Ascus and ascospore morphogenesis

Mycological Research

Volumn 100, Issue 11, 1996, Pages 1281-1314

  Read, Nick D ^a   Beckett, Alan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030319668     PISSN: 09537562     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80057-8     Document Type: Article

References (221)

1. Aguirre, J , Adams, T. H. & Timberlake, W. E. (1990). Spatial control of developmental regulatory genes in Aspergillus nidulans. Experimental Mycology 14, 290-293
2. Angermüller, S & Fahimi, H. D. (1982). Imidazole-buffered osmium tetroxide an excellent stain for visualization of lipids in transmission electron microscopy Histochemical Journal 14, 823-835.
3. Ashby, A. M. & Johnstone, K. (1994) Molecular tools to study sexual development in fungi In Shape and Form in Plants and Fungi (ed. D. S. Ingram & A. Hudson), pp. 345-360. Academic Press: London.
4. Ashton, M. L. & Moens, P. B. (1979). Ultrastructure of sporulation in the Hemiascomycetes Ascoidea corymbosa, A. rubescens, Cephaloascus fragrans, and Saccharomycopsis capsularis. Canadian Journal of Botany 57, 1259-1284.
5. Beckett, A. (1976a) Ultrastructural studies on exogenously dormant ascospores of Daldinia concentrica Canadian Journal of Botany 54, 689-697.
6. Beckett, A. (1976b). Ultrastructural studies on germinating ascospores of Daldinia concentrica. Canadian Journal of Botany 54, 698-705.
7. Beckett, A. (1979a). Comparative ultrastructure of the ascospore germ slit in Xylaria and Daldinia. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 72, 320-322
8. Beckett, A (1979b). Ultrastructure and development of the ascospore germ slit in Xylaria longipes Transactions of the British Mycological Society 72, 269-276.
9. Beckett, A. (1981a). Ascospore formation. In The fungal Spore: Morphogenetic Controls (ed. G Turian & H. Hohl), pp. 107-129. Academic Press: London.
10. Beckett, A. (1981b). The ascus with an apical pore: development, composition, and function. In Ascomycete Systematics, the Luttrellian Concept (ed. D. R. Reynolds), pp. 7-26. Springer-Verlag: New York.
11. Beckett, A. (1981c). The ultrastructure of septal pores and associated structures in the ascogenous hyphae and asci of Sordaria humana. Protoplasma 107, 127-147.
12. Beckett A. (1981d). Ultrastructure and behaviour of nuclei and associated structures within the meiotic cells of Euascomycetes. In The Fungal Nucleus (ed. K Gull & S G. Oliver), pp. 37-61. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K.
13. Beckett, A., Barton, R. & Wilson, I. M. (1968). Fine structure of the wall and appendage formation in ascospores of Podospora anserina. Journal of General Microbiology 53, 89-94.
14. Beckett, A & Crawford, R. M. (1973). The development and fine structure of the ascus apex and its role during spore discharge in Xylaria longipes. New Phytologist 72, 357-369.
15. Beckett, A., Heath, I B. & McLaughlin, D. J. (1974). An Atlas of Fungal Ultrastructure. Longmans: London.
16. Beckett, A., Read, N D. & Porter, R. (1904) Variations in fungal spore dimensions in relation to preparatory techniques for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy 136, 87-95
17. Beckett, A & Wilson, I M. (1968). Ascus cytology of Podospora anserina. Journal of General Microbiology 53, 81-87.
18. Bellemère, A. & Letrouit-Galinou, M. A. (1981) The lecanoralean ascus: an ultrastructural preliminary study. In Ascomycete Systematics, the Luttrellian Concept (ed. D. R Reynolds), pp. 54-70. Springer-Verlag: New York
19. Bellemère, A., Janex-Favre, M. C. & Parguey-Leduc, A. (1987) Marius Chadefaud et les asques. données inédites études ultrastructurales complémentaires. Bulletin, Société de Botanique de France 134, 217-246.
20. Berta, G. & Fusconi, A (1983). Ascosporogenesis in Tuber magnatum. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 80, 201-207.
21. Bezerra, J. L. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1982) Culture and cytological development of Rhytidhysterium rufulum on citrus. Canadian Journal of Botany 60, 568-579.
22. Blanchard, R. O. (1972). Septa in Sporormia australis. Mycologia 64, 1330-1333
23. Brinkley, B. R (1985). Microtubule organizing centers. Annual Review of Cell Biology 1, 145-172.
24. Brummelen, J. van (1981). The operculate ascus and allied forms. In Ascomycete Systematics, the Luttrellian Concept (ed. D. R. Reynolds), pp. 27-48. Springer-Verlag: New York
25. Brummelen, J. van (1986). Ultrastructure of the ascus top and the ascospore wall in Fimaria and Pseudombrophila (Pezizales, Ascomycotina). Persoonia 13, 213-220.
26. Brummelen, J van (1989). Ultrastructure of the ascus and ascospore wall in Eleutherascus and Ascodesmis (Ascomycotina). Persoonia 1, 1-17.
