Friedhoff LT, Rogers SL (1995a) Effect of E5531 on systemic responses to endotoxin in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med 23: A147
14. Bunnell E, Neumann A, Lynn M, Friedhoff LT, Rogers SL, Habet K, Parrillo JE (1995b) E5531, an endotoxin antagonist, blocks the hyperdynamic and depressant cardiovascular effects of endotoxin in healthy subjects Crit Care Med 23. A151
15. Bysani GK, Shenep JL, Hildner WK, Stidham GL, Roberson PK (1990) Detoxification of plasma containing lipopolysaccharide by adsorption Crit Care Med 18: 67-71
16. Calvano SE, Thompson WA, Marra MN, Coyle SM, de Riesthal HF, Trousdale RK, Barie PS, Scott RW, Moldawer LL, Lowry SF (1994) Changes in polymorphonuclear leukocytes surface and plasma bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein during endotoxemia or sepsis. Arch Surg 129. 220-226
17. Carpati CM, Astiz ME, Saha DC, Rackow EC (1993) Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodopseudomonas sphaerodies induces tolerance to endotoxic shock in the rat. Crit Care Med 21: 753-758
18. Cavaillon JM, Fitting C, Haeffner-Cavaillon N, Kirsch SJ, Warren HS (1990) Cytokine response by monocytes and macrophages to free and lipoprotein-bound lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 58 2375-2382
19. Chen T-Y, Zapol WM, Greene E, Robinson DR, Rubin RH (1993) Protective effects of E5, an antiendotoxin monoclonal antibody, in the ovine pulmonary circulation. J Appl Physiol 75 233-239
20. Christ WJ, Asano O, Robidoux ALC, Perez M, Wang Y, Dubuc GR, Gavin WE, Hawkins LD, McGuinness PD, Mullarkey MA, Lewis MD, Kishi Y, Kawata T, Bristol JR, Rose JR, Rossignol DP, Kobayashi S, Hishinuma I, Kimura A, Asakawa N, Katayama K, Yamatsu I (1995) E5531, a pure endotoxin antagonist of high potency Science 268: 80-83
21. Cohen J, Aslam M, Pusey CD, Ryan CJ (1987) Protection from endotoxemia: a rat model of plasmapheresis and specific adsorption with polymyxin B. J Infect Dis 155: 690-695
22. Collins HH, Cross AS, Dobek A, Opal SM, McClain JB, Sadoff JC (1989) Oral ciprofloxacin and a monoclonal antibody to lipopolysaccharide protect leukopenic rats from lethal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa J Infect Dis 159: 1073-1082
23. Corrigan JJ Jr, Bell BM (1971) Endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation: prevention with polymyxin B sulfate J Lab Clin Med 77: 802-810
24. Coyne CP, Fenwick BW (1993) Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α synthesis by polymyxin B sulfate Am J Vet Res 54: 305-314
25. Cross AS (1994) Antiendotoxin antibodies: a dead end? Ann Intern Med 121 58-60
26. Cross AS, Opal S (1994) Therapeutic intervention in sepsis with antibody to endotoxin: is there a future? J Endotoxin Res 1: 57-69
27. Cross AS, Opal SM, Palardy JE, Bodmer MW, Sadoff JC (1993) The efficacy of combination immunotherapy in experimental Pseudomonas sepsis J Infect Dis 167: 112-118
28. Danner RL, Joiner KA, Rubin M, Patterson WH, Johnson N, Ayers K, Parrillo JE (1989) Purification, toxicity and antiendotoxin activity of polymyxin B nonapeptide Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33. 1428-1434
29. Dentener MA, Von EJU, Francot GJM, Marra MN, Buurman WA (1993) Antagonistic effects of lipopolysaccharide binding protein and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein on lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release by mononuclear phagocytes Competition for binding to lipopolysaccharide J Immunol 151: 4258-4265
30. Desch CE, O'Hara P, Harian JM (1989) Antilipopolysaccharide factor from horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, inhibits lipopolysaccharide activation of cultured human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 57: 1612-1614
31. Di Padova FE, Brade H, Barclay GR, Poxton IR, Liehl E, Schuetze E, Kocher HP, Ramsay G, Schreier MH, McClelland DB, Rietschel ET (1993) A broadly cross-protective monoclonal antibody binding to Escherichia coli and Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 61: 3863-3872
32. Drapkin MS, Wisch JS, Gelfand JA, Cannon JG, Dinarello CA (1989) Plasmapheresis for fulminant meningococcemia Pediatr Infect Dis J 8. 399-400
33. Durando MM, MacKay RJ, Linda S, Skelley LA (1994) Effects of polymyxin B and Salmonella typhimurium antiserum on horses given endotoxin intravenously. Am J Vet Res 55: 921-927
34. Elsbach P, Weiss J, Doerfler M, Shu C, Kohn C, Ammons WS, Kung AHC, Meszaros K, Parent JB, Gazzano-Santoro H, Huang K, Fishwild D (1994) The bactericidal/permeability increasing protein of neutrophils is a potent antibacterial and anti-endotoxin agent in vitro and in vivo. Prog Clin Biol Res 388: 41-51
35. Emancipator K, Csako G, Elin RJ (1992) In vitro inactivation of bacterial endotoxin by human lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Infect Immun 60. 596-601
