Accumulation in advanced economies: Spatial, technological, and social frontiers

Cambridge Journal of Economics

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 687-714

  Heim, Carol E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT;

UK;

EID: 0030316965     PISSN: 0309166X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a013645     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Abbott, C. 1987. Urban America in the Modern Age: 1920 to the Present, Arlington Heights, IL, Harlan Davidson
2. Ambrose, P. 1986. Whatever Happened to Planning?, London, Methuen
3. Ark, B. van. 1990. Comparative levels of manufacturing productivity in postwar Europe: measurement and comparisons, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 52, no. 4, 343-374
4. Ark, B. van. 1992. Comparative productivity in British and American manufacturing, National Institute Economic Review, no. 142, 63-73
5. Ark, B. van and Pilat, D. 1993. Productivity levels in Germany, Japan, and the United States: differences and causes, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, no. 2, 31-48
6. Arthur, W. B. 1989. Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events, Economic Journal, vol. 99, no. 394, 116-131
7. Aylen, J. 1982. Plant size and efficiency in the steel industry: an international comparison, National Institute Economic Review, no. 100, 65-76
8. Ball, M. 1983. Housing Policy and Economic Power: the Political Economy of Owner Occupation, London, Methuen
9. Barker, K., Britton, A., Eastwood, F. and Major, R. 1985. Macroeconomic policy in Germany and Britain, National Institute Economic Review, no. 114, 69-89
10. Barnett, C. 1986. The Audit of War: the Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation, London, Macmillan
11. Benton, L. 1990. Invisible Factories: the Informal Economy and Industrial Development in Spain, Albany, State University of New York Press
12. Berger, S. and Piore, M. 1980. Dualism and Discontinuity in Industrial Societies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
13. Bluestone, B. and Harrison, B. 1982. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry, New York, Basic Books
14. Bosworth, B. P. and Rivlin, A. M. (eds) 1987. The Swedish Economy, Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution
15. Brumlop, E. and Juergens, U. 1986. Rationalisation and industrial relations: a case study of Volkswagen, in Jacobi, O., Jessop, B., Kastendiek, H. and Regini, M. (eds), Technological Change, Rationalisation and Industrial Relations, London, Groom Helm, 73-94
16. Brusco, S. 1982. The Emilian model: productive decentralisation and social integration, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 6, no. 2, 167-184
17. Casey, B. and Bruche, G. 1983. Work or Retirement? Labour Market and Social Policy for Older Workers in France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the USA, Aldershot, Gower
18. Caves, R. E. 1980. Productivity differences among industries, in Caves, R. E. and Krause, L. B. (eds), Britain's Economic Performance, Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 135-192
19. Chalmers, M. 1985. Paying for Defence: Military Spending and British Decline, London, Pluto
20. Chalmers, N. 1989. Industrial Relations in Japan: the Peripheral Workforce, London, Routledge
21. Chandler, A. D. Jr. 1990. Scale and Scope: the Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
22. Cheshire, P., Hay, D., Carbonaro, G. and Bevan, N. 1988. Urban Problems and Regional Policy in the European Community, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
23. Clout, H. 1975. The Franco-Belgian Border Region, London, Oxford University Press
24. Coates, D. and Hillard, J. (eds) 1986. The Economic Decline of Modern Britain: the Debate between Left and Right, Brighton, Wheatsheaf
25. Cronin, J. 1991. The Politics of State Expansion: War, State and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain, London, Routledge
26. David, P. 1985. Clio and the economics of QWERTY, American Economic Review, vol. 75, no. 2, 332-337
27. Davies, S. and Caves, R. E. 1987. Britain's Productivity Gap, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
28. Dex, S., Walters, P. and Alden, D. M. 1993. French and British Mothers at Work, Basingstoke, Macmillan
29. Dintenfass, M. 1992. The Decline of Industrial Britain, 1870-1980, London, Routledge
30. Di Tella, G. 1982. The economics of the frontier, in Kindleberger, C. P. and di Tella, G. (eds), Economics in the Long View: Essays in Honour of W. W. Rostow, Vol. I, Models and Methodology, New York, New York University Press, 210-227
31. Dolado, J. J., Malo de Molina, J. L. and Zabalza, A. 1986. Spanish industrial unemployment: some explanatory factors, Economica, vol. 53, no. 210(S), S313-S334 and S364-S367