27. Buller, A. H. R. (1934). The heliotropism of the asci and the discharge of the spore in Ascoboli, Ciliaria scutellata, Aleuria vesiculosa, the Morchellaceae and other discomycetes Researches on Fungi VI, 264-324.
28. Burneit, J H (1976). Fundamentals of Mycology, 2nd edn. Edward Arnold. London.
29. Burnett, J. H. (1979). Aspects of the structure and growth of hyphal walls. In Fungal Walls and Hyphal Growth (ed. J. H. Burnett & A. P. J. Trinci), pp. 1-25. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, U.K
30. Butt, T. M., Hoch, H. C., Staples, R. C. & St Leger, R. J. (1989). Use of fluorochromes in the study of fungal cytology and differentiation. Experimental Mycology 13, 303-320.
31. Byrne, B (1975). Freeze-etch and thin section studies of Neurospora crassa ascospores Protoplasma 84, 357-377.
32. Cannon, P. F. (1995). Studies on fungi with isthmoid ascospores. the genus Vialaea, with the descriptions of the new family Vialaeaceae Mycological Research 99, 367-373
33. Carroll, G. C (1966). A study of the fine structure of ascoporogenesis in Saccobolus kerverni, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A
34. Carroll, G. C. (1967). The fine structure of the ascus septum in Ascodesmis sphaerospora and Saccobolus kerverni Mycologia 59, 527-532.
35. Carroll, G. C. (1969). A study of the fine structure of ascosporogenesis in Saccobolus kerverni. Archiv fur Mikrobiologie, 66, 321-339.
36. Chiu, S. W. & Moore, D. (1988a). Ammonium ions and glutamine inhibit sporulation of Coprinus cinereus basidia assayed in vitro. Cell Biology International Reports 12, 519-526.
37. Chiu, S. W. & Moore, D. (1968b) Evidence for developmental commitment in the differentiating fruit body of Coprinus cinereus. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90, 247-253.
38. Codron, D. (1974). Étude ultrastructurale de quelques points du développement des asques du Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Paris, 15, 255-276
39. Corrêa, A. & Hoch, H. C. (1993). Microinjection of urediospore germlings of Uromyces appendiculatus. Experimental Mycology 17, 253-273.
40. Curry, K J. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1983). Septal structures in apothecial tissues of the Pezizaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). Mycologia 75, 781-794.
41. Czymmek, K. J. (1992). Electron microscopy and laser scanning microscopy of high-pressure frozen freeze-substituted samples of Sordaria humana. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Microscopy Society of America (ed. G. W. Bailey), pp. 872-873. San Francisco, Inc.: San Francisco, U.S.A.
42. Czymmek, K. J. & Klomparens, K. L (1992). The ultrastructure of ascosporogenesis in freeze-substituted Thelobolus crustaceus: enveloping membrane system and ascospore initial development. Canadian Journal of Botany 70, 1669-1683.
43. Davidow, L. S., Goetsch, L. & Byers, B. (1980). Preferential occurrence of nonsister spores in two-spored asci of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Evidence for regulation of spore-wall formation by the spindle pole body. Genetics 94, 581-595.
44. Delay, C. (1966). Étude de l'infrastructure de l'asque d'Ascobolus immersus Pers. pendant la maturation des spores. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique et Biologie Végétale 8, 361-420.
45. Dixon, P. A. (1959). Life-history and cytology of Ascocybe grovesii Wells. Annals of Botany N.S. 23, 509-520.
46. Dyby, S. D. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1987). A comparative ultrastructural study of ascospore ontogeny in selected species of Peziza (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). Botanical Gazette 148, 283-296.
47. Eriksson, O. (1981). The families of bitunicate ascomycetes. Opera Botanica 60, 1-209.
48. Esposito, R. E. & Klapholz, S. (1981). Meiosis and ascospore development. In The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces. Life Cycle and Inheritance (ed. J. N. Strathern, J. N. Jones, E. W. & J. R. Broach), pp. 211-287. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: New York.
49. Esser, K. & Straub, J. (1958). Genetische Untersuchungen an Sordaria macrospora Auersw., Kompensation und Induktion bei genbedingten Entwicklungsdefeckten. Zeitschrift für Vererbungslehre 80, 729-746.
50. Figueras, M. J , Guarro, J. & Dijk, F. (1988). Rodlet structure on the surface of Chaetomium spores. Microbios 53, 101-107.
51. Frederick, L. & Austin, W. L. (1993). Studies on the ontogeny of the perisporium of ascospores of Neurospora dodgei (Ascomycetes). Cryptogamic Botany 4, 60-73
52. Fuller, M. S (1976). Mitosis in fungi. International Review of Cytology 45, 113-153.
53. Furtado, J. S. (1971). The septal pore and other ultrastructural features of the pyrenomycete Sordaria fimicola. Mycologia 63, 104-113.
