Tumor necrosis factor and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Volumn 216, Issue , 1996, Pages 166-187

  Brouckaert, P ^a   Fiers, W ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SYSTEMS BIOLOGY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 6; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NITRIC OXIDE; OROSOMUCOID; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTIBODY; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; DESENSITIZATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; INFLAMMATION; MEDIATOR; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSITIZATION; SEPSIS;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 0030321733     PISSN: 0070217X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80186-0_8     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Alexander HR, Doherty GM, Buresh CM, Venzon DJ, Norton JA (1991) A recombinant human receptor antagonist to interleukin 1 improves survival after lethal endotoxemia in mice. J Exp Med 173: 1029-1032
2. Alzani R, Corti A, Grazioli L, Cozzi E, Ghezzi P, Marcucci F (1993) Suramin induces deoligomerization of human tumor necrosis factor α. J Biol Chem 268: 12526-12529
3. Barbara JAJ, Smith WB, Gamble JR, Van Ostade X, Vandenabeele P, Tavernier J, Fiers W, Vadas MA, Lopez AF (1994) Dissociation of TNF-α cytotoxic and proinflammatory activities by p55 receptor-and p75 receptor-selective TNF-α mutants. EMBO J 13: 843-850
4. 1-acid glycoprotein genes and relationship to other type 1 acute phase plasma proteins. In. Mackiewicz A, Kushner I, Baumann H (eds) Acute phase proteins Molecular biology, biochemistry, and clinical applications CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 409-423
5. Beutler B, Grau GE (1993) Tumor necrosis factor in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases Crit Care Med 21: S423-S435
6. Beutler B, Greenwald D, Hulmes JD, Chang M, Pan YC, Mathison J, Ulevitch R, Cerami A (1985a) Identity of tumour necrosis factor and the macrophage-secreted factor cachectin Nature 316: 552-554
7. Beutler B, Milsark IW, Cerami AC (1985b) Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin Science 229: 869-980
8. Beutler B, Krochin N, Milsark IW, Luedke C, Cerami A (1986) Control of cachectin (tumor necrosis factor) synthesis, mechanisms of endotoxin resistance Science 232. 977-980
9. Beutler B, Han J, Kruys V, Giroir BP (1992) Coordinate regulation of TNF biosynthesis at the levels of transcription and tanslation. Patterns of TNF expression in vivo. In. Beutler B (ed) Tumor necrosis factors. The molecules and their emerging role in medicine. Raven New York, pp 561-574
10. Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Fiers W, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA (1986) Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83. 4533-4537
11. Bevilacqua MP, Wheeler ME, Pober JS, Fiers W, Mendrick DL, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA (1987) Endothelial-dependent mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion: regulation by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. In. Movat HZ (ed) Leukocyte emigration and its sequelae. Karger, Basel, pp 79-93
12. Brouckaert PGG, Leroux-Roels GG, Guisez Y, Tavernier J, Fiers W (1986) In vivo antitumour activity of recombinant human and murine TNF, alone and in combination with murine IFN-gamma, on a syngeneic murine melanoma. Int J Cancer 38: 763-769
13. Brouckaert P, Spriggs DR, Demetri G, Kufe DW, Fiers W (1989a) Circulating interleukin 6 during a continuous infusion of tumor necrosis factor and interferon γ J Exp Med 169: 2257-2262
14. Brouckaert PG, Libert C, Everaerdt B, Takahashi N, Fiers W (1989b) A role for interleukin 1 in the in vivo actions of tumor necrosis factor. Lymphokine Res 8: 269-274
15. Brouckaert P, Everaerdt B, Fiers W (1992a) The glucocorticoid antagonist RU38486 mimics interleukin-1 in its sensitization to the lethal and interleukin-6-inducing properties of tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Immunol 22: 981-986
