Three systems for visual motion perception

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 44-53

  Lu, Zhong Lin ^a   Sperling, George ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030306518     PISSN: 09637214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772720     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. For a more detailed account of the work described herein, and for relevant references, the reader should consult two recent summary articles: Z.-L. Lu and G. Sperling, The functional architecture of human visual motion perception, Vision Research, 35, 2697-2722 (1995); Z.-L. Lu and G. Sperling, Attention-generated apparent motion, Nature, 377, 237-239 (1995).
2. For a more detailed account of the work described herein, and for relevant references, the reader should consult two recent summary articles: Z.-L. Lu and G. Sperling, The functional architecture of human visual motion perception, Vision Research, 35, 2697-2722 (1995); Z.-L. Lu and G. Sperling, Attention-generated apparent motion, Nature, 377, 237-239 (1995).
3. W. Reichardt, Autokorrelationsauswertung als funktionsprinzip des zentralnervensystems, Zeitschrift Naturforschung, 12b, 447-457 (1957); W. Reichardt, Autocorrelation, a principle for the evaluation of sensory information by the central nervous system, in Sensory Communication, W.A. Rosenblith, Ed. (MIT Press and John Wiley, New York, 1961).
4. W. Reichardt, Autokorrelationsauswertung als funktionsprinzip des zentralnervensystems, Zeitschrift Naturforschung, 12b, 447-457 (1957); W. Reichardt, Autocorrelation, a principle for the evaluation of sensory information by the central nervous system, in Sensory Communication, W.A. Rosenblith, Ed. (MIT Press and John Wiley, New York, 1961).
5. J.P.H. van Santen and G. Sperling, Temporal covariance model of human motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1, 451-473 (1984).
6. A.B. Watson and A.J. Ahumada, A look at motion in the frequency domain, in Motion: Perception and Representation, J.K. Tsotsos, Ed. (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 1983); E.H. Adelson and J.R. Bergen, Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of apparent motion, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 284-299 (1985); J.P.H. van Santen and G. Sperling, Elaborated Reichardt detectors, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 300-321 (1985).
7. A.B. Watson and A.J. Ahumada, A look at motion in the frequency domain, in Motion: Perception and Representation, J.K. Tsotsos, Ed. (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 1983); E.H. Adelson and J.R. Bergen, Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of apparent motion, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 284-299 (1985); J.P.H. van Santen and G. Sperling, Elaborated Reichardt detectors, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 300-321 (1985).
8. A.B. Watson and A.J. Ahumada, A look at motion in the frequency domain, in Motion: Perception and Representation, J.K. Tsotsos, Ed. (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 1983); E.H. Adelson and J.R. Bergen, Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of apparent motion, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 284-299 (1985); J.P.H. van Santen and G. Sperling, Elaborated Reichardt detectors, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 300-321 (1985).
9. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Second-order motion perception: Space-time separable mechanisms, in Proceedings: Workshop on Visual Motion (IEEE Computer Society Press, Irvine, CA, 1989).
10. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
11. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
12. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
13. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
14. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
15. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
16. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
17. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
18. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
19. C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Drift-balanced random stimuli: A general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5, 1986-2006 (1988); V.S. Ramachandran, M.V. Rau, and T.R. Vidyasagar, Apparent movement with subjective contours, Vision Research, 13, 1399-1401 (1973); G. Sperling, Movement perception in computer-driven visual displays, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 8, 144-151 (1976); A.M.M. Lelken and J.J. Koenderink, Illusory motion in visual displays, Vision Research, 24, 293-300 (1984); A.M. Derrington and D.R. Badcock, Separate detectors for simple and complex grating patterns? Vision Research, 25, 1869-1878 (1985); K. Turano and A. Pantle, On the mechanism that encodes the movement of contrast variations - I: Velocity discrimination, Vision Research, 29, 207-221 (1989); J.D. Victor and M.M. Conte, Motion mechanisms have only limited access to form information, Vision Research, 30, 289-301 (1989); P. Cavanagh and G. Mather, Motion: The long and the short of it, Spatial Vision, 4, 103-129 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Two motion perception mechanisms revealed by distance driven reversal of apparent motion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 2985-2989 (1989); C. Chubb and G. Sperling, Texture quilts: Basic tools for studying motion-from-texture, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 35, 411-442 (1991).
20. G. Sperling, Three stages and two systems of visual processing, Spatial Vision, 4, 183-207 (1989).
21. This property is pseudolinearity because it holds only for sines and only when they have different temporal frequencies. The original proof of these two properties (note 3) applies to displays of infinite duration and in continuous motion; it was later extended to sampled displays of finite duration in the two articles by Lu and Sperling (note 1).
22. K. Nakayama and G.H. Silverman, Detection and discrimination of sinusoidal grating displacements, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 267-274 (1985); Z.-L. Lu and G. Sperling, Contrast saturation in first-and second-order motion perception, Technical Report MBS 95-25 (Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 1995).
23. K. Nakayama and G.H. Silverman, Detection and discrimination of sinusoidal grating displacements, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2, 267-274 (1985); Z.-L. Lu and G. Sperling, Contrast saturation in first-and second-order motion perception, Technical Report MBS 95-25 (Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 1995).
24. J.T. Petersik, K.I. Hicks, and A.J. Pantle, Apparent movement of successively generated subjective figures, Perception, 7, 371-383 (1978); J.M. Zanker, Theta motion: A paradoxical stimulus to explore higher order motion extraction, Vision Research, 33, 553-569 (1993).
25. J.T. Petersik, K.I. Hicks, and A.J. Pantle, Apparent movement of successively generated subjective figures, Perception, 7, 371-383 (1978); J.M. Zanker, Theta motion: A paradoxical stimulus to explore higher order motion extraction, Vision Research, 33, 553-569 (1993).
26. M. Shadlen and T. Carney, Mechanism of human motion revealed by new cyclopean illusion, Science, 232, 95-97 (1986).
27. J.A. Solomon and G. Sperling, Full-wave and half-wave rectification in 2nd-order motion perception, Vision Research, 34, 2239-2257 (1994).
28. P. Cavanagh, Attention-based motion perception, Science, 257, 1563-1565 (1992).
29. K.R. Cave and J.M. Wolfe, Modeling the role of parallel processing in visual search, Cognitive Psychology, 22, 225-271 (1990); S. Shih and G. Sperling, Is there feature-based stimulus selection in visual search? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (in press).
30. K.R. Cave and J.M. Wolfe, Modeling the role of parallel processing in visual search, Cognitive Psychology, 22, 225-271 (1990); S. Shih and G. Sperling, Is there feature-based stimulus selection in visual search? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (in press).
31. G. Sperling, The information available in brief visual presentations, Psychology Monograph, 74(11, Whole No. 498) (1960); J.M. von Wright, On selection in visual immediate memory, Acta Psychologica, 33, 280-292 (1970).
32. G. Sperling, The information available in brief visual presentations, Psychology Monograph, 74(11, Whole No. 498) (1960); J.M. von Wright, On selection in visual immediate memory, Acta Psychologica, 33, 280-292 (1970).
33. D. Heeger, Model for the extraction of image flow, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 4, 1455-1471 (1987); G. Sperling, M.S. Landy, B.A. Dosher, and M.E. Perkins, The kinetic depth effect and the identification of shape, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 426-440 (1989).
34. D. Heeger, Model for the extraction of image flow, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 4, 1455-1471 (1987); G. Sperling, M.S. Landy, B.A. Dosher, and M.E. Perkins, The kinetic depth effect and the identification of shape, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 426-440 (1989).