Cancer mortality among electricity utility workers in a Southeastern region Brazil;Mortalidade por câncer em trabalhadores de companhia geradora de eletricidade do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Revista de Saude Publica

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 564-575

  Mattos, Inês E ^a   Koifman, Sérgio ^a  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Electricity, adverse effects; Neoplasms, mortality; Occupational exposure, adverse effects

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BRAZIL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ELECTRIC POWER PLANT; ELECTRICITY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; NEOPLASM; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BRAZIL; ELECTRICITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POWER PLANTS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0030309520     PISSN: 00348910     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101996000600011     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. AHLBOM, A. A review of the epidemiologic literature on magnetic fields and cancer. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 14:337-43, 1988.
2. ARMANINI, D.; CONTI, R.; MANTINI, A.; NICOLINI, P.; DI LECCE, F.; LATTARULO, F. Mastronardi G. Enel's experience in the area of power-frequency electromagnetic field measuring techniques: problems related to design, calibration, and use of measuring devices. Alta Frequenza, 58:403-10, 1989.
3. BASTUJI-GARIN, S.; RICHARDSON, S.; ZITTOUN, R. Acute leukaemia in workers exposed to electromagnetic fields. Eur. J. Cancer, 26:1119-20, 1990.
4. BATES, M. N. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: the epidemiologic evidence. Environ. Health Perspect., 95:147-56, 1991.
5. BISHOP, J. M. The molecular genetics of cancer. Leukemia, 2:199-208, 1988.
6. BONNELL, J. A. Effects of electric fields near power-transmission plant. J. R. Soc. Med., 75:933-41, 1982.
7. BRANDT-RAUF, P. W. Oncogene proteins as biomarkers in the molecular epidemiology of occupational carcinogenesis. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 63:1-8, 1991.
8. CALLE, E. E. & SAVITZ, D. A. Leukemia in occupational groups with presumed exposure to electrical and magnetic fields. N. Engl. J. Med., 313:1476-7, 1985.
9. CHECKOWAY, H.; PEARCE, N.; CRAWFORD-BROWN, D. J. Research methods in occupational epidemiology. New York, Oxford University Press, 1989.
10. CHOI, B. C. K. Definition, sources, magnitude, effect modifiers, and strategies of reduction of the healthy worker effect. J. Occup. Med., 34:979-88, 1992.
11. CLAUDE, J.; KUNZE, E.; FRENTZEL-BEYME, R.; PACZKOWSKI, K.; SCHNEIDER, J.; SCHUBERT, H. Life-style and occupational risk factors in cancer of the lower urinary tract. Am. J. Epidemiol., 124: 578-89, 1986.
12. COLEMAN, M. & BERAL, V. A review of epidemiological studies of the health effects of living near or working with electricity generation and transmission equipment. Int. J. Epidemiol., 17:1-13, 1988.
13. COPELAND, K. T.; CHECKOWAY, H.; MCMCHAEL, A. J.; HOLBROOK, R. H. Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Am. J. Epidemiol., 105:488-95, 1977.
14. DAN BRACKEN, T. Exposure assessment for power frequency electric and magnetic fields. Presented in Panel: Electric and Magnetic Fields and Health. Paris, 1992.* As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
15. DEADMAN, J. E.; SCHNITMAN, A.; THÉRIAULT, G. Reconstruction of past exposures to electric and magnetic fields. In : Joint Électricité de France, Hydro-Québec, Ontario Hydro Epidemiological Study on the Longterm Effects of Exposure to 50 and 60 Hertz Electric and Magnetic Fields, 1991.* As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
16. DECOUFLÉ, P.; THOMAS, T. L.; PIKLE, L. Comparison of the proportionate mortality ratio and standardized mortality ratio risk measures. Am. J. Epidemiol., 111:263-9, 1980.
17. DELPIZZO, V.; SALZBERG, M. R.; FARISH, S. J. The use of "spot" measurements in epidemiological studies of the health effects of magnetic field exposure. Int. J. Epidemiol., 20:448-55, 1991.
18. DUBROW, R. & WEGMAN, D. H. Cancer and occupation in Massachusetts: a death certificate study. Am. J. Ind. Med., 6:207-30, 1984.