36. Engelhardt R, Foster C, Golenbock D, Hildebrandt J, Landmann R, Mayer P, Stern AC, Stütz P (1994) SDZ MRL 953, a lipid A analog as selective cytokine inducer. J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1. 23
37. Evans TJ, Carpenter A, Moyes D, Martin R, Cohen J (1995) Protective effects of a recombinant amino-terminal fragment of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in an animal model of gram-negative sepsis. J Infect Dis 171: 153-160
38. Fisher CJ Jr, Marra MN, Palardy JE, Marchbanks CR, Scott RW, Opal SM (1994) Human neutrophil bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein reduces mortality rate from endotoxin challenge: a placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med 22: 553-558
39. Flegel WA, Baumstark MW, Weinstock C, Berg A, Northoff H (1993) Prevention of endotoxin-induced monokine release by human low- and high-density lipoproteins and by apolipoprotein A-I. Infect Immun 61: 5140-5146
40. Fletcher MA, McKenna TM, Quance JL, Wainwright NR, Williams TJ (1993) Lipopolysaccharide detoxification by endotoxin neutralizing protein. J Surg Res 55: 147-154
41. Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Stokes DC, Fairclough D, Hildner WK (1987) Polymyxin B moderates acidosis and hypotension in established, experimental gram-negative septicemia. J Infect Dis 156:706-712
42. Frey EA, Miller DS, Jahr TG, Sundan A, Bazil V, Espevik T, Finlay BB, Wright SD (1992) Soluble CD14 participates in the response of cells to lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 176: 1665-1671
43. Fujihara Y, Bogard WC, Lei M-G, Daddona PE, Morrison DC (1993a) Monoclonal anti-lipid A IgM antibodies HA-1A and E-5 recognize distinct epitopes on lipopolysaccharide and lipid A J Infect Dis 168: 1429-1435
44. Fujihara Y, Lei M-G, Morrison DC (1993b) Characterization of specific binding of a human immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody to lipopolysaccharide and its lipid A domain. Infect Immun 61: 910-918
45. Gallay P, Heumann D, Le Roy D, Barras C, Glauser MP (1993a) Lipolysaccharide-binding protein as a major plasma protein responsible for endotoxemic shock. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 9935-9938
46. Gallay P, Jongeneel CV, Barras C, Burnier M, Baumgartner J-D, Glauser MP, Neumann D (1993b) Short time exposure to lipopolysaccharide is sufficient to activate human monocytes. J Immunol 150: 5086-5093
47. Gallay P, Barras C, Tobias PS, Calandra T, Glauser MP, Heumann D (1994) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein in human serum determines the tumor necrosis factor responses of monocytes to LPS. J Infect Dis 170: 1319-1322
48. Gazzano-Santoro H, Parent JB, Grinna L, Horwtiz A, Parsons T, Theofan G, Elsbach P, Weiss J, Conlon PJ (1992) High-affinity binding of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and a recombinant amino-terminal fargment to the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 60: 4754-4761
49. 23, a recombinant fragment of bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein for binding to LPS and gram-negative bacteria. Infect Immun 62: 1185-1191
50. Gennaro R, Scocchi M, Storichi P, Romeo D, Tossi A, Zanetti M (1994) Identification of active domain in the LPS-binding CAP18 and in two homologous proteins from pig myeloid cells. J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1. 92
51. Goldblum SE, Brann TW, Ding X, Pugin J, Tobias PS (1994) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein and soluble CD14 function as accessory molecules for LPS-induced changes in endothelial barrier function, in vitro. J Clin Invest 93: 692-702
52. Golenbock DT, Hampton RY, Qureshi N, Takayama K, Raetz CRH (1991) Lipid A-like molecules that antagonized the effects of endotoxins on human monocytes J Biol Chem 266: 19490-19498
53. Golenbock DT, Delude RL, Christ W, Rossigno D, Millham F (1994) Relationship of LPS antagonists to CD14 J Endotoxin Res 1 Supp 1: 21
54. Greenman RL, Schein RMH, Martin MA, Wenzel RP, MacIntyre NR, Emmanuel G, Chmel H, Kohler RB, McCarthy M, Plouffe J, Russel JA, the XOMA Sepsis Study Group (1991) A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis. JAMA 266. 1097-1102
55. Grunwald U, Krüger C, Schütt C (1993) Endotoxin-neutralizing capacity of soluble CD14 is a highly conserved specific function Circ Shock 39: 220-225
56. Hailman E, Lichenstein HS, Wurfel MM, Miller DS, Johnson DA, Kelley M, Busse LA, Zukowski MM, Wright SD (1994) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein accelerates the binding of LPS to CD14. J Exp Med 179. 269-277
57. Han J, Mathison JC, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS (1994) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein, truncated at Ile-197, binds LPS but does not transfer LPS to CD14. J Biol Chem 269: 8172-8175