32. Dore, R. 1986A. Flexible Rigidities: Industrial Policy and Structural Adjustment in the Japanese Economy, 1970-80, Stanford, Stanford University Press
33. Dore, R. P., with contributions by Taira, K. 1986B. Structural Adjustment in Japan, 1970-82, Geneva, International Labour Office
34. Dore, R. 1987. Taking Japan Seriously: a Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues, Stanford, Stanford University Press
35. Dunning, J. and Cantwell, J., with the assistance of Tolentino, P. E. and Province, F. 1987. IRM Directory of Statistics of International Investment and Production, New York, New York University Press
36. Eatwell, J. 1982. Whatever Happened to Britain? The Economics of Decline, London, British Broadcasting Corporation and Duckworth
37. Economic Planning Agency, Japanese Government. 1989. Economic Survey of Japan (1987-1988), Tokyo, Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance
38. Edgington, D. W. 1994. The geography of endaka: industrial transformation and regional employment changes in Japan, 1986-1991, Regional Studies, vol. 28, no. 5, 521-535
39. Elbaum, B. and Lazonick, W. (eds) 1986. The Decline of the British Economy, Oxford, Clarendon
40. Ernst, A. 1986. Employment, wages, and export competitiveness, in Schmiegelow, M. (ed.), Japan's Response to Crisis and Change in the World Economy, Armonk, NY, M. E. Sharpe, 209-229
41. Esser, J. and Hirsch, J. 1989. The crisis of fordism and the dimensions of a 'postfordist' regional and urban structure, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 13, no. 3, 417-439
42. Esser, J. and Vath, W. 1986. Overcoming the steel crisis in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1974-1983, in Mény, Y. and Wright, V. (eds), The Politics of Steel: Western Europe and the Steel Industry in the Crisis Years (1974-1984), Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 623-691
43. European Commission. 1994. Competitiveness and Cohesion: Trends in the Regions: Fifth Periodic Report on the Social and Economic Situation and Development of the Regions in the Community, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
44. Feagin, J. R. 1988. Free Enterprise City: Houston in Political and Economic Perspective, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press
45. Feagin, J. R. 1990. Are planners collective capitalists? The cases of Aberdeen and Houston, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 14, no. 2, 249-273
46. Fina, L. 1987. Unemployment in Spain: its causes and the policy response, Labour, vol. 1, no. 2, 29-69
47. Fothergill, S. and Gudgin, G. 1979. Regional employment change: a sub-regional explanation, Progress in Planning, vol. 12, part 3, 155-219
48. Fothergill, S. and Gudgin, G. 1982. Unequal Growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the UK, London, Heinemann
49. Fox, A. 1974. Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations, London, Faber
50. Fox, A. 1985. History and Heritage: the Social Origins of the British Industrial Relations System, London, George Allen & Unwin
51. Freeman, C. 1989. R&D, technical change and investment in the UK, in Green, F. (ed.), The Restructuring of the UK Economy, Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 199-241
52. Gamble, A. 1994. Britain in Decline: Economic Policy, Political Strategy and the British State, 4th edn, New York, St Martin's Press
53. Gamble, A. M. and Walkland, S. A. 1984. The British Party System and Economic Policy, 1945-1983: Studies in Adversarial Politics, Oxford, Clarendon Press
54. Gillespie, A. E., Eversley, J. T. and O'Neil, A. B. 1985. A Study of Industrial Decline in the Regions of the European Community, Draft final report to Directorate General XVI of the Commission of the European Communities, Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
55. Glickman, N. 1979. The Growth and Management of the Japanese Urban System, New York, Academic Press
56. Goddard, J. B. 1981. British cities in transition, Geographical Magazine, vol. 53, no. 8, 523-530
57. Gordon, A. 1985. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan: Heavy Industry, 1853-1955, Cambridge, Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University
58. Graham, J. 1991. Fordism/post-fordism, marxism/post-marxism: the second cultural divide, Rethinking Marxism, vol. 4, no. 1, 39-58
59. Grant, W., with Sargent, J. 1987. Business and Politics in Britain, Basingstoke, Macmillan
60. Harris, C. D. 1982. The urban and industrial transformation of Japan, Geographical Review, vol. 72, no. 1, 50-89
61. Harvey, D. 1981. The spatial fix - Hegel, Von Thünen, and Marx, Antipode, vol. 13, no. 3, 1-12
62. Harvey, D. 1982. The Limits to Capital, Chicago, University of Chicago Press
63. Heim, C. E. 1984. Structural transformation and the demand for new labor in advanced economies: interwar Britain, Journal of Economic History, vol. 44, no. 2, 585-595