54. Furtado, J. S. & Olive, L. S. (1971). Ascospore discharge and ultrastructure of the ascus in Leptosphaerulina australis. Nova Hedwigia 19, 799-823.
55. Gäumann, E (1964). Die Pilze. GrundzÜger ihrer Entwichlungsgeschicte und Morphologie, 2nd edn. Birkäuser: Basel.
56. Gibson, J. L. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1988a). Ultrastructural observations on Helvellaceae (Pezizales). Ascosporogenesis of selected species of Helvella. Canadian Journal of Botany 66, 771-783.
57. Gibson, J. L. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1988b). Ultrastructural observations on Helvellaceae (Pezizales). II. Ascosporogenesis of Gyromitra esculenta. Canadian Journal of Botany 66, 1743-1749.
58. Glass, N. L., Metzenberg, R. L. & Raju, N. B. (1990) Homothallic Sordariaceae from nature: the absence of strains containing only the a mating type sequence Experimental Mycology 14, 274-289.
59. Gooday, G. W. (1995). The dynamics of hyphal growth. Mycological Research 99, 385-394.
60. Gooday, G W., Green, D., Fawcett, P & Shaw, G. (1974). Sporopollenin formation in the ascospore wall of Neurospora crassa. Archiv für Micrkrobiologie 101, 145-151.
61. Gordon, J. E (1988). The Science of Structures and Materials. Scientific American Library: New York.
62. Harold, F. M. (1994). Ionic and electrical dimensions of hyphal growth. In The Mycota. Vol. I. Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality (ed. J G. H. Wessels & F. Meinhardt), pp. 89-109. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
63. Harper, R. A. (1987). Kerntheilung und freie Zellbildung im Ascus. Jahrbuch fur Wissenschaftliche Botanik 30, 249-284.
64. Harris, N. (1978). Nuclear pore distribution and relation to adjacent cytoplasmic organelles in cotyledon cells of developing Vicia faba. Planta 141, 121-128.
65. Hawker, L. E & Madelin, M F (1976). The dormant spore. In The Fungal Spore (ed. D. J. Webber & W. M. Hess), pp. 1-70. John Wiley: New York.
66. Hawksworth, D. L. (1985). Problems and prospects in the systematics of the Ascomycotina. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science (Plant Sciences) 94, 319-339.
67. Hawksworth, D. L. (1987). The evolution and adaptation of sexual reproductive structures in the Ascomycotina. In Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi (ed. A. D. M. Rayner, C. M. Brasier & D. Moore), pp. 179-189. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K.
68. Henssen, A., Büdel, B & Titze, A. (1988). Euopsis and Harpidium, genera of the Lichinaceae (Lichenes) with rostrate asci Botanica Acta 101, 83-89.
69. Heslot, H. (1958). Contribution à l'étude cytogénétiques et génétique des Sordariacées Revue de Cytologie de Biologie Végétales 19 (suppl. 2), 1-235.
70. Hill, T W. (1977). Ascocarp ultrastructure of Herpomyces sp. (Laboulbeniales) aud its phylogenetic implications. Canadian Journal of Botany 55, 2015-2032.
71. Hirata, A & Shimoda, C. (1992). Electron microscopic examination of sporulation deficient mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Archives of Microbiology 158, 249-255.
72. Hirata, A. & Shimoda, C. (1994). Structural modification of spindle pole bodies during meiosis II is essential for the normal formation of ascospores in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Ultrastructural analysis of spo mutants. Yeast 10, 173-183.
73. Honegger, R. (1976). The ascus apex in lichenized fungi. I The Lecanora-, Peltigera- and Teloschistes-types Lichenologist 10, 47-67.
74. Honegger, R. (1982). Ascus structure and function, ascospore delimitation, and phycobiont cell wall types associated with the Lecanorales (lichenized aseomycetes). Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory (52), 417-429.
75. Honegger, R (1983). The ascus apex in lichenized fungi. IV. Baeomyces and Icmadophila in comparison with Cladonia (Lecanorales) and the non-lichenized Leotia (Helotiales). Lichenologist 15, 57-71.
76. Honegger, R. (1985) Ascus structure and ascospore formation in the lichen-forming Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Caliciales). Sydowia 38, 146-157.
77. Hung, C.-Y. & Wells, K. (1971). Light and electron microscopic studies of crozier development in Pyronema confluens. Journal of General Microbiology 16, 15-27.
78. Illingworth, R F., Rose, A. J. & Beckett, A. (1973). Changes in the lipid composition and fine structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during ascus formation. Journal of Bacteriology 113, 373-386.
79. Ingold, C T. (1928). Spore discharge in Podospora curvula. Annals of Botany XLII, 567-570.
80. Ingold, C. T. (1939). Spore Discharge in Land Plants Clarendon Press: Oxford.
81. Ingold, C. T. (1954). Ascospore form Transactions of the British Mycological Society 37, 19-21
82. Ingold, C. T. (1966) Aspects of spore liberation. violent discharge. In The Fungus Spore (ed. M. F. Madelin), pp. 113-133. Butterworths: London.