16. Brouckaert P, Libert C, Everaerdt B, Fiers W (1992b) Selective species specificity of tumor necrosis factor for toxicity in the mouse. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 11: 193-196
17. Brouckaert P, Everaerdt B, Libert C, Takahashi N, Cauwels A, Fiers W (1993a) Strategies to broaden the therapeutic margin of tumor necrosis factor. In: Fiers W, Buurman WA (eds) Tumor necrosis factor: molecular and cellular biology and clinical relevance. Karger, Basel, pp 226-232
18. Brouckaert P, Libert C, Everaerdt B, Takahashi N, Cauwels A, Fiers W (1993b) Tumor necrosis factor, its receptors and the connection with interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 Immunobiology 187: 317-329
19. Brouckaert P, Ameloot P, Cauwels A, Everaerdt B, Libert C, Takahashi N, Van Molle W, Fiers W (1994) Receptor-selective mutants of tumour necrosis factor in the therapy of cancer: preclinical studies. Circ Shock 43: 185-190
20. Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B (1975) An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 3666-3670
21. Cauwels A, Brouckaert P, Grooten J, Huang S, Aguet M, Fiers W (1995) Involvement of IFN-γ in bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced but not in tumor-induced sensitization to TNF-induced lethality. J Immunol 154: 2753-2763
22. Cauwels A, Fiers W, Brouckaert P (1996) Murine IL-12 is involved in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced sensitization and is by itself sufficient to sensitize mice to the lethal effects of human TNF. J Immunol 156 (in press)
23. Clauss M, Ryan J, Stern D (1992) Modulation of endothetial cell hemostatic properties by TNF: insights into the role of endothelium in the host response to inflammator stimuli. In: Beutler B (ed) Tumor necrosis factors The molecules and their emerging role in medicine. Raven , New York, pp 49-63
24. ω-amino-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, raises vascular resistance but increases mortality rates in awake canines challenged with endotoxin. J Exp Med 176 1175-1182
25. Darnay BG, Reddy SAG, Aggarwal BB (1994a) Physical and functional association of a serine-threonine protein kinase to the cytoplasmic domain of the p80 form of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor in human histiocytic lymphoma U-937 cells. J Biol Chem 269: 19687-19690
26. Darnay BG, Reddy SAG, Aggarwal BB (1994b) Identification of a protein kinase associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the p60 tumor necrosis factor receptor. J Biol Chem 269. 20299-20304
27. Echtenacher B, Falk W, Männel DN, Krammer PH (1990) Requirement of endogenous tumor necrosis factor/cachectin for recovery from experimental peritonitis. J Immunol 145: 3762-3766
28. Eck MJ, Sprang SR (1989) The structure of tumor necrosis factor-α at 2 6 Å resolution Implications for receptor binding. J Biol Chem 264: 17595-17605
29. Eggermont AMM, Liénard D, Schraffordt Koops H, Rosenkaimer F, Lejeune FJ (1993) Treatment of irresectable soft tissue sarcomas of the limbs by isolation perfusion with high dose TNFα in combination with interferon-γ and melphalan. In: Fiers W, Buurman WA (eds) Tumor necrosis factor molecular and cellular biology and clinical relevance. Karger, Basel pp 239-243
30. Erickson SL, de Sauvage FJ, Kikly K, Carver-Moore K, Pitts-Meek S, Gillett N, Sheekan KCF, Schreiber RD, Goeddel DV, Moore MW (1994) Decreased sensitivity to tumour-necrosis factor but normal T-cell development in TNF receptor-2-deficient mice. Nature 372: 560-563
31. Evans TJ, Moyes D, Carpenter A, Martin R, Loetscher H, Lesslauer W, Cohen J (1994a) Protective effect of 55- but not 75-kD soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-immunoglobulin G fusion proteins in an animal model of gram-negative sepsis J Exp Med 180: 2173-2179
32. Evans TJ, Carpenter A, Silva A, Cohen J (1994b) Inhibition of nitirc oxide synthase in experimental gram-negative sepsis. J Infect Dis 169: 343-349
33. Everaerdt B, Brouckaert P, Shaw A, Fiers W (1989) Four different interleukin-1 species sensitize to the lethal action of tumour necrosis factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 163: 378-385