64. Heim, C. E. 1986. External spheres and the theory of capitalist development, Social Concept, vol. 3, no. 2, 3-42
65. Heim, C. E. 1990. The Treasury as developer-capitalist? British new town building in the 1950s, Journal of Economic History, vol. 50, no. 4, 903-924
66. Heim, C. E. (forthcoming). Structural changes: regional and urban, in Engerman, S. and Gallman, R. (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Vol. III, The Twentieth Century, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
67. Helper, S. 1991. 'The Restructuring of Supplier Relations in the U.S. Auto Industry: Do Regions Matter?', paper presented at the annual meeting of the Social Science History Association, New Orleans
68. Herrigel, G. B. 1996. Industrial Constructions: the Sources of German Industrial Power, New York, Cambridge University Press
69. Hirst, P. and Zeitlin, J. (eds) 1989. Reversing Industrial Decline? Industrial Structure and Policy in Britain and Her Competitors, Oxford, Berg
70. Houseman, S. 1991. Industrial Restructuring with Job Security: the Case of European Steel, Cambridge, Harvard University Press
71. Houseman, S. and Osawa, M. 1995. Part-time and temporary employment in Japan, Monthly Labor Review, vol. 118, no. 10, 10-18
72. Hoyt, H. 1933. One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago: the Relationship of the Growth of Chicago to the Rise in its Land Values, 1830-1933, Chicago, University of Chicago Press
73. Humphries, J. and Rubery, J. 1992. The legacy for women's employment: integration, differentiation and polarisation, in Michie, J. (ed.), The Economic Legacy, 1979-1992, London, Academic Press, 236-255
74. Jackson, K. T. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: the Suburbanization of the United States, New York, Oxford University Press
75. Jenness, R. A. 1984. Positive Adjustment in Manpower and Social Policies, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
76. Jones, P. N. 1990. West Germany's declining guestworker population: spatial change and economic trends in the 1980s, Regional Studies, vol. 24, no. 3, 223-233
77. Kada, R. 1980. Part-time Family Farming: Off-farm Employment and Farm Adjustments in the United States and Japan, Tokyo, Center for Academic Publications Japan
78. Kaldor, M. 1980. Technical change in the defence industry, in Pavitt, K. (ed.), Technical Innovation and British Economic Performance, London, Macmillan, 100-121
79. Kashiwagi, Y. 1989. Steelyard blues no more, Look Japan, vol. 35, no. 401, 16-17
80. Kilpatrick, A. and Lawson, T. (1980). On the nature of industrial decline in the UK, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 4, no. 1, 85-102
81. Kindleberger, C. P. 1967. Europe's Postwar Growth: the Role of Labor Supply, Cambridge, Harvard University Press
82. Kingsolver, A. E. 1992. Tobacco, textiles, and Toyota: working for multinational corporations in rural Kentucky, in Blim, M. and Rothstein, F. (eds), Anthropology and the Global Factory: Studies of the New Industrialization in the Late Twentieth Century, New York, Bergin & Garvey, 191-205
83. Kirby, M. W. 1981. The Decline of British Economic Power since 1870, London, George Allen & Unwin
84. Lazonick, W. 1990. Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor, Cambridge, Harvard University Press
85. Lee, C. H. 1971. Regional Economic Growth in the United Kingdom since the 1880s, London, McGraw-Hill
86. Levine, D. P. 1981. Economic Theory, Vol. II, The System of Economic Relations as a Whole, London, Routledge
87. Lorenz, E. H. 1991. An evolutionary explanation for competitive decline: the British shipbuilding industry, 1890-1970, Journal of Economic History, vol. 51, no. 4, 911-935
88. Luxemburg, R. 1968 (1913) The Accumulation of Capital, New York, Monthly Review Press
89. McKersie, R. B. and Sengenberger, W. 1983. Job Losses in Major Industries: Manpower Strategy Responses, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
90. Mair, A., Florida, R. and Kenney, M. 1988. The new geography of automobile production: Japanese transplants in North America, Economic Geography, vol. 64, no. 4, 352-373
91. Maitland, I. 1983. The Causes of Industrial Disorder: a Comparison of a British and a German Factory, London, Routledge
92. Martin, R. 1986. Thatcherism and Britain's industrial landscape, in Martin, R. and Rowthorn, B. (eds), The Geography of De-industrialisation, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 238-290
93. Martin, R. 1989. Regional imbalance as consequence and constraint in national economic renewal, in Green, F. (ed.), The Restructuring of the UK Economy, Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 80-97
94. Mény, Y. and Wright, V. 1986. State and steel in western Europe, in Mény, Y. and Wright, V. (eds), The Politics of Steel: Western Europe and the Steel Industry in the Crisis Years (1974-1984), Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1-110