83. Ingold, C. T. (1971). Fungal Spores, their Liberation and Dispersal. Clarendon Press: Oxford.
84. Ingold, C. T (1978). Role of mucilage in dispersal of certain fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 70, 137-140.
85. Ingold, C. T (1986). Hyphal and conidial germination of ascospores in Bulgaria inquinans and of basidiospores in Ditiola peziziformis. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 87, 143-146.
86. Janex-Favre, M. C. & Parguey-Leduc, A. (1983). Étude ultrastructurale des asques et des ascospores de truffes du genre Tuber. II. Les ascospores. Cryptogamie Mycologie 4, 353-373.
87. Jensen, W. A (1962). Botanical Histochemistry. W. H. Freeman: San Francisco.
88. Johnson, R G (1980). Ultrastructure of ascospore appendages of marine ascomycetes. Botanica Marina 23, 501-527
89. Johnston, P R & Minter, D. W. (1989). Structure and taxonomic significance of the ascus in the Coryneliaceae Mycological Research 92, 422-430.
90. Jones, E. B. G. (1988). Do fungi occur in the sea? The Mycologist 2, 150-157.
91. Jones, E. B. G., Johnson, R G & Moss, S. T. (1986). Taxonomic studies of the Halosphaeriaceae Philosophy and rationale for the selection of characters in the delineation of genera. In The Biology of Marine Fungi (ed S. T. Moss), pp 211-299. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K.
92. Jones, E. B. G. & Moss, S. T. (1978). Ascospore appendages of marine Ascomycetes: an evaluation of appendages as taxonomic criteria. Marine Biology 49, 11-26.
93. Jones, E B G. & Moss, S. T. (1987). Key and notes on genera of the Halosphaeriaceae examined at the ultrastructural level. Systema Ascomycetum 6, 179-200.
94. Kimbrough, J. W. (1981). Cytology, ultrastructure, and taxonomy of Thelebolus (Ascomycetes) Mycologia 73, 1-27.
95. Kimbrough, J. W. (1991). Ultrastructural observations on Helvellaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). V. Septal structures in Gyromitra. Mycological Research 95, 421-426.
96. Kimbrough, J. W. (1994). Septal ultrastructure and ascomycete systematics. In Ascomycete Systematics. Problems and Perspectives in the Nineties (ed. D. L. Hawksworth), pp. 127-141.
97. Kimbrough, J. W. & Benny, G. L (1978 The fine structure of ascus development in Lasiobolus monascus (Pezizales). Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 862-872.
98. Kimbrough, J. W & Curry, K. J. (1985). Septal ultrastructure in the Ascobolaceae (Pezizales, Discomycetes). Mycologia 77, 219-229.
99. Kimbrough, J W. & Curry, K. J. (1986a). Septal structures in apothecial tissues of the tribe Aleurieae in the Pyronemataceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes) Mycologia 78, 407-417.
100. Kimbrough, J. W. & Curry, K. J. (1986b). Septal structures in apothecial tissues of taxa in the tribes Scutellinieae and Sowerbyelleae (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales, Ascomycetes). Mycologia 78, 735-743.
101. Kimbrough, J. W. & Gibson, J. L. (1989). Ultrastructural observations on Helvellaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). III. Septal structures in Helvella Mycologia 81, 914-920.
102. Kimbrough, J W. & Gibson, J. L. (1990). Ultrastructural and cytological observations of apothecial tissues of Geopyxis carbonaria (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). Canadian Journal of Botany 66, 771-783.
103. Kirk, P. W (1966). Morphogenesis and microscopic cytochemistry of marine pyrenomycete ascospores. Nova Hedwigia 22, 1-128.
104. Kirk, P. W (1976). Cytochemistry of marine fungal spores. In Recent Advances in Aquatic Mycology (ed. E. B. G Jones), pp. 177-192. Elek Science: London.
105. 2+-sensitive fluorescent dyes. Mycological Research 97, 1505-1515.
106. Kohn, L. M. & Korf, R. P. (1975). Variation in ascomycete iodine reactions: KOH pretreatment explored. Mycotaxon 3, 165-172.
107. Lindegren, C. C. (1934) The genetics of neurospora. VI. Bisexual and akaryotic ascospores from Neurospora crassa. Genetics 16, 315-320.
108. López-Franco, R., Bartnicki-Garcia, S. & Bracker, C. E. (1994). Pulsed growth in growing hyphal tips. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 91, 12228-12232.
109. López-Franco, R., Howard, R. J. & Bracker, C E. (1995). Satellite Spitzenkörper in growing hyphal tips. Protoplasma 188, 85-103.
110. Lowry, R. J. & Sussman, A. S (1968). Ultrastructural changes during germination of ascospores of Neurospora tetrasperma. Journal of General Microbiology 51, 403-409.
111. Lu, B. C. & Galeazzi, D. R. (1978). Light and electron microscope observations of a meiotic mutant of Neurospora crassa Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 2694-2706.