58. Hanasawa K, Tani T, Oka T, Yoshioka T, Aoki H, Endo Y, Kodama M (1988) Selective removal of endotoxin from the blood by extracoporeal hemoperfusion with polymyxin B immobilized fiber. Prog Clin Biol Res 264: 337-341
59. Harris HW, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR, Rapp JH (1990) Human very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons can protect against endotoxin-induced death in mice. J Clin Invest 86: 696-702
60. Harris HW, Grunfeld C, Reingold KR, Read TE, Kane JP, Jones AL, Eichbaum EB, Bland GF, Rapp JH (1993) Chylomicrons alter the fate of endotoxin, decreasing tumor necrosis factor release and preventing death. J Clin Invest 91: 1028-1034
61. Haziot A, Goyert BM (1994) Recombinant soluble CD14 inhibits LPS-induced mortality in a murine model. J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1: 20
62. Heine H, Brade H, Kusumoto S, Kusama T, Rietschel ET, Flad H, Ulmer AJ (1994) Inhibition of LPS binding on human monocytes by phosphonooxyethyl analogs of lipid A. J Endotoxin Res 1: 14-20
63. Helander IM, Nummila K, Kilpelainen I, Vaara M (1994) Increased substitution of phosphate groups in lipopolysaccharides and lipid A of polymyxin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1: 1
64. Heumann D, Gallay P, Betz-Corradin S, Barras C, Baumgartner J-D, Glauser MP (1993) Competition between bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein for lipopolysaccharide binding to monocytes J Infect Dis 167: 1351-1357
65. Hirata M, Shimomura Y, Yoshida M, Morgan JG, Palings I, Wilson D, Yen MH, Wright SC, Larrick JW (1994a) Characterization of a rabbit cationic protein (CAP18) with lipopolysaccharide-inhibitory activity. Infect Immun 62: 1421-1426
66. Hirata M, Shimomura Y, Yoshida M, Wright SC, Larrick JW (1994b) Endotoxin-binding synthetic peptides with endotoxin-neutralizing, antibacterial and anticoagulant activities Prog Clin Biol Res 388: 147-159
67. Hoffman WD, Pollack M, Banks SM, Koev LA, Solomon MA, Danner RL, Koles N, Guelde G, Yatsiv I, Mouginis T, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Bacher J, Porter JC, Natanson C (1994) Distinct functional activities in canine septic shock of monoclonal antibodies specific for the O polysaccharide and core regions of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. J Infect Dis 169: 553-561
68. Hofman J, Qureshi N, Takayama K, Kalin N, Manthey CL, Vogel SN, Lei M, Morrison DC (1994) Lipopolysaccharide-antagonizing effects of diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Rs-DPLA). Prog Clin Biol Res 388 95-106
69. Hubsch AP, Powell FS, Lerch PG, Doran JE (1993) A reconstituted, apolipoprotein A-1 containing lipoprotein reduces tumor necrosis factor release and attenuates shock in endotoxemic rabbits. Circ Shock 40: 14-23
70. 23) on cerebrospinal fluid inflammation induced by endotoxin J Infect Dis 171: 948-953
71. Katsikis P, Harris G, Page T, Paleolog E, Feldman M, Dalesandro MR, Kinney CS, Siegel SA, Woody JN, Daddona PE (1993) Antilipid A monoclonal antibody HA-1A: immune complex clearance of endotoxin reduces TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production. Cytokine 5: 348-353
72. Kawata T, Bristol J, McGuigan L, Rossignol D, Christ W, Robidoux A, Perez M, Asano O, Dubuc G, Hawkins L, Wang Y, Kishi Y, Kobayashi S, Katayama K, Yamatsu I (1992) Anti-endotoxin activities of E5531, a novel synthetic derivative of lipid A. 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, p 337
73. Kelly CJ, Cech AC, Argenteanu M, Gallagher H, Shou J, Minnard E, Daly JM (1993) Role of bactericidal permeability-increasing protein in the treatment of gram-negative pneumonia. Surgery 114 140-146
74. Kirkland TN, Ziegler EJ (1984) An immunoprotective monoclonal antibody to lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 132: 2590-2592
75. Kitchens RL, Ulevitch RJ, Munford RS (1992) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) partial structures inhibit responses to LPS in a human macrophage cell line without inhibiting LPS uptake by a CD14-mediated pathway J Exp Med 176: 485-494
76. Kloczewiak M, Black KM, Loiselle P, Cavaillon J-M, Wainwright N, Warren HS (1994) Synthetic peptides that mimic the binding site of horseshoe crab antilipopolysaccharide factor J Infect Dis 170. 1490-1497
77. Kohn FR, Kung AHC (1995) Role of endotoxin in acute inflammation induced by gram-negative bacteria: specific inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated responses with an amino-terminal fragment of bactericidai/permeability-increasing protein. Infect Immun 63: 333-339
78. Kohn FR, Ammons WS, Horwitz A, Grinna L, Theofan G, Weickmann J, Kung AHC (1993) Protective effect of a recombinant amino-terminal fragment of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in experimental endotoxemia. J Infect Dis 168: 1307-1310