95. Mera, K. 1986. Population stabilization and national spatial policy of public investment: the Japanese experience, International Regional Science Review, vol. 10, no. 1, 47-65
96. Millward, R. 1994. Industrial and commercial performance since 1950, in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, 2nd edn, Vol. 3, 1939-1992, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 123-167
97. Mohl, R. A. (ed.) 1990. Searching for the Sunbelt: Historical Perspectives on a Region, Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press
98. Mollenkopf, J. H. 1983. The Contested City, Princeton, Princeton University Press
99. Mommen, A. 1994. The Belgian Economy in the Twentieth Century, London, Routledge
100. Mueller, D. C. 1986. Profits in the Long Run, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
101. Nakamura, T. 1981. The Postwar Japanese Economy: its Development and Structure, Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press
102. Nash, G. D. 1990. World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press
103. National Institute Economic Review. 1994. Commentary: the UK economy, no. 150, 3-6
104. National Science Foundation. 1991. International Science and Technology Update: 1991 (NSF 91-309), Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation
105. Newton, S. and Porter, D. 1988. Modernization Frustrated: the Politics of Industrial Decline in Britain since 1900, London, Unwin Hyman
106. Norton, R. D. 1986. Industrial policy and American renewal, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 24, no. 1, 1-40
107. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), Group on Urban Affairs. 1986. Urban Policies in Japan, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
108. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 1987. International Investment and Multinational Enterprises: Recent Trends in International Direct Investment, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
109. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 1992A. International Direct Investment: Policy and Trends in the 1980s, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
110. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 1992B. Labour Force Statistics, 1970-1990, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
111. Oliver, N. and Wilkinson, B. 1992. The Japanization of British Industry: New Developments in the 1990s, Oxford, Blackwell
112. O'Mahony, M. 1992. Productivity levels in British and German manufacturing industry, National Institute Economic Review, no. 139, 46-63
113. Oulton, N. 1990. Labour productivity in UK manufacturing in the 1970s and in the 1980s, National Institute Economic Review, no. 132, 71-91
114. Oulton, N. 1994. Labour productivity and unit labour costs in manufacturing: the UK and its competitors, National Institute Economic Review, no. 148, 49-60
115. Peck, M. J., Levin, R. C. and Goto, A. 1987. Picking losers: public policy toward declining industries in Japan, Journal of Japanese Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, 79-123
116. Piore, M. J. and Sabel, C. F. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity, New York, Basic Books
117. Polanyi, K. 1944. The Great Transformation: the Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston, Beacon Press
118. Pollard, S. 1982. The Wasting of the British Economy: British Economic Policy 1945 to the Present, New York, St Martin's Press
119. Pontusson, J. 1992. The Limits of Social Democracy: Investment Politics in Sweden, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press
120. Prais, S., with the collaboration of Daly, A., Jones, D. T. and Wagner, K. 1981. Productivity and Industrial Structure: a Statistical Study of Manufacturing Industry in Britain, Germany and the United States, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
121. Rice, B. R. and Bernard, R. M. 1983. Introduction, in Bernard, R. M. and Rice, B. R. (eds), Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1-30
122. Riley, R. 1976. Belgium, Folkestone, William Dawson & Sons
123. Rosen, C. M. 1986. The Limits of Power: Great Fires and the Process of City Growth in America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
124. Rowthorn, B. 1983. The past strikes back, in Hall, S. and Jacques, M. (eds), The Politics of Thatcherism, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 63-78
125. Rowthorn, B. 1986. De-industrialisation in Britain, in Martin, R. and Rowthorn, B. (eds), The Geography of De-industrialisation, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1-30
126. Roy, A. D. 1982. Labour productivity in 1980: an international comparison, National Institute Economic Review, no. 101, 26-37
127. Rubery, J. 1989. Labour market flexibility in Britain, in Green, F. (ed.), The Restructuring of the UK Economy, Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 155-176