34. Everaerdt B, Brouckaert P, Fiers W (1994) Recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist protects against TNF-induce lethality in mice. J Immunol 152: 5041-5049
35. Farrar M, Schreiber R (1993) The molecular cell biology of interferon-γ and its receptor Annu Rev Immunol 11: 571-611
36. Fiers W (1995) Biologic therapy with TNF: preclinical studies. In. DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Biologic therapy of cancer, 2nd edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 295-327
37. Fiorentino DF, Zlotnik A, Mosmann TR, Howard M, O'Garra A (1991) IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages J Immunol 147: 3815-3822
38. Fischer E, Marano MA, Van Zee KJ, Rock CS, Hawes AS, Thompson WA, DeForge L, Kenney JS, Remick DG, Bloedow DC, Thompson RC, Lowry SF, Moldawer LL (1992) Interleukin-1 receptor blockade improves survival and hemodynamic performance in Escherichia coli shock, but fails to alter host responses to sublethal endotoxemia. J Clin Invest 89. 1551-1557
39. Florquin S, Amraoui Z, Dubois C, Decuyper J, Goldman M (1994) The protective role of endogenously synthesized nitric oxide in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced shock in mice. J Exp Med 180: 1153-1158
40. Flynn RM, Palladino MA (1992) TNF and TGF-β. the opposite sides of the avenue? In: Beutler B (ed) Tumor necrosis factors The molecules and their emerging rote in medicine Raven, New York, pp 131-144
41. Fraker DL, Alexander HR, Pass HI (1995) Biologic therapy with TNF: systemic administration and isolation-perfusion. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) Biologic therapy of cancer, 2nd edn, Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 329-345
42. Fransen L, Müller R, Marmenout A, Tavernier J, Van der Heyden J, Kawashima E, Chollet A, Tizard R, Van Heuversweyn H, Van Vliet A, Ruysschaert MR, Fiers W (1985) Molecular cloning of mouse tumour necrosis factor cDNA and its eukaryotic expression. Nucleic Acids Res 13: 4417-4429
43. Gamble JR, Smith WB, Vadas MA (1992) TNF modulation of endothelial and neutrophil adhesion. In: Beutler B (ed) Tumor necrosis factors The molecules and their emerging role in medicine. Raven, New York, pp 65-86
44. Gatety MK, Warrier RR, Honasonge S, Carvajal DM, Faherty DA, Connaughton SE, Anderson TD, Sarmiento U, Hubbard BR, Murphy M (1994) Administration of recombinant IL-12 to normal mice enhances cytolytic lymphocyte activity and induces production of IFN-γ in vivo Int Immunol 6: 157-167
45. Gearing AJH, Beckett P, Christodoulou M, Churchill M, Clements J, Davidson AH, Drummond AH, Galloway WA, Gilbert R, Gordon JL, Leber TM, Mangan M, Miller K, Nayee P, Owen K, Patel S, Thomas W, Wells G, Wood LM, Wolley K (1994) Processing of tumour necrosts factor-α precursor by metalloproteinases. Nature 370: 555-557
46. Geng Y, Hansson GK, Holme E (1992) Inferferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor synergize to induce nitric oxide production and inhibit mitochondrial respiration in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 71: 1268-1276
47. Geroulanos S, Schilling J, Cakmakci M, Jung HH, Largiader F (1992) Inhibition of NO synthesis in septic shock. Lancet 339. 435
48. Girardin E, Grau GE, Dayer JM, Roux-Lombard P, The J5 Study Group, Lambert PH (1988) Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in the serum of children with severe infectious purpura. N Engl J Med 319: 397-400
49. Griffiths MJD, Curzen NP, Sair M, Evans TW (1994) Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in septic shock-theoretical considerations. Clin Intensive Care 5: 29-36
50. Grunfeld C, Wilking H, Neese R, Gavin LA, Moser AH, Gulli R, Serio MK, Feingold KR (1989) Persistence of the hypertriglycendemic effect of tumor necrosis factor despite development of tachyphylaxis to its anorectic/cachectic effects in rats. Cancer Res 49: 2554-2560
51. Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Stadler J, Demetris AJ, Ochoa JB, Curran RD, Simmons RL (1992) Nitric oxide synthesis serves to reduce hepatic damage during acute murine endotoxemia. Crit Care Med 20: 1568-1574