19. EASTERLY, C. E. Cancer link to magnetic field exposure: a hypothesis. Am. J. Epidemiol., 114:169-74, 1981.
20. ENTERLINE, F. E. Not uniformly true for each cause of death. J. Occup. Med., 17:127-8, 1975.
21. FEYCHTING, M. & AHLBOM, A. Magnetic fields and cancer in people residing near Swedish high voltage power lines. Am. J. Epidemiol., 138:467-81, 1993.
22. FLEGAL, K. M.; BROWNIE, C.; HAAS, J. D. The effects of exposure misclassification on estimates of relative risks. Am. J. Epidemiol., 123:736-51, 1986.
23. FLODERUS, B. & KNAVE B. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in relation to leukemia and brain tumors: a case-control study in Sweden. Cancer Causes Control., 4:465-76, 1993.
24. FLODIN, U.; FREDRIKSSON, M.; AXELSON, A.; PERSSON, B.; HARDELL, L. Background radiation, electrical work, and some other exposures associated with acute myeloid leukemia in a case-referent study. Arch. Environ. Health, 41:77-84, 1986.
25. FUNDAÇÃO SEADE. Causas de morte e esperança de vida ao nascer no Estado de São Paulo e regiões - 1975-1983. São Paulo, 1990.
26. GARLAND, F. C.; SHAW, E.; GORHAM, E. D.; GARLAND, C. F.; WHITE, M. R.; SINSHEIMER, P. J. Incidence of leukemia in occupations with potential electromagnetic field exposure in Unites States Navy personnel. Am. J. Epidemiol., 132:293-303, 1990.
27. GONZALEZ, C. A.; LÓPEZ-HABENTE, G.; ERREZOLA, M.; ESCOLAR, A.; RIBOLI, E.; IZARZUGAZA, I.; NEBOT, M. Occupation and bladder cancer in Spain: A multi-centre case-control study. Int. J. Epidemiol., 18:569-77, 1989.
28. GOODMAN, R.; BASSETT, CAL.; HENDERSON, A. S. Pulsing electromagnetic fields induce cellular transcription. Science, 220:1283-5, 1983.
29. HERMO JR, H. Chemical carcinogenesis: tumor initiation and promotion. In: Emmelt, E. A., ed. Health problems of health care workers. Philadelphia, Harley & Belfus, 1987. p. 1-25 (Ocupational medicine: state of the art reviews, 2).
30. INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICITY RESEARCH EXCHANGE (IERE). Epidemiological studies relating human health to electric and magnetic fields: criteria for evaluation. 1988. [Report]* As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
31. JAUCHEM, J. R. & MERRIT, J. H. The epidemiology of exposure to electromagnetic fields: an overview of the recent literature. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 44:895-906, 1991.
32. JAUCHEM, J. R. Epidemiologic studies of electric and magnetic fields and cancer: a case study of distortions by the media. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 45:1137-42, 1992.
33. JUNQUEIRA, L. A. P.; EDUARDO, M. B. P.; SOBOLL, M. L. M.; INOJOSA, R. M.; JARDANOVSKI, E.; ARAÚJO, L. C. M. N. Gestão pública no setor saúde: um plano estratégico. São Paulo, FUNDAP, 1992.
34. JUUTILAINEN, J.; LAARA, E.; PUKKALA, E. Incidence of leukaemia and brain tumours in Finnish workers exposed to ELF magnetic fields. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 62:289-93, 1990.
35. KAUNE, W. T.; STEVENS, R. G.; CALLAHAN, N. J.; SEVERSON, R. K.; THOMAS, D. B. Residential magnetic and electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 8:315-35, 1987.
36. KAVET, R.; SILVA, J. M.; THORNTON, D. Magnetic field exposure assessment for adult residents of Maine who live near and far away from overhead transmission lines. Bioelectromagnetics, 13:35-55, 1992.
37. KNAVE, B.; GAMBERALE, F.; BERGSTROM, S.; BIRKE, E.; IREGREN, A.; KOLMODIN-HEDMAN, B.; WENNBERG, A. Long-term exposure to electric fields - a cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation of occupationally exposed workers in high-voltage substations. Scand. J. Environ. Health, 5:115-25, 1979.