112. Lutley, M. & Wilson, I. M. (1972a). Observations on the fine structure of ascospores of marine fungi Halosphaeria appendiculata, Torpedospora radiata and Carollospora maritima. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 59, 219-227.
113. Lutley, M & Wilson, I. M (1972b). Development and fine structure of ascospores in the marine fungus Ceriosporopsis halima. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 58, 393-402
114. Luttrell, E. S. (1951). Taxonomy of the pyrenomycetes University of Missouri Studies 24, 1-120.
115. Lynn, R. R. & Magee, P. T. (1970). Development of the spore wall during ascospore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Cell Biology 44, 688-692
116. Madelin, M. F (1981). Ultrastructural morphogenesis in higher fungi Discussant's introduction. In The Fungal Spore: Morphogenetic Controls (ed G Turian & H. R. Hohl), pp. 95-106. Academic Press: London
117. Maeda, H. & Ishida, N. (1967) Specificity of hexapyranosyl polysaccharides with fluorescent brightener Journal of Biochemistry 62, 276-278.
118. Mainwaring, H. R. (1972). The fine structure of ascospore wall formation in Sordaria fimicola. Archiv fur Mikrobiologie 81, 126-135.
119. Mainwaring, H R. & Wilson, I. M. (1968). The life cycle and cytology of an apomictic Podospora. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 51, 663-677.
120. Manimohan, P. Jones, E B. G. & Moss, S. T. (1993). Ultrastructural studies of ascospores of some Remispora species. Canadian Journal of Botany 71, 385-392.
121. Manimohan, P , Moss, S. T. & Jones, E. B. G. (1993). Ultrastructure of the ascospore wall and appendages of Remispora galerifa. Mycological Research 97, 1190-1192.
122. Markham, P. (1994). Occlusions of septal pores in filamentous fungi Mycological Research 98, 1089-1106.
123. Martino, C. de & Zamboni, L. (1967) Silver methanamine stain for electron microscopy. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 19, 273-282.
124. Merkus, E. (1973). Ultrastructure of the ascospore wall in Pezizales (Ascomycetes). I. Ascodesmis microscopica (Crouan) Seaver and A. nigricans van Tiegh. Persoonia 7, 351-366.
125. Merkus, E. (1974). Ultrastructure of the ascospore wall in Pezizales (Ascomycetes). II Pyronemataceae sensu Eckblad. Persoonia 8, 1-22
126. Merkus, E. (1975). Ultrastructure of the ascospore wall in Pezizales (Ascomycetes). III Otideaceae and Pezizaceae. Persoonia 8, 227-247.
127. Metzenberg, R L. & Glass, N L. (1990). Mating type and mating strategies in Neurospora. BioEssays 12, 53-59.
128. Miller, A. J., Vogg, G. & Sanders, D. L. (1990). Cytosollic calcium homeostasis in fungi. role of plasma membrane transport and intracellular sequestration of calcium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 87, 9348-9352.
129. Mims, C. W., Richardson, E A & Kimbrough, J. W. (1990). Ultrastructure of ascospore delimitation in freeze substituted samples of Ascodesmis nigricans (Pezizales). Protoplasma 156, 94-102
130. Minter, D. W. (1988). What is happening in ascomycete classification? The Mycologist 2, 55-64.
131. Minter, D. W. & Cannon, P. F. (1984). Ascospore discharge in some members of the Rhytismataceae Transactions of the British Mycological Society 83, 65-92.
132. Minter, D W. & Zhang, B. C. (1988). An illustrated key to British underground ascomycetes. Mycologist 3, 61-67.
133. Moens, P. B. (1971). Fine structure of ascospore development in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Canadian Journal of Botany 17, 507-510
134. Moens, P. B., Esposito, R. E. & Esposito, M. S. (1974). Aberrant nuclear behaviour at meiosis and anucleate spore formation by sporulation-deficient (SPO) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experimental Cell Research 83, 166-174
135. Money, N. P (1994). Osmotic adjustment and the role of turgor in fungi. In The Mycota. Vol. I. Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality (ed J. G. H Wessels & F. Meinhardt), pp. 67-88. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
136. Moreau, C. (1953). Les genres Sordaria et Pleurage; leurs affinités systematiques Encyclopédie Mycologique 24, 1-330.
137. Morré, D. J., Mollenhauer, H. H. & Bracker, C. E. (1971). Origin and continuity of Golgi apparatus. In Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation: Origin and Continuity of Cell Organelles, vol. 2 (ed. J. Reinert & H. Ursprung), pp. 82-126. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
138. Muller, E. (1981). The bitunicate ascus. In Ascomycete Systematics, the Luttrellian Concept (ed. D. R Reynolds), pp. 49-53. Springer-Verlag: New York.
139. Nannfeldt, J. A. (1976). Iodine reactions in ascus plugs and their taxonomic significance. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 67, 283-287.
