Europe's could-be demos: Recasting the debate

West European Politics

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 787-801

  Chryssochoou, Dimitris N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION; EUROPEAN UNION; POLITICAL INTERACTIONS; REGIONAL INTEGRATION;

EUROPE, WEST;

EID: 0030318865     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389608425165     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Hammersmith: Fontana Press 1994, orig. 1835-40) p.11.
2. Donald J. Puchala, 'Of Blind Men, Elephants and International Integration', Jnl of Common Market Studies 9/1 (March 1972) pp.267-84.
3. See respectively, David Mitrany A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books 1966, orig. 1943); Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (London: Stevens & Sons 1958); Clint Bolick, European Federalism: Lessons from America (Inst. of Economic Affairs Occasional Paper, No.93, London, July 1994); and Fritz W. Scharpf, 'The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration', Public Administration 66/2 (Autumn 1988) pp.239-78.
4. See respectively, David Mitrany A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books 1966, orig. 1943); Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (London: Stevens & Sons 1958); Clint Bolick, European Federalism: Lessons from America (Inst. of Economic Affairs Occasional Paper, No.93, London, July 1994); and Fritz W. Scharpf, 'The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration', Public Administration 66/2 (Autumn 1988) pp.239-78.
5. See respectively, David Mitrany A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books 1966, orig. 1943); Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (London: Stevens & Sons 1958); Clint Bolick, European Federalism: Lessons from America (Inst. of Economic Affairs Occasional Paper, No.93, London, July 1994); and Fritz W. Scharpf, 'The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration', Public Administration 66/2 (Autumn 1988) pp.239-78.
6. See respectively, David Mitrany A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books 1966, orig. 1943); Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (London: Stevens & Sons 1958); Clint Bolick, European Federalism: Lessons from America (Inst. of Economic Affairs Occasional Paper, No.93, London, July 1994); and Fritz W. Scharpf, 'The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration', Public Administration 66/2 (Autumn 1988) pp.239-78.
7. Simon Hix, The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics', West European Politics 17/1 (Jan. 1994) pp.1-30.
8. Alberta M. Sbragia, 'Thinking about the European Future: The Uses of Comparison', in Alberta M. Sbragia (ed.), Euro-Politics: Institutions and Policymaking in the 'New' European Community (Washington, DC: Brookings Instn 1992) p.257.
9. Thomas Christensen, 'European Integration Between Political Science and International Relations Theory: The End of Sovereignty?', (EUI Working Paper No.94/4, 1994) p.10.
10. Andrew Shonfield, Europe: Journey to an Unknown Destination (London: Allen Lane 1973) p.82.
11. Giovanni Sartori The Theory of Democracy Revisited (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House 1987) p.22.
12. Robert A. Dahl Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy vs. Control (New Haven and London: Yale UP 1982) p.15 (emphasis added).
13. Dimitris N. Chryssochoou 'Democracy and Symbiosis in the European Union: Towards a Confederal Consociation?' West European Politics 17/4 (Oct. 1994) pp.1-14.
14. J.H.H. Weiler, Ulrich R. Halpern and Franz C. Mayer, 'European Democracy and Its Critique', West European Politics 18/3 (July 1995) p.13.
15. Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
16. Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
17. Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
18. Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
19. Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
20. John R. Lucas, Democracy and Participation (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1976) p.11.
21. Giovanni Sartori, 'Electoral Studies and Democratic Theory: A Continental View', Political Studies 5 (Feb. 1958) p.12.
22. On this point see Sartori (note 8) p.121.
23. For an account of 'etymological democracy' see ibid., pp.21-38.
24. For further details see Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, 'Rethinking Democracy in the European Union: The Case for a "Transnational Demos"', in Stelios Stavridis et al. (eds) New Challenges to the European Union: Policies and Policy-Making at the End of the Century (Aldershot: Dartmouth 1997) pp.65-83.
25. Carl Cohen, Democracy (Athens, GA: The Georgia UP 1971) p.46.
26. Sartori (note 8) p.36.
27. Chantai Mouffe The Return of the Political (London: Verso 1993) p.69.
28. Amitai Etzioni, The Spirit of Community: The Reinvention of American Society (NY: Simon & Shuster 1993) p.14.
29. John W. Garner, Building Community (Washington, DC: Independent Sector 1991) p.11.
30. For details see Etzioni (note 21) pp.147-51.
31. For an account of these concepts see ibid., pp.155-7.
32. Cohen (note 18) pp.22-3.
33. Karl W. Deutsch, 'Nation-Building and National Development: Some Issues for Political Research', in idem and William J. Foltz (eds) Nation-Building (NY: Atherton Press 1966) p.3.
34. See Anthony D. Smith National Identity (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1991) p.152.
35. According to Bloom, 'national identity describes that condition in which a mass of people have made the same identification with national symbols ... so that they may act as one psychological group when there is a threat, or a possibility of enhancement of, these symbols of national identity'. See William Bloom, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations (Cambridge Studies in Int. Relations, No.9, CUP 1993) p.52.