38. KOIFMAN, S. Electromagnetic fields: a cancer promoter? Med. Hypothesis, 41:23-7, 1993.
39. KOIFMAN, S.; ECHENIQUE, I.; FARIAS, A.; MONTEIRO, G.; KOIFMAN, R. Cancer mortality among workers in an electrical company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In: Procedings of the Symposium on Environmental Stressors, Tampere, 1989*. As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
40. KOIFMAN, S. & THERIAULT, G. Electric and magnetic fields and cancer: The use of field exposure measurements in epidemiological studies. In: Carpenter, D. O. & Ayrapetyan, S., ed. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields. San Diego, Academic Press, 1994. v. 2, p. 201-31.
41. LA VECCHIA, C.; NIGRI, E.; D' AVANZO, B.; FRANCESCHI, S. Occupation and the risk of bladder cancer. Int. J. Epidemiol., 119:264-8, 1990.
42. LIBOFF, A. R.; WILLIAMS, T.; STRONG, D. M.; WISTAR, R. Time-varying magnetic fields: effect on DNA synthesis. Science, 223:818-20, 1984.
43. LILIENFELD, A. M. & LILIENFELD, D. E. Fundamentos de epidemiologia. Bogotá, Fondo Educativo Interamericano, 1983.
44. LIN, R. S.; DISCHINGER, P. C.; CONDE, J.; FARREL, K. P. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and the occurrence of brain tumors. J. Occup. Med., 27:413-9, 1985.
45. LONDON, S. J.; THOMAS, D. C.; BOWMAN, J. D.; SOBEL, E.; CHENG, T. C.; PETERS, J. M. Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am. J. Epidemiol., 134:923-37, 1991.
46. MADDOCK, B. J. Guidelines and standards for exposure to electric and magnetic fields at power frequencies. Panel: Electric and Magnetic Fields and Health. CIGRE Session Papers, 1992.* As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
47. MARTINS, J. F. P. Mortalidade por câncer em trabalhadores da indústria do petróleo - Brasil - 1970 a 1985. Rio de Janeiro, 1991. [Dissertaçao de Mestrado - Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública].
48. MATANOSKI, G. M.; BREYSSE, P. N.; ELLIOTT, E. A. Electromagnetic field exposure and male breast cancer. Lancet, 337:737, 1991.
49. MIETTINEN, O. S. & DER WANG, J. An alternative to the proportionate mortality ratio. Am. J. Epidemiol., 114:144-8, 1981.
50. MILHAM JR., S. Mortality from leukemia in workers exposed to electrical and magnetic fields. N. Engl. J. Med., 307:249, 1982.
51. MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Estatísticas de mortalidade Brasil. Brasília, 1977-1985.
52. MONSON, R. R. Occupational epidemiology. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1980.
53. MONSON, R. R. Observations on the healthy worker effect J. Occup. Med., 28:425-37, 1986.
54. OLIN, R.; VAGERO, D.; AHLBOM, A. Mortality experience of electrical engineers. Br. J. Ind. Med., 42:211-2, 1985.
55. PARK, R. M.; MAIZLISH, N. A.; PUNNETT, L.; MOUREERASO, R.; SILVERSTEIN, M. A. A comparison of PMRs and SMRs as estimators of occupational mortality. (Epidemiology), 2:49-59, 1991.
56. PEARCE, N.; REIF, J.; FRASER, I. Case-control studies of cancer in New Zealand electrical workers. Int. J. Epidemiol., 18:55-9, 1989.
57. PIROTTE, P. Some facts about E and B fields at the power frequencies. Panel: Electric and Magnetic Fields and Health. CIGRE Session Papers, 1992.* As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
58. POOLE, C. & TRICHOPOULOS, D. Extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields and cancer. Cancer Causes and Control, 2:267-76, 1991.
59. REIF, J. S.; PEARCE, N.; FRASER, J. Occupational risks for brain cancer: a New Zealand cancer registry-based study. J. Occup. Med., 31:863-7, 1989.
60. ROTHMAN, K. J. Induction and latent periods. Am. J. Epidemiol., 114:253-9, 1981.
61. SAVITZ, D. A. & CALLE, E. E. Leukemia and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields: review of epidemiologic surveys. J. Occup. Med., 29:47-51, 1987.
62. SAVITZ, D. A.; PEARCE, N. E.; POOLE, C. Methodological issues in the epidemiology of electromagnetic fields and cancer. Epidemiol. Rev., 11:59-78, 1989.
63. SAVITZ, D. A.; PEARCE, N.; POOLE, C. Update on methodological issues in the epidemiology of electromagnetic fields and cancer. Epidemiol. Rev., 15:558-66, 1993.