140. Neville, A C & Levy, S. (1984). Helicoidal orientation of cellulose microfibrils in Nitella opaca internode cells: ultrastructure and computed theoretical effects of strain reorientation during wall growth. Planta 162, 370-384
141. Nicolas, A , Arnaise, S., Haedens, V & Rossignol, J. L. (1981) Ascospore mutants and genetic map of Ascobolus immersus stock 28 Journal of General Microbiology 125, 257-272.
142. Parguey-Leduc, A. & Janex-Favre, M. C. (1982). La paroi des asques chez les Pyrénomycètes: étude ultrastructurale. I Les asques bituniqués typiques. Canadian Journal of Botany 60, 1222-1230.
143. Parguey-Leduc, A. & Janex-Favre, M. C. (1984) La paroi des asques chez les Pyrénomycètes: étude ultrastructurale. II Les asques unituniqués. Cryptogamie Mycologie 5, 171-187.
144. Pépin, M. R. (1971). Sur les ultrastructures associées aux pores septaux dans l'apothécie de Galactina cerea (Sow. ex. Mérat) le Gal, champignon Discomycète, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences 272, 3126-3128
145. Pinchiera, G. & Srb, A. M. (1969). Genetic variation in the orientation of nuclear spindles during development of asci in Neurospora. American Journal of Botany 56, 846-852.
146. Raju, N. B. (1980). Meiosis and ascospore genesis in Neurospora. European Journal of Cell Biology 23, 205-223.
147. Raju, N. B. (1987). A mutant of Neurospora crassa with abnormal croziers, giant ascospores, and asci having multiple apical pores. Mycologia 79, 696-706
148. Raju, N B. (1988). Nonlinear asci without apical pores in the peak mutant of Neurospora. Mycologia 80, 825-831.
149. Raju, N. B. (1992). Genetic control of the sexual cycle in Neurospora. Mycological Research 96, 241-262.
150. Raju, N. B., Perkins, D. D. & Newmeyer, D. (1987) Genetically determined nonselective abortion of asci in Neurospora crassa. Canadian Journal of Botany 65, 1539-1549.
151. Read, N. D. (1983). A study of perithecium development in Sordaria humana (Fuckel) Winter. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol, Bristol, U K.
152. Read, N. D. (1991). Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy of fungi and fungus-plant interactions. In Electron Microscpy of Plant Pathogens (ed. K. Mendgen & D.-E Lesemann), pp. 17-29. Springer-Verlag Berlin.
153. Read, N. D. (1994). Cellular nature and multicellular morphogenesis of higher fungi. In Shape and form of Plants and Fungi (ed D. S. Ingram & A. Hudson), pp 251-269. Academic Press: London.
154. Read, N. D., Allan, W. T G., Knight, H., Knight, M. R., Malhó, R., Russell, A., Shacklock, P. S. & Trewavas, A. J. (1992). Imaging and measurement of cytosolic free calcium in plant and fungal cells. Journal of Microscopy 166, 57-86.
155. Read, N D. & Beckett, A. (1985). The anatomy of the mature perithecium in Sordaria humana and its significance for fungal multicellular development. Canadian Journal of Botany 63, 281-296.
156. Read, N. D. & Lord, K. M. (1991). Examination of living fungal spores by scanning electron microscopy. Experimental Mycology 15, 132-139.
157. Rees, G. & Jones, E. B. G. (1984). Observations on the attachment of spores of marine fungi. Botanica Marina 27, 145-160.
158. Reeves, F (1967). The fine structure of ascospore formation in Pyronema domesticum. Mycologia 59, 1018-1033
159. Reeves, F. B. (1971). The structure of the ascus apex in Sordaria fimicola. Mycologia 63, 204-212.
160. Reynolds, D R. (1971) Wall structure of a bitunicate ascus Planta 98, 244-257.
161. Roland, J.-C. & Vian, B. (1991). General preparation and staining of thin sections. In Electron Microscopy of Plant Cells (ed. J L Hall & C Hawes), pp. 1-66. Academic Press: London.
162. Romero, A. I & Minter, D. W. (1988). Fluorescence microscopy: an aid to the elucidation of ascomycete structures Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90, 457-470
163. Rosing, W. C. (1981). Ultrastructure of septa in Chaetomium brasiliense (Ascomycotina). Mycologia 73, 1204-1207
164. Rosing, W. C. (1982). Ultrastructure of ascus and ascospore development in Chaetomium brasiliense. Mycologia 74, 960-974.
165. Rosing, W. C. (1984). Ultracytochemical localization of acid phosphatase within deliquescing asci of Chaetomium brasiliense Mycologia 76, 67-73
166. Rosing, W. C (1985). Fine structure of cleistothecia, asci, and ascospores of Myxotrichum deflexum. Mycologia 77, 920-926.