79. Kovach NL, Yee E, Munford RS, Raetz CRH, Harlan JM (1990) Lipid IVA inhibits synthesis and release of tumor necrosis factor induced by lipopolysaccharide in human whole blood ex vivo. J Exp Med 172: 77-84
80. Krieger JI, Ftetcher RC, Siegel SA, Fearon DT, Neblock DS, Boutin RH, Taylor RP, Daddona PE (1993) Human anti-endotoxin antibody HA-1A mediates complement-dependent binding of Escherichia coli J5 lipopolysaccharide to complement receptor type 1 of human erythrocytes and neutrophils. J Infect Dis 167: 865-875
81. Kung AHC, Ammons WS, Lin Y, Kohn FR (1994) Efficacy of a recombinant amino terminal fragment of bactericidal/permeability increasing protein in rodents challenged with LPS or E. coli bacteria Prog Clin Biol Res 388. 255-263
82. Kuppermann N, Nelson DS, Saladino RA, Thompson CM, Sattler F, Novitsky TJ, Fleisher GR, Siber GR (1994) Comparison of a recombinant endotoxin-neutralizing protein with a human monoclonal antibody to endotoxin for the treatment of Escherichia coli sepsis in rats. J Infect Dis 170: 630-635
83. Landmann R, Zimmerli W, Sansano S, Link S, Hahn A, Glauser MP, Calandra T (1995) Increased circulating soluble CD14 is associated with high mortality in gram-negative septic shock. J Infect Dis 171: 639-644
84. Larrick JW, Hirata M, Balint RF, Lee J, Zhong J, Wright SC (1995) Human CAP18: a novel antimicrobial lipopolysaccharide-binding protem. Infect Immun 63. 1291-1297
85. Lee J, Kravchenko V, Kirkland TN, Han J, Mackman N, Monarty A, Leturcq D, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ (1993) Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored or integral membrane forms of CD14 mediate indentical cellular responses to endotoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 9930-9934
86. Lehrer RI, Lichtenstein AK, Ganz T (1993) Defensins: antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells. Annu Rev Immunol 11: 105-128
87. Lei M-G, Qureshi N, Morrison DC (1993) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding to 73-kDa and 38-kDa surface proteins on lymphoreticular cells: preferential inhibition of LPS binding to the former by Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides lipid A. Immunol Lett 36. 245-250
88. Leturcq DJ, Moriarty AM, Winn RK, Talbott G, Martin TR, Ulevitch R (1994) Therapeutic strategies to block LPS activation through the CD14 receptor J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1: 20
89. Levine DM, Parker TS, Donnelly TM, Walsh A, Rubin AL (1993) In vivo protection against endotoxin by plasma high density lipoprotein Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 12040-12044
90. Levy O, Weiss J, Zarember K, Ooi CE, Elsbach P (1993) Antibacterial 15-kDa protein isoforms (p15s) are members of a novel family of leukocyte proteins. J Biol Chem 268: 6058-6063
91. Lynn WA, Raetz CRH, Qureshi N, Golenbock DT (1991) Lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of CD11b/CD18 expression on neutrophils Evidence of specific receptor-based response and inhibition by lipid A-based antagonists. J Immunol 147: 3072-3079
92. Manthey CL, Perera PY, Qureshi N, Stutz PL, Hamilton TA, Vogel SN (1993) Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage gene expression by Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A and SDZ 880.431 Infect Immun 61. 3518-3526
93. Marra MN, Au-Young J, Lin L, Lane JC, Snable JL, Thornton MB, McKelligon BM, Seilhamer JJ, Scott RW (1994) Identification of bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) domains which are important for LPS neutralizing or transducing activity and circulating half-life. J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1. 18
94. Martin TR, Mongovin SM, Tobias PS, Mathison JC, Monarty AM, Leturcq DJ, Ulevitch RJ (1994) The CD14 differentiation antigen mediates the development of endotoxin responsiveness during differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes. J Leukocyte Biol 56. 1-9
95. Mascelli MA, Frederick B, Ely T, Neblock DS, Shealy DJ, Pak KY, Daddona PE (1993) Reactivity of the human antiendotoxin immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody HA-1A with lipopolysaccharides from rough and smooth gram-negative organisms Infect Immun 61: 1756-1763
96. Mathison JC, Virca GD, Wolfson E, Tobias PS, Glaser K, Ulevitch RJ (1990) Adaptation to bacterial lipopolysaccharide controls lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor production in rabbit macrophages. J Clin Invest 85. 1108-1118
97. Mathison JC, Tobias PS, Wolfson E, Ulevitch RJ (1992) Plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein. A key component in macrophage recognition of gram-negative LPS J Immunol 149: 200-206
98. Mathison J, Wolfson E, Steinemann S, Tobias P, Ulevitch R (1993) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition in macrophages Participation of LPS-binding protein and CD14 in LPS-induced adaptation in rabbit peritoneal exudate macrophages J Clin Invest 92: 2053-2059
