Prospects for self-determination of indigenous peoples in Latin America: Questions of law and practice

Global Governance

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 43-64

  Van Cott, Donna Lee ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0030306846     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-002-01-90000004     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. United Nations Commission on Human Rights: Resolution 1995/32 Establishing a Working Group to Elaborate a Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 3 March 1995, UN E/CN.4/1995/L.11/Add.2, 34 I.L.M. 535. The text of the draft declaration is found in the Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on its Forty-sixth Session, 1-26 August 1994, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/56, 28 October 1994. The text of the debate among participants in the working group session can be found in the 1992, 1993, and 1994 reports of the working group (E/CN.4/Sub.2/ 1992/33, 20 August 1992; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/29, 23 August 1993; and E/CN.4/ Sub.2/1994/3,0, 17 August 1994). See in particular par. 63-78 of the 1992 report, which clearly juxtapose the demands of indigenous peoples representatives for an expansive definition of self-determination and explicit recognition as "peoples" with the strong reservations about these points that are expressed by governmental representatives.
2. See the introductory note prepared by Howard R. Berman for volume 34 of International Legal Materials on the draft declaration, 34 I.L.M. 541 (1995).
3. Nigel S. Rodley, "Conceptual Problems in the Protection of Minorities: International Legal Developments," Human Rights Quarterly 17, no. 1 (February 1995): 62-64.
4. Erica-Irene A. Daes, "Introductory Statement on the United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities," forty-sixth session (22 August 1994), pp. 4-8.
5. Hurst Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," Virginia Journal of International Law 34, no. 1 (1993): 58.
6. José Martínez Cobo, "Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples," UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7, par. 374.
7. Ibid., par. 377.
8. See the document prepared by the Independent Consultative Committee on the rights of indigenous peoples created by the Interamerican Institute of Human Rights, Costa Rica, reproduced in Derechos humanos: Datos para nuevas PREMISAS, Boletín bimestral, Panama (July 1993): 5.
9. James S. Anaya, "A Contemporary Definition of the International Norm of Self-Determination," Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 3, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 155.
10. FIPI-CADDIAC, Pueblos Indios: Hacia una nueva constitución y un nuevo estado: Seis principios y seis propuestas (Mexico City: Frente Independiente de Pueblos Indios y Comité de Apoyo y Defensa a los Derechos Indios, August 1994), pp. 13, 18. This and subsequent translations are by the author.
11. UN Commission on Human Rights, "Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination," report of the Meeting of Experts to review the experience of countries in the operation of schemes of internal self-government for indigenous peoples, E/CN.4/ 1992/42, 25 November 1991, p. 13.
12. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 57-77.
13. Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada, Comm. No. 167/1984 2, report of Human Rights Committee, 1990, UN Doc A/45/40, cited in Rodley, "Conceptual Problems in the Protection of Minorities," p. 60.
14. Rodley, "Conceptual Problems in the Protection of Minorities," pp. 59-61.
15. FIPI-CADDIAC, Pueblos Indios: Hacia una nueva constitución y un nuevo estado, pp. 11-12.
16. Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 64; Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1993), p. 75.
17. Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 64; Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1993), p. 75.
18. FIPI-CADDIAC, Pueblos Indios: Hacia una nueva constitución y un nuevo estado, p. 18.
19. Morton H. Halperin and David J. Scheffer with Patricia L. Small, Self-Determination in the New World Order (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1992), pp. 16-17.
20. George Psacharopoulos and Harry A. Patrinos, eds., Indigenous People and Poverty in Latin America: An Empirical Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Latin America and the Caribbean Technical Department, World Bank, August 1994).
21. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, pp. 35, 59, 132.
22. Ibid., p. 322.
23. Donna Lee Van Cott, "A Separate Peace," Hemisfile (September-October 1994): 10-11.
24. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, p. 9.
25. Miguel Alfonso Martínez, "Study on Treaties, Agreements and Other Constructive Arrangements Between States and Indigenous Populations," Subcommission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, forty-fourth session, E/CN.4/Sub.21/1992/32, 25 August 1992, p. 24.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., p. 28.
28. Halperin et al., Self-Determination in the New World Order, p. 22.
29. See Jeff J. Corntassel and Tomas Hopkins Primeau, "Indigenous 'Sovereignty' and International Law: Revised Strategies for Pursuing 'Self-Determination,'" Human Rights Quarterly 17, no. 2 (May 1995): 343-365, for a recent critique of the use by indigenous activists of the terms self-determination and sovereignty in advancing the claims of indigenous peoples in international forums.
30. Halperin et al., Self-Determination in the New World Order, p. 56; Gidon Gottlieb, Nation Against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993), p. 31.
31. Halperin et al., Self-Determination in the New World Order, p. 56; Gidon Gottlieb, Nation Against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993), p. 31.
32. Gottlieb, Nation Against State, pp. xii-xiii, 34; E. J. Hobsbaum, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 19.
33. Gottlieb, Nation Against State, pp. xii-xiii, 34; E. J. Hobsbaum, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 19.
34. Halperin et al., Self-Determination in the New World Order, pp. 18-19.
35. Anaya, "A Contemporary Definition of the International Norm of Self-Determination," pp. 139-140.
36. Martínez, "Study on Treaties," p. 29.
37. Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 9.