128. Rubinstein, W. D. 1993. Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750-1990, London, Routledge
129. Sargent, J. and Wiltshire, R. 1988. Kamaishi: a Japanese steel town in crisis, Geography, vol. 73, no. 321, 354-357
130. Saxenian, A. 1983. The urban contradictions of Silicon Valley: regional growth and the restructuring of the semiconductor industry. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 7, no. 2, 237-262
131. Saxonhouse, G. R. 1979. Industrial restructuring in Japan, Journal of Japanese Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, 273-320
132. Sayer, A. and Walker, R. 1992. The New Social Economy: Reworking the Division of Labor, Cambridge, MA, Blackwell
133. Scarbrough, H. 1986. The politics of technological change at British Leyland, in Jacobi, O., Jessop, B., Kastendiek, H. and Regini, M. (eds), Technological Change, Rationalisation and Industrial Relations, London, Croom Helm, 95-115
134. Scargill, I. 1991. Regional inequality in France: persistence and change, Geography, vol. 76, no. 333, 343-357
135. Schumpeter, J. A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, New York, Harper
136. Scott, A. J. 1988. New Industrial Spaces: Flexible Production Organization and Regional Development in North America and Western Europe, London, Pion
137. Shapira, P. 1990. Industrial restructuring and economic development strategies in a Japanese steel town: the case of Kitakyushu, Town Planning Review, vol. 61, no. 4, 389-411
138. Shepherd, D., Silberston, A. and Strange, R. 1985. British Manufacturing Investment Overseas, London, Metheun
139. Smith, A. D., Hitchens, D. M. W. N. and Davies, S. W. 1982. International Industrial Productivity: a Comparison of Britain, America and Germany, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
140. Smith, N. 1986. Gentrification, the frontier, and the restructuring of urban space, in Smith, N. and Williams, P. (eds), Gentrification of the City, Boston, George Allen & Unwin, 15-34
141. Stopford, J. M. and Turner, L. 1985. Britain and the Multinationals, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons
142. Storper, M. 1989. The transition to flexible specialisation in the US film industry: external economies, the division of labour, and the crossing of industrial divides, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 13, no. 2, 273-305
143. Streeck, W. 1984. Industrial Relations in West Germany: a Study of the Car Industry, London, Heinemann
144. Supple, B. 1994. British economic decline since 1945, in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, 2nd edn, Vol. 3, 1939-1992, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 318-346
145. Taira, K. 1983. Japan's low unemployment: economic miracle or statistical artifact?, Monthly Labor Review, vol. 106, no. 7, 3-10
146. Tomlinson, J. 1994. Government and the Enterprise since 1900: the Changing Problem of Efficiency, Oxford, Clarendon Press
147. Toyne, B., Arpan, J. S., Barnett, A. H., Ricks, D. A., Shimp, T. A., Andrews, J. E., Clamp, J. C., Rogers, C. D., Shepherd, G., Tho, T. V., Vaughn, E. A. and Woolcock, S. 1984. The Global Textile Industry, London, George Allen & Unwin
148. Turek, J. H. 1985. The Northeast in a national context: background trends in population, income, and employment, in Richardson, H. W. and Turek, J. H. (eds), Economic Prospects for the Northeast, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 28-65
149. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1986. Technology and Structural Unemployment: Reemploying Displaced Adults, OTA-ITE-250, Washington, D.C., US Government Printing Office
150. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1962. City and County Data Book, 1962, Washington, D.C., US Government Printing Office
151. Vogel, E. F. 1985. Comeback: Case by Case: Building the Resurgence of American Business, New York, Simon and Schuster
152. Wabe, J. S. 1986. The regional impact of de-industrialization in the European Community, Regional Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 27-36
153. Walker, J. 1988. Women, the state and the family in Britain: Thatcher economics and the experience of women, in Rubery, J. (ed.), Women and Recession, London, Routledge, 218-250
154. Whittaker, D. H. 1990. Managing Innovation: a Study of British and Japanese Factories, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
155. Wiener, M. J. 1981. English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850-1980, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
156. Williams, A. M. 1987. The Western European Economy: a Geography of Post-war Development, London, Hutchinson
157. Yamazawa, I. 1980. Increasing imports and structural adjustment of the Japanese textile industry, Developing Economies, vol. 18, no. 4, 441-462