99. McCloskey RV, Straube RC, Sanders C, Smith SM, Smith CR, the CHESS Trial Study Group (1994) Treatment of septic shock with human monoclonal antibody HA-1A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 121: 1-5
100. Morita T, Ohtsubo S, Nakamura T, Tanaka S, Iwanaga S, Ohashi K, Niwa M (1985) Isolation and biological activities of limulus anticoagulant (anti-LPS factor) which interacts with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). J Biochem 97: 1611-1620
101. Morrison DC, Jacobs DM (1976) Binding of polymyxin B to the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharides Immunochemistry 13: 813-818
102. Munoz C, Carlet J, Fitting C, Misset B, Blériot J-P, Cavaillon J-M (1991) Dysregulation of in vitro cytokine production by monocytes during sepsis J Clin Invest 88: 1747-1754
103. Natanson C, Hoffman WD, Danner RL, Koev LL, Banks SM, Walker LD, Parrillo JE (1989) A controlled trial of plasmapheresis (P) fails to improve outcome in an antibiotic treated canine model of human septsc shock (SS) Clin Res 37 346A
104. Nelson D, Kuppermann N, Fleisher GR, Hammer BK, Thompson CM, Garcia CT, Novitsky TJ, Parsonnett J, Onderdonk A, Siber GR, Saladmo RA (1995) Recombinant endotoxin neutralizing protein improves survival from Escherichia coli sepsis in rats. Crit Care Med 23: 92-98
105. Oishi K, Koles NL, Guelde G, Pollack M (1992) Antibacterial and protective properties of monoclonal antibodies reactive with Escherichia coli O111: B4 lipopolysaccharide: relation to antibody isotype and complement-fixing activity. J Infect Dis 165 34-45
106. Ono Y, Tokumura Y, Miyashita T, Kobayashi K, Kunii O (1994) Anti-endotoxic activity of murine monoclonal antibody (E5) assessed by inhibition of priming of human phagocytes by endotoxin Kansenshogaku Zasshi 68: 346-352
107. Ooi CE, Weiss J, Doerfler ME, Elsbach P (1991) Endotoxin-neutralizing properties of the 25 kD N-terminal fragment and a newly isolated 30 kD C-terminal fragment of the 55-60 kD bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein of human neutrophils. J Exp Med 174: 649-655
108. Opal SM, Palardy JE, Marra MN, Fisher CJ Jr, McKelligon BM, Scott RW (1994) Relative concentrations of endotoxin-binding proteins in body fluids during infection Lancet 344: 429-431
109. Paleolog EM, Katsikis P, Harris G, Daddona P, Dalesandro MR, Kinney CS, Woody JN, Feldmann M (1993) Antilipid A monoclonal antibody HA-1A decreases the capacity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to activate human vascular endothelial cells by an immune adherence mechanism. Cytokine 5: 570-577
110. Parent JB (1994) Recombinant bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (rBPI23) has potent antibacterial and antiendotoxin activity in vitro and in vivo J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1 18
111. Parent JB, Gazzano-Santoro H, Wood DM, Lim E, Pruyne PT (1992) Reactivity of monoclonal antibody E5 with endotoxin. II Binding to short-and long-chain smooth lipopolysaccharides. Circ Shock 38: 63-73
112. Parker TS, Levine DM, Chang JCC, Laxer J, Coffin CC, Rubin AL (1995) Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein neutralizes gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides in human whole blood. Infect Immun 63: 253-258
113. Pereira HA, Lacquement M, Spitznagel JK (1994) CAP37, a multifunctional neutrophil protein with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding activity. J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1: 93
114. Pereira HA, Erdem I, Pohl J, Spitznagel JK (1993) Synthetic bactericidal peptide based on CAP37: a 37-kDa human neutrophil granule-associated cationic antimicrobial protein chemotactic for monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 4733-4737
115. Pier GB, Koles NL, Meluleni G, Hatano K, Pollack M (1994) Specificity and funciton of murine monoclonal antibodies and immunization-induced human polyclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide subtypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup 06. Infect Immun 62: 1137-1143
116. Pollack M (1992a) Specificity and function of lipopolysaccharide antibodies. In Ryan JL, Morrison DC (eds) Immunopharmacology and pathophysiology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 347-374 (Bacterial endotoxic lipopolysaccharides vol 2)
117. Pollack M (1992b) Blood exchange and plasmapheresis in sepsis and septic shock Clin Infect Dis 15. 431-433
118. Pollack M, Oishi K, Chia J, Evans ME, Guelde G, Koles NL (1990) Specificity and function of monoclonal antibodies reactive with discrete structural elements of bacterial lipopolysaccharide Adv Exp Med Biol 256. 331-340
119. Pollack M, Espinoza AM, Guelde G, Koles NL, Wahl LM, Ohl CA (1995) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific monoclonal antibodies regulate LPS uptake and LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α responses by human monocytes J Infect Dis 172: 794-804