167. Rosing, W. C. (1987). Ultrastructure of septa, asci and ascospores of Eremothecium ashbyn. Mycologia 79, 857-865.
168. Rossen, J. M. & Westergaard, M. (1966). Studies on the mechanism of crossing over II Meiosis and the time of meiotic chromosome replication in the ascomycete Neottiella rutilans (Fr.) Dennis. Comptes Rendus des Travaux du Laboratoire Carlsberg 35, 233-260.
169. Saidali-Savy, C , Dargent, R., Parguey-Leduc, A., Janex-Favre, M C & Kulifaj, M (1992) Ultrastructural localization of chitin in the asci, ascospore and hyphal walls in Tuber melanosporum. Mycological Research 96, 59-64.
170. Salmon, E S. (1914). Observations on the penthecial stage of the American Gooseberry Mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schwein). Berk) Journal of Agricultural Science 6, 187-193.
171. Samuelson, D. A. (1978a). Asci of the Pezizales I. The apical apparatus of iodine-positive species. Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 1860-1875.
172. Samuelson, D. A. (1978b). Asci of the Pezizales. II The apical apparatus of representatives in the Otidea-Aleuria complex. Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 1876-1904.
173. Samuelson, D. A. (1978c). Asci of the Pezizales. III. The apical apparatus of eugymnohymenial representatives American Journal of Botany 65, 748-758.
174. Samuelson, D. A. (1978d). Asci of the Pezizales VI. The apical apparatus of Morchella esculenta, Helvella crispa, and Rhizina undulata. General discussion. Canadian Journal of Botany 56, 3069-3082.
175. Samuelson, D. A , Benny, G. L. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1980). Asci of the Pezizales. VII. The apical apparatus of Galiella rufa and Sarcosoma globosum: reevaluation of the suboperculate ascus Canadian Journal of Botany 58, 1235-1243.
176. Samuelson, D. A. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1978a). Asci of the Pezizales. IV. The apical apparatus of Thelobolus. Botanical Gazette 139, 346-361.
177. Samuelson, D. A. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1978b). Asci of the Pezizales. V. The apical apparatus of Trichobolus zukalu. Mycologia 70, 1191-1200
178. Sanders, D L. & Slayman, C W (1982). Control of intracellular pH. predominant role of oxidative metabolism, not proton transport, in the eukaryotic microorganism Neurospora Journal of General Physiology 80, 377-402.
179. Sautter, C. & Hock, B. (1982). Crozier formation in Byssochlamys nivea. Mycologia 74, 256-264.
180. Schrantz, J. P. (1964) Étude au microscope électronique des synapse de deux Discomycètes: Peziza aurantia Per. ex Fr. et Ciliaria hirta (Schum.) Boudier. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de d'Académie des Sciences 258, 3342-3344.
181. Schrantz, J. P. (1970). Étude cytologique en microscopic optique et électronique, de quelques ascomycètes. II. La paroi. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales 33, 111-168
182. Sengbusch, P V., Hechler, J & Muller, U (1983) Molecular architecture of fungal cell walls An approach using fluorescent markers. European Journal of Cell Biology 30, 305-312.
183. Sherwood, M. A. (1981). Convergent evolution in discomycetes from bark and wood. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82, 15-34
184. Shoemaker, R. A (1955). Biology, cytology, and taxonomy of Cochliobolus sativus. Canadian Journal of Botany 33, 562-576.
185. Sietsma, J. H. & Wessels, J. G. H. (1994). Apical wall biogenesis. In The Mycota. Vol. I. Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality (ed J. G H. Wessels & F. Meinhardt), pp. 125-141. Springer-Verlag. Berlin
186. Simonet, J. M. & Zickler, D. (1972). Mutations affecting meiosis in Podospora anserina. I Cytological studies. Chromosoma 37, 327-351.
187. Srb, A. M., Basl, M., Bobst, M. & Leary, J. (1973). Mutations in Neurospora crassa affecting ascus and ascospore development. Journal of Heredity 64, 242-246.
188. Steffens, W. L. & Jones, J P. (1983). Ascus and ascospore development in Eleutherascus peruvianus. 2. Nuclear cytology and early ascus development. Canadian Journal of Botany 61, 1559-1617
189. Stiers, D. L. (1974). Fine structure of ascospore formation in Poronia punctata. Canadian Journal of Botany 52, 999-1003.
190. Syrop, M. & Beckett, A. (1972). The origin of ascospore-delimiting membranes in Taphrina deformans Archiv fur Microbiologie 86, 185-191
191. Syrop, M & Beckett, A. (1976). Leaf curl disease of almond caused by Taphrina deformans. III Ultrastructural cytology of the pathogen. Canadian Journal of Botany 54, 293-305.
192. Tanaka, S., Fuigaki, T & Watanabe, S. (1984). Differentiation of the double membrane system during ascospore maturation of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemti as revealed by periodic acid-alkaline bismuth staining. Mycopathologia 86, 55-58.