52. 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3803-3807
53. Heremans H, Van Damme J, Dilien C, Dijkmans R, Billiau A (1990) Interferon γ, a mediator of lethal lipopolysaccharide-induced Shwartzman-like shock reactions in mice. J Exp Med 171 1853-1869
54. Heremans H, Dillen C, Put W, Van Damme J, Billiau A (1992) Protective effect of anti-interleukin (IL)-6 antibody against endotoxin, associated with paradoxically increased IL-6 levels, Eur J Immunol 22: 2395-2401
55. Jones EY, Stuart DI, Walker NPC (1989) Structure of tumour necrosis factor. Nature 338: 225-228
56. Kamijo R, Le J, Shaptro D, Havell EA, Huang S, Aguet M, Bosland M, Vilcek J (1993) Mice that lack the interferon-γ receptor have profoundly altered responses to infection with bacillus Calmette-Guérin and subsequent challenge with tipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 178: 1435-1440
57. G-methyl-L-arginine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced hypotension: implications for the involvement of nitric oxide Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3629-3632
58. Kruys V, Thompson P, Beutler B (1993) Tumor necrosis factor biosynthesis: from gene to protein In Fiers W, Buurman WA (eds) Tumor necrosis factor: molecular and cellular biology and clinical relevance. Karger, Basel, pp 10-18
59. Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger DN (1991) Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 4651-4655
60. Lehmann V, Freudenberg MA, Galanos C (1987) Lethal toxicity of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor in normal and D-galactosamine-treated mice. J Exp Med 165: 657-663
61. Leist M, Gantner F, Bohlinger I, Tiegs G, Germann PG, Wendel A (1995a) Tumor necrosis factor-induced hepatocyte apoptosis precedes liver failure in experimental murine shock models. Am J Pathol 146: 1220-1234
62. Leist M, Gantner F, Jilg S, Wendel A (1995b) Activation of the 55 kDa TNF receptor is necessary and sufficient for TNF-induced liver failure, hepatocyte apoptosis, and nitrite release. J Immunol 154: 1307-1316
63. Lejeune F, Liénard D, Eggermont A, Schraffordt Koöps H, Kroon B, Gérain J, Rosenkaimer F, Schmitz P (1994) Clinical experience with high-dose tumor necrosis factor alpha in regional therapy of advanced melanoma. Circ Shock 43: 191-197
64. Lewis M, Tartaglia LA, Lee A, Bennett GL, Rice GC, Wong GHW, Chen EY, Goeddel DV (1991) Cloning and expression of cDNAs for two distinct murine tumor necrosis factor receptors demonstrate one receptor is species specific Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 2830-2834
65. Li P, Allen H, Banerjee S, Franklin S, Herzog L, Johnston C, McDowell J, Paskind M, Rodman L, Salfeld J, Towne E, Tracey D, Wardweli S, Wei F, Wong W, Kamen R, Seshadrt T (1995) Mice deficient in IL-1β-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80: 401-411
66. Libert C, Brouckaert P, Shaw A, Fiers W (1990) Induction of interleukin 6 by human and murine recombinant interleukin 1 in mice Eur J Immunol 20: 691-694
67. Libert C, Van Bladel S, Brouckaert P, Fiers W (1991a) The influence of modulating substances on tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 levels after injection of murine tumor necrosis factor or hpopolysaccharide in mice J Immunother 10: 227-235
68. Libert C, Van Bladet S, Brouckaert P, Shaw A, Fters W (1991b) Involvement of the liver, but not of SL-6. in IL-1-induced desensrtization to the lethal effects of tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 146: 2625-2632
69. Libert C, Vink A, Coulie P, Brouckaert P, Everaerdt B, Van Snick J, Fiers W (1992) Limited involvement of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of lethal septic shock as revealed by the effect of monoclonal antibodies against interleukm-6 or its receptor in various murine models. Eur J Immunol 22: 2625-2630
70. Libert C, Takahashi N, Cauwels A, Brouckaert P, Bluethmann H, Fiers W (1994a) Response of interleukin-6-deficient mice to tumor necrosis factor-induced metabolic changes and lethality. Eur J Immunol 24: 2237-2242