38. Halperin et al., Self-Determination in the New World Order, pp. 18-19; Ruth Lapidoth, "Sovereignty in Transition," Journal of International Affairs 45, no. 2 (Winter 1992): 342.
39. Halperin et al., Self-Determination in the New World Order, pp. 18-19; Ruth Lapidoth, "Sovereignty in Transition," Journal of International Affairs 45, no. 2 (Winter 1992): 342.
40. Halperin et al., Self-Determination in the New World Order, p. 23.
41. Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 17; see also the section on indigenous peoples and international law in Bice Maiguashca, "The Role of Ideas in a Changing World Order: The International Indigenous Movement, 1975-1990," Working Paper no. 4 (Ottawa: Center for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean, York University, 1993).
42. Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 17; see also the section on indigenous peoples and international law in Bice Maiguashca, "The Role of Ideas in a Changing World Order: The International Indigenous Movement, 1975-1990," Working Paper no. 4 (Ottawa: Center for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean, York University, 1993).
43. Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 12.
44. Hobsbaum, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780, pp. 25-32.
45. See Robert T. Coulter, "The Draft UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: What Is It? What Does It Mean?" (Washington, D.C.: Indian Law Resource Center, 1994); Steven M. Tullberg, "Indigenous Peoples and Self-Determination and the Unfounded Fear of Secession" (Washington, D.C.: Indian Law Resource Center, August 1994).
46. See Robert T. Coulter, "The Draft UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: What Is It? What Does It Mean?" (Washington, D.C.: Indian Law Resource Center, 1994); Steven M. Tullberg, "Indigenous Peoples and Self-Determination and the Unfounded Fear of Secession" (Washington, D.C.: Indian Law Resource Center, August 1994).
47. Hannum,"Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 51.
48. Report of the Human Rights Committee, UN GAOR, forty-second session, supp. no. 40, at 106, UN Doc A/42/40 (1987), cited in Hannum, "Rethinking Self-Determination," p. 27.
49. Martinez Cobo, "Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples," par. 386.
50. B. G. Ramcharan, "Strategies for the International Protection of Human Rights in the 1990s,"Human Rights Quarterly 13, no. 2 (1991): 162-164.
51. Report of the Director of the United Nations Mission for the Verification of Human Rights and of Compliance with the Commitments of the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights in Guatemala, 1 March 1995, A/49/856, p. 1.
52. "The Situation in Central America: Procedures for the Establishment of a Firm and Lasting Peace and Progress in Fashioning a Region of Peace, Freedom, Democracy and Development," United Nations Mission for the Verification of Human Rights and of Compliance with the Commitments of the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights in Guatemala, Report of the Secretary-General, 8 March 1995, A/49/860.
53. Ramcharan, "Strategies for the International Protection of Human Rights in the 1990s," pp. 160-162.
54. UN Declaration on Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, 18 December 1992, 32 I.L.M. 911 (1993).
55. Anaya, "A Contemporary Definition of the International Norm of Self-Determination," p. 159.
56. Section 3, Article XIII: Self-Government, Right to Manage and Control Their Interests and Policies; translated from the original Spanish by the author.
57. Preamble, Paragraph XVI: Definition of Indigenous People; translated by the author.
58. Corntassel and Primeau, "Indigenous 'Sovereignty' and International Law," pp. 345-351.
59. Van Cott, "A Separate Peace," pp. 10-11; Van Cott, "Indigenous Peoples and Democracy: Issues for Policymakers," in Van Cott, ed., Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 14-19; UN Commission on Human Rights, "Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination," report of the Meeting of Experts to review the experience of countries in the operation of schemes of internal self-government for indigenous peoples, 24-28 September 1991, E/CN.4/1992/42, 25 November 1991.
60. Van Cott, "A Separate Peace," pp. 10-11; Van Cott, "Indigenous Peoples and Democracy: Issues for Policymakers," in Van Cott, ed., Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 14-19; UN Commission on Human Rights, "Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination," report of the Meeting of Experts to review the experience of countries in the operation of schemes of internal self-government for indigenous peoples, 24-28 September 1991, E/CN.4/1992/42, 25 November 1991.
61. Van Cott, "A Separate Peace," pp. 10-11; Van Cott, "Indigenous Peoples and Democracy: Issues for Policymakers," in Van Cott, ed., Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 14-19; UN Commission on Human Rights, "Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination," report of the Meeting of Experts to review the experience of countries in the operation of schemes of internal self-government for indigenous peoples, 24-28 September 1991, E/CN.4/1992/42, 25 November 1991.
62. Martínez Cobo, "Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples," par. 24-28.
63. Ibid., par. 40-41.
64. Ibid., par. 44-45.
65. Maiguashca, "The Role of Ideas in a Changing World Order," pp. 48-52.
66. David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 324.
67. FIPI-CADDIAC, Pueblos Indios: Hacia una nueva constitución y un nuevo estado, pp. 8, 11.
68. Jean Laponce, "The Government of Dispersed Minorities: From Constantinople to Ottawa," in Tamas Kozma and Peter Drahos, eds., Divided Nations, roundtable organized by the International Political Science Association Research Commitee, Budapest (25-27 June 1993): 61-72.
69. Gottlieb, Nation Against State, p. 39.
70. Ibid., pp. 4-5.
71. See, for example, Harold F. Munneke, "Customary Law and National Legal Systems in the Dutch-Speaking Caribbean with Special Reference to Suriname," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 51 (December 1991): 91-99.
72. William Safran, "Non-separatist Policies Regarding Ethnic Minorities: Positive Approaches and Ambiguous Consequences," International Political Science Review 15, no. 1 (1994): 65.
73. UN Commission on Human Rights, "Report on Schemes of Self-Government," pp. 6, 12.
74. Martínez, "Study on Treaties," p. 55.
75. Martínez Cobo, "Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples," par. 401-402.