193. Thiéry, J.-P (1967). Mise en évidence des polysaccharides sur coupes fines en microscopie électronique Journal de Microscopie 6, 987-1018
194. Thompson-Coffe, C. & Zickler, D (1992). Three microtubule-organizing centers are required for ascus growth and sporulation in the fungus Sordaria macrospora. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 22, 257-273
195. Thompson-Coffe, C. & Zickler, D. (1993). Cytoskeleton interactions in the ascus development and sporulation of Sordaria macrosporu. Journal of Cell Science 104, 883-898.
196. Thompson-Coffe, C. & Zickler, D. (1994). How the cytoskeleton recognizes and sorts nuclei of opposite mating-type during the sexual cycle in filamentous ascomycetes. Developmental Biology 165, 257-271.
197. Tyson, K. & Griffiths, D. A. (1976). Developmental morphology and fine structure of Placoasterella batleyi. II. Ascus and ascospore development. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 66, 263-279
198. Van Wyk, P. W. J., Wingfield, M J. & Van Wyk, P. S. (1991). Ascospore development in Ceratocystis montliformis. Mycological Research 95, 96-103
199. Van Wyk, P. W. J. & Wingfield, M J. (1991a). Ultrastructure of ascosporogenesis in Ophiostoma davidsonii. Mycological Research 95, 725-730.
200. Van Wyk, P. W. J. & Wingfield M. J. (1991b). Ascospore ultra structure and development in Ophiostoma cucullatum. Mycologia 83, 698-707.
201. Verkley, G. J. M. (1992). Ultrastructure of the apical apparatus of asci in Ombrophila violacea, Neobulgaria pura and Bulgaria inquinans (Leotiales) Persoonia 15, 3-22.
202. Verkley, G. J. M. (1993a). Ultrastructure of the ascus apical apparatus in Hymenoscyphus and other genera of the Hymenoscyphoideae (Leotiales, Ascomycotina). Persoonia 15, 303-340.
203. Verkley, G J. M. (1993b). Ultrastructure of the ascus apical apparatus in ten species of Sclerotiniaceae Mycological Research 97, 179-194.
204. Verkley, G. J. M (1994). Ultrastructure of the ascus apical apparatus in Leiotia lubrica and some Geoglossaceae. Persoonia 15, 405-430.
205. Verkley, G. J. M. (1995). Ultrastructure of the ascus apical apparatus in species of Cenangium, Encoelia, Claussenomyces and Ascocoryne Mycological Research 99, 187-199.
206. Wells, K. (1972). Light and electron microscopic studies of Ascobolus stercorarius II Ascus and ascospore ontogeny University of California Publications in Botany 62, 1-33.
207. Wessels, J. G H (1992). Gene expression during fruiting in Schizophyllum commune. Mycological Research 9, 609-620
208. Westergaard, M. & von Wettstein, D. (1966). Studies on the mechanism of crossing over. III. On the ultrastructure of the chromosomes in Neotiella rutilans (Fr.) Dennis. Comptes Rendus des Travaux du Laboratoire Carlsberg 35, 261-286.
209. Whiteside, W. C (1961). Morphological studies in the Chaetomiaceae. I. Mycologia 53, 512-523.
210. Wilson, C L., Stiers, D. L. & Smith, G. L. (1970). Fungal lysosomes or spherosomes. Phytopathology 60, 216-227
211. Wilson, C M. (1961). A cytological study of Ascocybe. Canadian Journal of Botany 39, 1605-1607.
212. Wilson, I. (1952). The ascogenous hyphae of Pyronema confluens. Annals of Botany 16, 321-339.
213. Wong, H.-C. & Chien, C.-Y. (1986). Ultrastructure of sexual reproduction of Monascus purpureus. Mycologia 78, 713-721.
214. Wood, P. J. (1980). Specificity in the interaction of direct dyes with polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Research 85, 271-287.
215. Wu, C.-G. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1991). Ultrastructural investigation of Humariaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). II. Ascosporogenesis in selected genera of the Ciliarieae. Botanical Gazette 152, 421-438.
216. Wu, C.-G. & Kimbrough, J. W. (1992) Ultrastructural studies of ascosporogenesis in Ascobolus ummersus. Mycologia 84, 459-466.
217. Yusoff, M., Read, S. J., Jones, E. B. J. & Moss, S. T. (1994). Ultrastructure of Antennospora salina comb. nov. Mycological Reseach 98, 997-1004.
218. Zickler, D. (1981) Ultrastructure of the yeast nucleus In The Fungal Nucleus (ed K. Gull & S. G. Oliver), pp. 63-83. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K.
219. Zickler, D , Arnaise, S., Coppin, E., Debuchy, R. & Picard, M. (1995) Altered mating-type identity in the fungus Podospora anserina leads to selfish nuclei, uniparental progeny, and haploid meiosis. Genetics 140, 493-503.
220. Zickler, D. & Olson, L. W. (1975). The synaptonemal complex and the spindle plaque during meiosis in yeast Chromosoma 50, 1-23.
221. Zickler, D. & Simonet, J.-M (1980). Identification of gene-controlled steps of ascospore development in Podospora anserina. Experimental Mycology 4, 191-206