120. Pugin J, Schürer-Maly C-C, Leturcq D, Moriarty A, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS (1993a) Lipopolysaccharide activation of human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 2744-2748
121. Pugin J, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS (1993b) A critical role for monocytes and CD14 in endotoxin-induced endothelial cell activation. J Exp Med 178: 2193-2200
122. Quezado ZMN, Natanson C, Alling DW, Banks SM, Koev CA, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Bacher JD, Danner RL, Hoffman WD (1993) A controlled trial of HA-1A in a canine model of gram-negative septic shock JAMA 269: 2221-2227
123. Quezado ZMN, Natanson C, Banks SM, Alling DW, Koev CA, Danner RL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Parker TS, Levine DM, Rubin AL, Hoffman WD (1995) Therapeutic trial of reconstituted human high-density lipoprotein in an canine model of gram-negative septic shock. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272: 604-611
124. Qureshi N, Takayama K, Kurtz R (1991) Diphosphoryl lipid obtained from the nontoxic lipopolysaccharide of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is an endotoxin antagonist in mice Infect Immun 59: 441-444
125. Read TE, Harris HW, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR, Calhoun MC, Kane JP, Rapp JH (1993) Chylomicrons enhance endotoxin excretion in bile. Infect Immun 61: 3496-3502
126. Read TE, Grunfled C, Kumwenda Z, Calhoun MC, Kane JP, Feingold KR, Rapp JH (1995) Triglyceriderich lipoproteins improve survival when given after endotoxin in rats. Surgery 117: 62-67
127. Rietshcel ET, Kinkae T, Schade FU, Ulmer AJ, Holst O, Brade H, Schmidt G, Mamat U, Grimmecke H-D, Kusumoto S, Zähringer U (1993) The chemical structure of bacterial endotoxin in relation to bioactivity. Immunobiology 187: 169-190
128. Riestchel ET, Kirikae T, Schade FU, Mamat U, Schmidt G, Loppnow H, Ulmer AJ, Zähringer U, Seydel U, Di Padova F, Schreier M, Brade H (1994) Bacterial endotoxin, molecular relationships of structure to activity and function FASEB J 8: 217-225
129. Rogy MA, Moldawer LL, Oldenburg HSA, Thompson WA, Montegut WJ, Stackpole SA, Kuman A, Palladino MA, Marra MN, Lowry SF (1994) Anti-endotoxin therapy in primate bacteremia with HA-1A and BPI. Ann Surg 220: 77-85
130. Romulo RL, Palardy JE, Opal SM (1993) Efficacy of anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibody E5 alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin in neutropenic rats with Pseudomonas sepsis. J Infect Dis 167: 126-130
131. Roth J, McClellan JL, Kluger MJ, Zeisberger E (1994) Attenuation of fever and release of cytokines after repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide in guinea-pigs J Physiol (Lond) 477(1), 177-185
132. Roth RI, Tobias PS (1993) Lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins of Limulus amebocyte lysate Infect Immun 61: 1033-1039
133. Rudbach JA, Myers KR, Rechtman DJ, Ulrich JT (1994) Prophylactic use of monophosphoryl lipid A in patients at risk for sepsis. Prog Clin Biol Res 388: 107-124
134. Rustici A, Velucchi M, Faggioni R, Sironi M, Ghezzi P, Quataert S, Green B, Porro M (1993) Molecular mapping and detoxification of the lipid A binding site by synthetic peptides. Science 259: 361-365
135. Saladino R, Garcia C, Thompson C, Hammer B, Parsonnet J, Novitsky T, Siber G, Fleisher G (1994) Efficacy of a recombinant endotoxin neutralizing protein in rabbits with Escherichia coli sepsis. Circ Shock 42 104-110
136. Schumann RR, Leong SR, Flaggs GW, Gray PW, Wright SD, Mathison JC, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ (1990) Structure and function of lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Science 249: 1429-1431
137. Schütt C, Schilling T, Grunwald U, Schönfeld W, Krüger C (1992) Endotoxin-neutralizing capacity of soluble CD14 Res Immunol 143: 71-78
138. Siegel SA, Evans ME, Pollack M, Leone AO, Kinney CS, Tam SH, Daddona PE (1993) Antibiotics enhance binding by the human lipid A-reactive monoclonal antibody HA-1A to smooth gram-negative bacteria Infect Immun 61: 512-519
139. Steinemann S, Ulevitch RJ, Mackman N (1994) Role of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein/ CD14 pathway in LPS induction of tissue factor expression in monocytic cells. Arteriosclerosis Thromb 14: 1202-1209
140. Stall BJ, Pollack M, Young LS, Koles NL, Gascon R, Pier GB (1986) Functionally active monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope on the O side chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype-1 lipopolysaccharide Infect Immun 53 656-662
141. Storm DR, Rosenthal KS, Swanson PE (1977) Polymyxin and related peptide antibiotics Annu Rev Biochem 46 723-763