36. Smith (note 27) his note 16, p.197.
37. Walker Connor, 'Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?', World Politics 22 (April 1971) p.350.
38. Nikolai Lenin (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov), 'Critical Remarks on the National Question', in Louis L. Snyder (ed.) The Dynamics of Nationalism: Readings in its Meaning and Development (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand 1964) pp.11-12.
39. Scharpf (note 3) p.242. Cf. Stanley Hoffmann, Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State in Western Europe', Daedalus 85/2 (Summer 1966) p.910.
40. This approach to the process of amalgamation draws on Deutsch's analysis, as presented in Karl W. Deutsch et al. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton UP 1957) p.6.
41. Smith (note 27) p.153.
42. See Walker Connor, 'A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a ...', Ethnic and Racial Studies (Oct. 1978) pp.379-88.
43. The term 'strong democracy' has been used by Etzioni as the antithesis of 'faulty democracy', that is, as a means for making government 'more representative, more participatory, and more responsive to all members of the community'. See Etzioni (note 21) p.155. Barber, by distinquishing it from 'thin democracy', defines it as 'politics in the participatory mode where conflict is resolved in the absence of an independent ground through a participatory process of ongoing, proximate self-legislation and the creation of a political community capable of transforming dependent, private individuals into free citizens and partial and private interests into public goods'. See Benjamin Barber Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press 1984) p.132.
44. Etzioni (note 21) p.32.
45. Karlheinz Reif, 'Cultural Convergence and Cultural Diversity as Factors in European Identity', in Soledad Garcia (ed) European Identity and the Search for Legitimacy (London: Pinter 1993) p.138. In fact, a survey conducted by the Eurobarometer in autumn 1992 has revealed that 62% of the respondents saw 'a sense of European identity as being compatible with a sense of national identity'. See Figure 8.2, p.141.
46. Antony H. Birch, Nationalism and National Integration (London: Unwin Hyman 1989) p.37. He states: 'By developing national institutions and exploiting tactics of political socialisation, the attempt is made to replace local and sectional loyalties by an overriding sense of national loyalty. This process is known as nation-building'. See p.40.
47. This phase epitomises the pluralistic conception of the demos. On its organic conception see Sartori (note 8) pp.23-4.
48. William E. Connolly, 'Democracy and Territoriality', in Marjorie Ringrose and Adams J. Lehrner (eds) Remaining the Nation (Buckingham: Open UP 1993) p.51.
49. Ibid. p.65.
50. Carl Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1988) p.9. Quoted in ibid., note 31, pp.74-5.
51. Carl Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1988) p.9. Quoted in ibid., note 31, pp.74-5.
52. For these quotations see Connolly (note 41) pp.66 and 70, resp.
53. Helen Wallace, 'Deepening and Widening: Problems of Legitimacy for the EC', in García (note 38) pp.100-1.
54. Dennis E. Poplin Communities: A Survey of Theories and Methods of Research (London: Macmillan 1979) Table 1-1, p.6.
55. Sartori (note 8) p.34.
56. Deutsch (note 26) p.3. He explains: 'As a house can be built from timber, bricks, and mortar, in different patterns, quicker or slowly, through different sequences of assembly, in partial independence from its setting, and according to the choice, will, and power of its builders, so a nation can be built according to different plans, from various materials rapidly or gradually, by different sequences of steps, and in partial independence from its environment'.
57. Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics (New Haven and London: Yale UP 1989) p.114.
58. For a similar discussion see Paul Taylor The Limits of Europena Integration (NY: Columbia UP 1983) pp.12-13.
59. On this issue see Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Jnl of European Integration 2-3/18 (Winter/Spring 1995) pp.279-305. See also his 'When "Demos" met "Cracy": Prospects for Democracy in the European Union' (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in European Politics, No.EP96/2, July 1996).
60. On this issue see Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Jnl of European Integration 2-3/18 (Winter/Spring 1995) pp.279-305. See also his 'When "Demos" met "Cracy": Prospects for Democracy in the European Union' (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in European Politics, No.EP96/2, July 1996).
61. Philip Schlesinger, 'Europeaness: A new Cultural Battlefield?', in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (eds) Nationalism (Oxford: OUP 1994) p.321. He concludes, however, that this does not seem to be 'the most compelling mobilising cry for Europe in the 1990s'.
62. Glenn Tinder Community: Reflections on a Tragic Ideal (Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State UP 1980) p.38.
63. Ulf Hedetoft, 'The State of Sovereignty in Europe: Political Concept or Cultural Self-Image', in Staffan Zetterholm (ed.) National Cultures and European Integration (Oxford and Providence, RI: Berg 1994) p.35.
64. Staffan Zetterholm, 'Why is Cultural Diversity a Political Problem? A Discussion of Cultural Barries to Political Integration', in ibid., p.73.
65. This description is fully in accord with our previous characterisation of the EU as a Confederal Consociation. For further details on the subject see the references in note 12.