71. 1-acid glycoprotein against tumor necrosis factor-induced lethality. J Exp Med 180: 1571-1575
72. Loetscher H, Stueber D, Banner D, Mackay F, Lesslauer W (1993) Human tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) mutants with exclusive specificity for the 55-kDa or 75-kDa TNF receptors. J Biol Chem 268. 26350-26357
73. Lowry SF, Moldawer LL, Galvano SE (1994) Cytokine markers of the human response to sepsis. In: Vincent J-L (ed) Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 14-23
74. Marmenout A, Fransen L, Tavernier J, Van der Heyden J, Tizard R, Kawashima E, Shaw A, Johnson MJ, Semon D, Müller R, Ruysschaert MR, Van Vliet A, Fiers W (1985) Molecular cloning and expression of human tumor necrosis factor and comparison with mouse tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Biochem 152. 515-522
75. McGeehan GM, Becherer JD, Bast RC Jr, Boyer CM, Champion B, Connolly KM, Conway JG, Furdon P, Karp S, Kidao S, McElroy AB, Nichols J, Pryzwansky KM, Schoenen F, Sekut L, Truesdale A, Verghese M, Warner J, Ways JP (1994) Regulation of tumour necrosis factor-α processing by a metalloproteinase inhibitor. Nature 370: 558-561
76. Mohler KM, Sleath PR, Fitzner JN, Cerretti DP, Alderson M, Kerwar SS, Torrance DS, Otten-Evans C, Greenstreet T, Weerawarna K, Kronheim SR, Petersen M, Gerhart M, Kozlosky CJ, March CJ, Black RA (1994) Protection against a lethal dose of endotoxin by an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor processing. Nature 370: 218-220
77. Offner F, Philippé J, Vogelaers D, Colardyn F, Baele G, Baudrihaye M, Vermeulen A, Leroux-Roels G (1990) Serum tumor necrosis factor levels in patients with infectious disease and septic shock J Lab Clin Med 116: 100-105
78. Ogasawara J, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Adachi M, Matsuzawa A, Kasugal T, Kitamura Y, Itoh N, Suda T, Nagata S (1993) Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature 364: 806-809
79. Ohlsson K, Björk P, Bergenfeldt M, Hageman R, Thompson RC (1990) interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduces mortality from endotoxin shock. Nature 348: 550-552
80. Old LJ (1988) Tumor necrosis factor. Sci Am 258: 59-75
81. Orange JS, Salazar-Mather TP, Opal SM, Spencer RL, Miller AH, McEwen BS, Biron CA (1995) Mechanism of interleukin 12-mediated toxicities during experimental viral infections: role of tumor necrosis factor and glucocorticoids. J Exp Med 181: 901-914
82. Ozmen L, Pericin M, Hakimi J, Chizzonite RA, Wysocka M, Trinchteri G, Gately M, Garotta G (1994) Interleukin 12, interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor α are the key cytokines of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. J Exp Med 180: 907-915
83. Pennica D, Nedwin GE, Hayflick JS, Seeburg PH, Derynck R, Palladino MA, Kohr WJ, Aggarwal BB, Goeddel DV (1984) Human tumour necrosis factor: precursor structure, expression and homology to lymphotoxin Nature 312: 724-729
84. Perez C, Albert I, DeFay K, Zachanades N, Goading L, Kriegler M (1990) A nonsecretable cell surface mutant of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) kills by cell-to-cell contact. Celt 63: 251-258
85. Petros A, Bennett D, Vallance P (1991) Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on hypotension in patients with septic shock. Lancet 338 1557-1558
86. Pfeffer K, Matsuyama T, Kündig TM, Wakeham A, Kishihara K, Shahinian A, Wiegmann K, Ohashi PS, Kronke M, Mak TW (1993) Mice deficient for the 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor are resistant to endotoxic shock, yet succumb to L. monocytogenes infection. Cell 73: 457-467
87. Preiser JC, Zhang H, Vincent JL (1994) Administration of methylene blue in septic shock: is it beneficial? In: Vincent J-L (ed) Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 90-100
88. Rothe J, Lesslauer W, Lotscher H, Lang Y, Koebel P, Köntgen F, Althage A, Zinkernagel R, Steinmetz M, Bluethmann H (1993) Mice lacking the tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 are resistant to TNF-mediated toxicity but highly susceptible to infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 364: 798-802