142. Takayama K, Qureshi N, Beutler B, Kirkland TN (1989) Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ATCC 17023 blocks induction of cachectin in macrophages by lipopoaysaccharide. Infect Immun 57: 1336-1338
143. Tanaka S, Nakamura T, Morita T, Iwanaga S (1982) Limulus anti-LPS factor: an anticoagulant which inhibits the endotoxin-mediated activation of limulus coagulation system Biochem Biophys Res Commun 105: 717-723
144. Teng NNH, Kaplan HS, Hebert JM, Moore C, Douglas H, Wunderlich A, Braude AI (1985) Protection against gram-negative bacteremia and endotoxemia with human monoclonal IgM antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 1790-1794
145. Terashima M, Uezumi I, Tomio T, Kato M, Irie K, Okuda T, Yokota S, Noguchi H (1991) A protective human monoclonal antibody directed to the outer core region of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide Infect Immum 59: 1-6
146. Theofan G, Horwitz AH, Williams RE, Liu P-S, Chan I, Birr C, Carroll SF, Mészáros K, Parent JB, Kasler H, Aberle S, Trown PW, Gazzano-Santoro H (1994) An amino-terminal fragment of human lipopolysaccharide-binding protein retains lipid A binding but not CD14-stimulatory activity. J Immunol 152: 3623-3629
147. Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ (1993) Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and CD14 in LPS dependent macrophage activation. Immunobiology 187: 227-232
148. Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ (1994) Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and CD14 in the lipopolysaccharide-dependent activation of cells Chest 105 Suppl 3: 48S-50S
149. Tobias PS, Mathison JC, Ulevitch RJ (1988) A family of lipopolysaccharide binding proteins involved in responses to gram-negative sepsis J Biol Chem 263: 13479-13481
150. Tobias PS, Mathison J, Mintz D, Lee JD, Kravchenko V, Kato K, Pugin J, Ulevitch RJ (1992) Participation of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in lipopolysaccharide-dependent macrophage activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 7. 239-245
151. Togari H, Mikawa M, Iwanaga T, Matsumoto N, Kawase A, Hagisawa M, Ogino T, Goto R, Watanabe I, Kito H, Ogawa Y, Wada Y (1983) Endotoxin clearance by exchange blood transfusion in septic shock neonates. Acta Paediatr Scand 72: 87-91
152. Tonoli M, Davies KA, Norsworthy PJ, Cohen J, Walport MJ (1993) The anti-lipid A antibody HA-1A binds to rough gram-negative bacteria, fixes complement and facilitates binding to erythrocyte CR1 (CD35). Clin Exp Immunol 92: 232-238
153. Ulevitch RJ, Johnston AR (1978) The modification of biophysical and endotoxic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by serum. J Clin Invest 62: 1313-1324
154. Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS (1994) Recognition of endotoxin by cells leading to transmembrane signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 6: 125-130
155. Ulevitch RJ, Johnston AR, Weinstein DB (1979) New function for high density lipoproteins. Their participation in intravascular reaction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides J Clin Invest 64: 1516-1524
156. 125I-lipopolysaccharide Infect Immun 60: 5145-5152
157. Ulmer AJ, Heine H, Feist W, Wang M-H, Loppnow H, Kirikae T, Kirikae F, Kusumoto S, Kusama T, Brade H, Schade U, Rietschel ET, Flad H-D (1994) Biological activity of lipid A partial structures. Prog Clin Biol Res 388 71-83
158. Van Deuren M, Santman FW, van Dalen R, Sauerwein RW, Span LFR, van der Meer JWM (1992) Plasma and whole blood exchange in meningococcal sepsis. Clin Infect Dis 15: 424-430
159. Van Deuren M, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Demacker PNM, Bartelink AKM, van Daten R, Sauerwein RW, Gallati H, Vannice JL, van der Meer JWM (1994) Differential expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their inhibitors during the course of meningococcal infections. J Infect Dis 169: 157-161
160. 23 inhibits endotoxicity in humans. J Endotoxin Res 1 Suppl 1: 18
161. Vogel SN, Henricson BE (1990) Role of cytokines as mediators of endotoxin-induced manifestations: a comparison of cytokines induced by doses of LPS and MPL that elicit comparable early endotoxin tolerance. In: Nowotny A, Spitzer JJ, Ziegler EJ (eds) Cellular and molecular aspects of endotoxin reactions Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 465-474
162. Walterspiel JW, Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr (1986) Protective effect of subinhibitory polymyxin B alone and in combination with ampicillin for overwhelming Haemophilus influenzae type B infection in the infant rat: evidence for in vivo and in vitro release of free endotoxin after ampicillin treatment Pediatr Res 20: 237-241
163. Wang M-H, Flad H-D, Feist W, Brade H, Kusumoto S, Rietschel ET, Ulmer AJ (1991) Inhibition of endotoxin-induced interleukin-6 production by synthetic lipid A partial structures in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells Infect Immun 59 4655-4664
