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See respectively, David Mitrany A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books 1966, orig. 1943); Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (London: Stevens & Sons 1958); Clint Bolick, European Federalism: Lessons from America (Inst. of Economic Affairs Occasional Paper, No.93, London, July 1994); and Fritz W. Scharpf, 'The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration', Public Administration 66/2 (Autumn 1988) pp.239-78.
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See respectively, David Mitrany A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle Books 1966, orig. 1943); Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957 (London: Stevens & Sons 1958); Clint Bolick, European Federalism: Lessons from America (Inst. of Economic Affairs Occasional Paper, No.93, London, July 1994); and Fritz W. Scharpf, 'The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration', Public Administration 66/2 (Autumn 1988) pp.239-78.
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Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
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Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
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Spring
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Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
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Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
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Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops
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Chryssochoou (note 10). Cf. his The Consociational Dimension of European Integration: Limits and Possibilities of Transnational Democracy (Panteion U. Occas. Research Paper, No.6, Inst. of Int. Affairs, Athens, July 1994). See also by Michael J. Tsinisizelis and Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, Reflections on the State of Democracy in the EU: The Concept of Confederal Consociation (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in Federal Studies, No.FS95/3, May 1995); 'From "Gemeinschaft" to "Gesellschaft"? Confederal Consociation and Democracy in the European Union', Current Politics and Economics of Europe (Spring 1995) pp.1-33; 'Between "Federal State" and "Federal Union of States": The European Union as a Confederal Consociation', Bordeaux ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, April 1995; and Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process (Athens: I. Sideris Pbl. 1995) (in Greek).
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Democracy in the European Union: Structural Conditions and Political Process
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On this point see Sartori (note 8) p.121.
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For an account of 'etymological democracy' see ibid., pp.21-38
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For an account of 'etymological democracy' see ibid., pp.21-38.
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Rethinking Democracy in the European Union: The Case for a "Transnational Demos"
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Stelios Stavridis et al. (eds) Aldershot: Dartmouth
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For further details see Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, 'Rethinking Democracy in the European Union: The Case for a "Transnational Demos"', in Stelios Stavridis et al. (eds) New Challenges to the European Union: Policies and Policy-Making at the End of the Century (Aldershot: Dartmouth 1997) pp.65-83.
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For details see Etzioni (note 21) pp.147-51.
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For an account of these concepts see ibid., pp.155-7
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For an account of these concepts see ibid., pp.155-7.
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According to Bloom, 'national identity describes that condition in which a mass of people have made the same identification with national symbols ... so that they may act as one psychological group when there is a threat, or a possibility of enhancement of, these symbols of national identity'. See William Bloom, Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations (Cambridge Studies in Int. Relations, No.9, CUP 1993) p.52.
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Nikolai Lenin (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov), 'Critical Remarks on the National Question', in Louis L. Snyder (ed.) The Dynamics of Nationalism: Readings in its Meaning and Development (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand 1964) pp.11-12.
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Smith (note 27) p.153.
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The term 'strong democracy' has been used by Etzioni as the antithesis of 'faulty democracy', that is, as a means for making government 'more representative, more participatory, and more responsive to all members of the community'. See Etzioni (note 21) p.155. Barber, by distinquishing it from 'thin democracy', defines it as 'politics in the participatory mode where conflict is resolved in the absence of an independent ground through a participatory process of ongoing, proximate self-legislation and the creation of a political community capable of transforming dependent, private individuals into free citizens and partial and private interests into public goods'. See Benjamin Barber Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley, CA: U. of California Press 1984) p.132.
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Etzioni (note 21) p.32.
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Karlheinz Reif, 'Cultural Convergence and Cultural Diversity as Factors in European Identity', in Soledad Garcia (ed) European Identity and the Search for Legitimacy (London: Pinter 1993) p.138. In fact, a survey conducted by the Eurobarometer in autumn 1992 has revealed that 62% of the respondents saw 'a sense of European identity as being compatible with a sense of national identity'. See Figure 8.2, p.141.
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Antony H. Birch, Nationalism and National Integration (London: Unwin Hyman 1989) p.37. He states: 'By developing national institutions and exploiting tactics of political socialisation, the attempt is made to replace local and sectional loyalties by an overriding sense of national loyalty. This process is known as nation-building'. See p.40.
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This phase epitomises the pluralistic conception of the demos. On its organic conception see Sartori (note 8) pp.23-4.
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William E. Connolly, 'Democracy and Territoriality', in Marjorie Ringrose and Adams J. Lehrner (eds) Remaining the Nation (Buckingham: Open UP 1993) p.51.
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For these quotations see Connolly (note 41) pp.66 and 70, resp
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For these quotations see Connolly (note 41) pp.66 and 70, resp.
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Sartori (note 8) p.34.
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Deutsch (note 26) p.3. He explains: 'As a house can be built from timber, bricks, and mortar, in different patterns, quicker or slowly, through different sequences of assembly, in partial independence from its setting, and according to the choice, will, and power of its builders, so a nation can be built according to different plans, from various materials rapidly or gradually, by different sequences of steps, and in partial independence from its environment'
-
Deutsch (note 26) p.3. He explains: 'As a house can be built from timber, bricks, and mortar, in different patterns, quicker or slowly, through different sequences of assembly, in partial independence from its setting, and according to the choice, will, and power of its builders, so a nation can be built according to different plans, from various materials rapidly or gradually, by different sequences of steps, and in partial independence from its environment'.
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Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics (New Haven and London: Yale UP 1989) p.114.
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Winter/Spring
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On this issue see Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Jnl of European Integration 2-3/18 (Winter/Spring 1995) pp.279-305. See also his 'When "Demos" met "Cracy": Prospects for Democracy in the European Union' (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in European Politics, No.EP96/2, July 1996).
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Jnl of European Integration
, vol.2-3
, Issue.18 THIS ISSUE
, pp. 279-305
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On this issue see Dimitris N. Chryssochoou, 'European Union and the Dynamics of Confederal Consociation: Problems and Prospects for a Democratic Future', Jnl of European Integration 2-3/18 (Winter/Spring 1995) pp.279-305. See also his 'When "Demos" met "Cracy": Prospects for Democracy in the European Union' (Leicester U. Discussion Papers in European Politics, No.EP96/2, July 1996).
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John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (eds) Oxford: OUP
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Philip Schlesinger, 'Europeaness: A new Cultural Battlefield?', in John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (eds) Nationalism (Oxford: OUP 1994) p.321. He concludes, however, that this does not seem to be 'the most compelling mobilising cry for Europe in the 1990s'.
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Ulf Hedetoft, 'The State of Sovereignty in Europe: Political Concept or Cultural Self-Image', in Staffan Zetterholm (ed.) National Cultures and European Integration (Oxford and Providence, RI: Berg 1994) p.35.
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note
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This description is fully in accord with our previous characterisation of the EU as a Confederal Consociation. For further details on the subject see the references in note 12.
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