89. Rothe M, Wong SC, Hensel WJ, Goeddel DV (1994) A novel family of putative signal transducers associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the 75 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 78: 681-692
90. Rothstein JL, Schreiber H (1988) Synergy between tumor necrosis factor and bacterial products causes hemorrhagic necrosis and iethal shock in normal mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 607-611
91. Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, Galilly R, Cohn ZA, Kaplan G (1991) Thalidomide selectively inhibits tumor necrosis factor α production by stimulated human monocytes. J Exp Med 173: 699-703
92. Schneider F, Lutun P, Hasselmann M, Stoclet JC, Tempe JD (1992) Methylene blue increases systemic vascular resistance in human septic shock. Preliminary observations. Intensive Care Med 18: 309-311
93. Schuize-Osthoff K, Bakker AC, Vanhaesebroeck B, Beyaert R, Jacob WA, Fiers W (1992) Cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor is mediated by early damage of mitochondrial functions-Evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial radical generation. J Biol Chem 267: 5317-5323
94. Schulze-Osthoff K, Beyaert R, Vandevoorde V, Haegeman G, Fiers W (1993) Depletion of the mitochondrial electron transport abrogates the cytotoxic and gene-inductive effects of TNF. EMBO J 12: 3095-3104
95. Schwalb DM, Han H-M, Marino M, Warren R, Porter A, Goh C, Fair WR, Donner DB (1993) Identification of a new receptor subtype for tumor necrosis factor-α. J Biol Chem 268. 9949-9954
96. Sheehan KCF, Pinckard JK, Arthur CD, Dehner LP, Goeddel DV, Schreiber RD (1995) Monoclonal antibodies specific for murine p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors: identification of a novel in vivo role for p75. J Exp Med 181: 607-617
97. Sheppard BC, Fraker DL, Norton JA (1989) Prevention and treatment of endotoxin and sepsis lethality with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. Surgery 106: 156-162
98. Shirai T, Yamaguchi H, Ito H, Todd CW, Wallace RB (1985) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for human tumour necrosis factor. Nature 313: 803-806
99. Shuttz PJ, Raij L (1992) Endogenously synthesized nitric oxide prevents exdotoxin-mduced glomerular thrombosis. J Clin Invest 90: 1718-1725
100. Smith RA, Baglioni C (1987) The active form of tumor necrosis factor is a trimer. J Biol Chem 262 6951-6954
101. Spies T, Blanck G, Bresrtahan M, Sands J, Strominger JL (1991) A new cluster of genes within the human major histocompatibility complex. Science 243. 214-217
102. Starnes HF Jr, Pearce MK, Tewan A, Yim JH, Zou J-C, Abrams JS (1990) Anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies protect against lethal Escherichia coli infection and lethal tumor necrosis factor-α challenge in mice. J Immunol 145: 4185-4191
103. Takahashi N, Brouckaert P, Fiers W (1991) Induction of tolerance allows separation of lethal and antitumor activities of tumor necrosis factor in mice Cancer Res 51. 2366-2372
104. Takahashi N, Brouckaert P, Bemelmans MHA, Buurman WA, Fiers W (1994) Mechanism of induction of tolerance to tumour necrosis factor (TNF): no involvement of modulators of TNF bioavailabilrty or receptor binding Cytokine 6: 235-242
105. Takahashi N, Brouckaert P, Fiers W (1995a) Mechanism of tolerance to tumor necrosis factor. receptor-specific pathway and selectivity Am J Physiol 269: R398-R405
106. Takahashi N, Fiers W, Brouckaert P (1995b) Anti-tumor activity of tumor necrosis factor in combination with interferon-γ is not affected by prior tolerization. Int J Cancer 63: 846-854
107. Tartaglia LA, Weber RF, Figari IS, Reynolds C, Palladino MA Jr, Goeddel DV (1991) The two different receptors for tumor necrosis factor mediate distinct cellular responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9292-9296