164. Wang M-H, Flad H-D, Feist W, Musehold J, Kusumoto S, Brade H, Gerdes J, Rietschel ET, Ulmer AJ (1992) Inhibition of endotoxin or lipid A-induced tumor necrosis factor production by synthetic lipid A partial structures in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 11: 23
165. Warren HS, Danner RL, Munford RS (1992a) Anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 326: 1153-1157
166. Warren HS, Glennon ML, Wainwnght N, Amato SF, Black KM, Kirsch SJ, Riveau GR, Whyte RI, Zapol WM, Novitsky TJ (1992b) Binding and neutralization of endotoxin by Limulus antilipopolysaccharide factor Infect Immun 60: 2506-2513
167. Warren HS, Amato SF, Fitting C, Black KM, Loiselle PM, Pasternack MS, Cavaillon J-M (1993) Assessment of ability of murine and human anti-lipid A monoclonal antibodies to bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide J Exp Med 177: 89-97
168. Weingarten R, Sklar LA, Mathison JC, Omidi S, Ainsworth T, Simon S, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS (1993) Interactions of lipopolysaccharide with neutrophils in blood via CD14. J Leukocyte Biol 53: 518-524
169. Weinstein SL, June CH, DeFranco AL (1993) Lipopolyssacharide-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human macrophages is mediated by CD14. J Immunol 151: 3829-3838
170. 2-terminal fragment cause killing of serum-resistant gram-negative bacteria in whole blood and inhibit tumor necrosis factor release induced by the bacteria. J Clin Invest 90: 1122-1130
171. Wenzel RP (1992) Anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibodies - a second look. N Engl J Med 326: 1151-1153
172. Wenzel RP, Bone R, Fein A, Quenzer R, Schentag J, Gorelick KJ, Wedel NI, Perl T (1991) Results of a second double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of antiendotoxin antibody E5 in gram-negative sepsis 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, p 294
173. Westendorp RGJ, Brandt A, Thompson J, Dik H, Meinders AE (1990) Experiences with plasma- and leucapheresis in meningococcal septicaemia. Intensive Care Med 16. S102
174. Wilde CG, Seilhamer JJ, McGrogan M, Ashton M, Snable JL, Lane JC, Leong SR, Thornton MB, Miller KL, Scott RW, Marra MN (1994) Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein J Biol Chem 269: 17411-17416
175. Wood DM, Parent JB, Gazzano-Santoro H, Lim E, Pruyne PT, Watkins JM, Spoor ES, Reardan DT, Trown PW, Conlon PJ (1992) Reactivity of monoclonal antibody E5 with endotoxin. I. Binding to lipid A and rough lipopolysaccharides Circ Shock 38. 55-62
176. Wortel CH, von der Möhien MAM, van Deventer SJH, Sprung CL, Jastremski M, Lubbers MJ, Smith CR, Allen IE, ten Cate JW (1992) Effectiveness of human monoclonal anti-endotoxin antibody (HA-1A) in gram-negative sepsis: relationship to endotoxin and cytokine levels. J Infect Dis 166. 1367-1374
177. Worthen GS, Avdt N, Vukajlovich S, Tobias PS (1992) Neutrophil adherence induced by lipopolysaccharide in vitro. Role of plasma component interaction with lipopolysaccharide J Clin Invest 90: 2526-2535
178. Wright SD (1991) CD14 and immune response to lipopolysaccharide Science 252: 1321-1322
179. Wright SD, Ramos RA, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ, Mathison JC (1990) CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science 249: 1431-1433
180. Wurfel MM, Kunitake ST, Lichenstein H, Kane JP, Wright SD (1994) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein is carried on lipoproteins and acts as a cofactor in the neutralization of LPS. J Exp Med 180: 1025-1035
181. Yang Z, Khemlani LS, Dean DF, Carter CD, Slauson DO, Bochsler PN (1994) Serum components enhance bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced tissue factor expression and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by bovine alveolar macrophages in vitro J Leukocyte Biol 55: 483-488
182. Yasui K, Komiyama A, Molski TFP, Sha'afa RI (1994) Pentoxifylline and CD14 antibody additively inhibit priming of polymorphonuclear leukocytes for enhanced release of superoxide by lipopolysaccharide. possible mechanism of these actions. Infect Immum 62 922-927
183. Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ, Sprung CL, Straube RC, Sadoff JC, Foulke JC, Wortel CH, Fink MP, Dellinger RP, Teng NNH, Allen IE, Berger HJ, Knatterud GL, Lobuglio AF, Smith CR, the HA-1A Study Group (1991) Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. N Engl J Med 324. 429-436
184. Ziegler EJ, Smith CR (1992) Anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 326: 1165
185. Zuckerman SH, Qureshi N (1992) In vivo inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality and tumor necrosis factor synthesis by Rhodobacter sphaemides diphosphoryl lipid A is dependent on corticosterone induction. Infect Immun 60 2582-2587