64. SAVITZ, D. A.; WATCHEL, H.; BARNES, F. A.; JOHN, E. M.; TVRDIK, I. G. Case-control study of childhood cancer and exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields. Am. J. Epidemiol., 128:21-38, 1988.
65. SHEIKH, K. Exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of leukemia. Arch. Environ. Health, 41:56-63, 1986.
66. SINGEWALD, M. L.; LANGWORTHY, O. R.; KOUWENHOVEN, W. B. Medical follow-up of high voltage linemen working in AC electric fields. Presented in: IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, 1973.* As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
67. SINKS, T.; STEELE, G.; SMITH, A. B.; WATKINS, K.; SHULTS, R. A. Mortality among workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Am. J. Epidemiol., 136:389-98, 1992.
68. STERN, F. B.; WAXWEILER, R. A.; BEAUMONT, J. J.; LEE, S. T.; RINSKY, R. A.; ZUMWALDE, R. D.; HALPERIN, W. E.; BIERBAUM, P. J.; LANDRIGAN, P. J.; MURRAY, J. R. W. E. A case-control study of leukemia at a naval nuclear shipyard. Am. J. Epidemiol., 123:980-92, 1986.
69. STEVENS, R. Electric power use and breast cancer: a hypothesis. Am. J. Epidemiol., 125:556-61, 1987.
70. TENFORDE, T. S. Biological interactions and potential health effects of extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields from power lines and other common sources. Ann. Rev. Public Health, 13:173-96, 1992.
71. THÉRIAULT, G. Champs électromagnétiques et risques de cancer. Arch. Mal. Prof., 53:535-40, 1992.
72. THOMAS, T. L.; STOLLEY, P. D.; STEMHAGEN, A.; FONTHAM, E. T. H.; BLEEKER, M.; STEWART, P. A. HOOVER, R. N. Brain tumor mortality risk among men with electrical and electronics jobs: a case-control study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 79:233-8, 1987.
73. THOMAS, T. L. & WAXWEILER, R. J. Brain tumors and occupational risk factors. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 12:1-15, 1986.
74. TORNQVIST, S.; NORELL, S.; AHLBOM, A.; KNAVE, B. Cancer in the electric power industry. Br. J. Ind. Med., 43:221-3, 1986.
75. TYNES, T.; ANDERSEN, A.; LANGMARK, F. Incidence of cancer in Norwegian workers potentially exposed to electromagnetics fields. Am. J. Epidemiol., 136:81-8, 1992.
76. VAGERO, D. & OLIN, R. Incidence of cancer in the electronics industry: using the new Swedish Cancer Environment Registry as a screening instrument. Br. J. Ind. Med., 40:188-92, 1983.
77. VAGERO, D.; AHLBOM, A.; OLIN, R.; SAHLSTEN, S. Cancer morbidity among workers in the telecommunications industry. Br. J. Ind. Med., 42:191-5, 1985.
78. WALBORG JR., E. F. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: focus on tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Dermigen, 1991.* As referênce com asterisco sāo documentos inéditos, disponíveis com o autor do presente artigo.
79. WEED, D. L.; TYROLER, H. A.; SHY, C. The healthy worker effect in actively working communications workers. J. Occup. Med., 29:335-9, 1987.
80. WERTHEIMER, N. & LEEPER, E. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol., 109:273-84, 1979.
81. WERTHEIMER, N. & LEEPER, E. Adult cancer related to electrical wirings near the home. Int. J. Epidemiol., 11:345-55, 1982.
82. WIKLUND, K.; EINHORN, J.; EKLUND, G. An application of the Swedish Cancer Environment registry: Leukaemia among telephone operators at the telecommunications administration in Sweden. Int. J. Epidemiol., 10:373-6, 1981.
83. WILCOSKY, T. & WING, S. The healthy worker effect - selection of workers and work forces. Scand. J. Environ. Health, 13:70-2, 1987.
84. WONG, O. & DECOUFLÉ, P. Methodological issues involving the standardized mortality ratio and proportionate mortality ratio in occupational studies. J. Occup. Med., 24:299-304, 1982.
85. WRIGHT, W. E.; PETERS, J. M.; MACK, T. M. Leukaemia in workers exposed to electrical and magnetic fields. [Letter] Lancet, 2: (8308):1160-1, 1982.