108. Tartagha LA, Pennica D, Goeddel DV (1993) Ligand Passing, the 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor recruits TNF for signaling by the 55-kDa TNF receptor. J Biol Chem 268: 18542-18548
109. Thiemermann C, Vane J (1990) inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces the hypotension induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the rat in vivo Eur J Pharmacol 182-591-595
110. Tracey KJ, Cerami A (1993) Tumor necrosis factor an updated review of its biology Crit Care Med 21: S415-S422
111. Tracey KJ, Cerami A (1994) Tumor necrosis factor: a pleiotropic cytokine and therapeutic target. Annu Rev Med 45. 491-503
112. Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF, Merryweather J, Wolpe S, Milsark IW, Hariri RJ, Fahey TJIII, Zentella A, Albert JD, Shires GT, Cerami A (1986) Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin Science 234. 470-474
113. Trinchieri G (1995) Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 13 251-276
114. Van Ostade X, Tavernier J, Prange T, Fiers W (1991) Localization of the active site of human tumour necrosis factor (hTNF) by mutational analysis. EMBO J 10: 827-836
115. Van Ostade X, Vandenabeele P, Everaerdt B, Loetscher H, Gentz R, Brockhaus M, Lesslauer W, Tavernier J, Brouckaert P, Fiers W (1993) Human TNF mutants with selective activity on the p55 receptor Nature 361: 266-269
116. Van Ostade X, Tavernier J, Fiers W (1994) Structure-activity studies of human tumour necrosis factors. Protein Eng 7: 5-22
117. Van Zee KJ, Stackpole SA, Montegut WJ, Rogy MA, Calvano SE, Hsu KC, Chao M, Meschter CL, Loetscher H, Stüber D, Ettlin U, Wipf B, Lesslauer W, Lowry SF, Moldawer LL (1994) A human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α mutant that binds exclusively to the p55 TNF receptor produces toxicity in the baboon. J Exp Med 179: 1185-1191
118. Vandenabeele P, Declercq W, Vercammen D, Van de Craen M, Grooten J, Loetscher H, Brockhaus M, Lesslauer W, Fiers W (1992) Functional characterization of the human tumor necrosis factor receptor p75 in a transfected rat/mouse T cell hybndoma. J Exp Med 176: 1015-1024
119. Vandenabeele P, Declercq W, Beyaert R, Fiers W (1995a) Two tumour necrosis factor receptors: structure and function. Trends Cell Biol 5: 392-399
120. Vandenabeete P, Declercq W, Vanhaesebroeck B, Grooten J, Fiers W (1995b) Both TNF receptors are required for TNF-mediated induction of apoptosis in PC60 cells. J Immunol 154: 2904-2913
121. Waage A, Espevik T (1988) Interleukin 1 potentiates the lethal effect of tumor necrosis factor α/ cachectin in mice J Exp Med 167. 1987-1992
122. Waage A, Halstensen A, Espevik T (1987) Association between tumour necrosis factor in serum and fatal outcome in patients with meningoeoccal meningitis Lancet 1: 355-357
123. Waage A, Brandtzaeg P, Halstensen A, Kierulf P, Espevik T (1989) The complex pattern of cytokines in serum from patients with meningoeoccal septic shock. Association between interleukin 6, interteukin 1, and fatal outcome. J Exp Med 169. 333-338
124. Wallach D, Holtmann H, Engelmann H, Nophar Y (1988) Sensitization and desensitization to lethal effects of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1. J Immunol 140: 2994-2999
125. Wang AM, Creasey AA, Ladner MB, Lin LS, Strickler J, van Arsdell JN, Yamamoto R, Mark DF (1985) Molecular cloning of the complementary DNA for human tumor necrosis factor. Science 228: 149-154
126. Wingfield P, Pain RH, Craig S (1987) Tumour necrosis factor is a compact trimer. FEBS Lett 211 179-184
127. Wright CE, Rees DD, Moncada S (1992) Protective and pathological roles of nitric oxide in endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res 26. 48-57
128. Xu H, Gonzalo JA, St Pierre Y, Williams IR, Kupper TS, Cotran RS, Springer TA, Gutierrez-Ramos JC (1994) Leukocytosis and resistance to septic shock in intercellular adhesion molecule 1-deficient mice J Exp Med 180: 95-109
129. Yamagishi J, Kawashima H, Matsuo N, Ohue M, Yamayoshi M, Fukui T, Kotani H, Furuta R, Nakano K, Yamada M (1990) Mutational analysis of structure-activity relationships in human tumor necrosis factor-alpha Protein Eng 3: 713-719