Variation in the feeding success of sperm whales: Temporal scale, spatial scale and relationship to migrations

Journal of Animal Ecology

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 429-438

  Whitehead, Hal ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

K selection; mesopelagic ocean; movement; Physeter macrocephalus; variability in food supply

Indexed keywords

CETACEA; MACROCEPHALUS; PHYSETER CATODON; PHYSETERIDAE; PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS;

FEEDING; MIGRATIONS; SPATIAL VARIATIONS; TEMPORAL VARIATIONS;

EID: 0030304939     PISSN: 00218790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/5778     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Arnbom, T. (1987) Individual identification of sperm whales. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 37, 201-204.
2. Arntz, W.E. (1986) The two faces of El Niño 1982-83. Meeresforschung, 31, 1-46.
3. Berzin, A.A. (1971) The Sperm Whale. Pacific Scientific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow.
4. Best, P.B. (1979) Social organization in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus. Behavior of Marine Animals, Vol. 3 (eds H. E. Winn & B. L Olla), pp. 227-289. Plenum, New York.
5. Best, P.B., Canham, P.A.S. & Macleod, N. (1984) Patterns of reproduction in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (special issue), 8, 51-79.
6. Brodte, P F. (1975) Cetacean energetics, an overview of intraspecific size variation. Ecology, 56, 152-161.
7. Brodie, P.F. (1977) Form, function and energetics of Cetacea: a discussion. Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals, Vol. 3 (ed. R. J. Harrison), pp. 45-58. Academic Press, New York.
8. Brody, S. (1945) Bioenergetics and Growth. Hafner Publ., New York.
9. Clarke, M.R (1980) Cephalopoda in the diet of sperm whales of the southern hemisphere and their bearing on sperm whale biology. Discovery Reports, 37, 1-324.
10. Dufault, S. & Whitehead, H. (1993) Assessing the stock identity of sperm whales in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 43, 469-475.
11. Dufault, S. & Whitehead, H. (1995) The geographic stock structure of female and immature sperm whales in the South Pacific. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 45, 401-405
12. Eisenberg, J F., McKay, G.M & Jainudeen, M.R. (1971) Reproductive behavior of the Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus maximus L.). Behaviour, 38, 193-225
13. Haury, L.R., McGowan, J.A. & Wiebe, P.H. (1978) Patterns and processes in the space-time scales of plankton distributions. Spatial Pattern in Plankton Communities (ed. J. H. Steel), pp. 277-327, Plenum, New York.
14. Houvenaghel, G.T. (1978) Oceanographic conditions in the Galápagos Archipelago and their relationships with life on the islands. Upwelling Ecosystems (eds R. Boje & M. Tomczak), pp. 181-200. Springer Verlag, New York.
15. International Whaling Commission (1982) Report of the sub-committee on sperm whales. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 32, 68-86.
16. Jaquet, N. (1996) How spatial and temporal scales influence understanding of sperm whale distribution: a review. Mammal Review, 26, 51-65.
17. Kahn, B., Whitehead, H. & Dillon, M. (1993) Indications of density-dependent effects from comparisons of sperm whale populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93, 1-7.
18. Kanwisher, J.W. & Ridgway, S.H. (1983) The physiological ecology of whales and porpoises. Scientific American, 248, 111-121.
19. Katona, S. & Whitehead, H. (1988) Are Cetacea ecologically important? Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review, 26, 553-568.
20. Kooyman, G.L., Castellini, M.A. & Davis, R.W. (1981) Physiology of diving marine mammals. Annual Review of Physiology, 43, 343-356.
21. Levin, S.A. (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 73, 1943-1967.
22. Lockyer, C. (1981) Estimates of growth and energy budget for the sperm whale, Physeter catodon. FAO Fisheries Series, 5, 489-504.
23. Lockyer, C. (1987) Evaluation of the role of fat reserves in relation to the ecology of North Atlantic fin and sei whales. Marine Mammal Energetics (eds A. C. Huntley, D. P. Costa, G. A. J. Worthy & M. A. Castellini), pp. 183-203. Society for Marine Mammalogy. Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
24. McGowan, J.A. (1990) Climate and change in oceanic ecosystems: the value of time-series data. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 293-299.
25. McGowan, J.A. & Walker, P.W. (1993) Pelagic diversity patterns. Species Diversity in Ecological Communities (eds R. E. Ricklefs & D. Schluter). pp. 203-214. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
26. Northridge, S.P. (1982) Upper bounds on the size of the North Pacific sperm whale population based on energetic considerations. Paper SC/35/Sp5 presented to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission.
27. Papastavrou, V., Smith, S.C. & Whitehead, H. (1989) Diving behaviour of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus, off the Galapagos Islands. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 839-846.
28. Ramirez, P. & Urquizo, W. (1985) Los cetaceos mayores y el fenómeno 'El Niño' 1982-83. El Fenómeno El Niño Y Su Impacto En La Fauna Marina (eds W. Arntz, A. Landa & J. Tarazona), pp. 201-206. Boletin Instituto del Mar Peru (special issue).
29. Rice, D.W. (1989) Sperm whale. Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758. Handbook of Marine Animals, Vol. 4 (eds S. H Ridgway & R. Harrison), pp. 177-233, Academic Press, London.
30. Rose, G.A. & Leggett, W.C. (1990) The importance of scale to predator-prey spatial correlations: an example of Atlantic fishes. Ecology, 71, 33-44.
31. Schneider, D.C. & Duffy, D.C (1985) Scale-dependent variability in seabird abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 25, 211-218.
32. Smith, S.C. (1992) Sperm whales and mesopelagic cephalopoda in the waters off the Galapagos Islands. MSc. thesis, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.
33. Smith, S.C. & Whitehead, H. (1993) Variations in the feeding success and behaviour of Galapagos sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) as they relate to oceanographic conditions. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 1991-1996
34. Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. (1981) Biometry, 2nd edn W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
35. Steele, J.H. (1985) A comparison of terrcstrial and manne ecological systems. Nature, 313, 355-358.
36. Stommel, H. (1963) Varieties of oceanographic experience. Science, 139, 572-576.
37. Thompson, D. (1928) On whales landed at the Scottish whaling stations during the years 1908-1914 and 1920-1927. Fishery Board for Scotland, Scientific Investigation, 3.
38. Weilgart, L., Whitehead, H. & Payne, K. (1996) A collosal convergence. American Scientist, 84, 278-287.
39. Whitehead, H. (1989) Formations of foraging sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, off the Galapagos Islands. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2131-2139.
40. Whitehead, H. & Gordon, J. (1986) Methods of obtaining data for assessing and modelling sperm whale populations which do not depend on catches. Reports of the Inter-national Whaling Commission (special issue), 8, 149-166.
41. Whitehead, H & Weilgart, L. (1991) Patterns of visually observable behaviour and vocalizations in groups of female sperm whales. Behaviour, 118, 275-296.
42. Whitehead, H., Papastavrou. V. & Smith, S.C. (1989) Feeding success of sperm whales and sea-surface temperatures off the Galápagos Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 53, 201-203.
43. Whitehead, H., Waters, S. & Lyrholm, T. (1991) Social organization in female sperm whales and their offspring: constant companions and casual acquaintances. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 29, 385-389.
44. Whitehead, H., Waters, S. & Lyrholm, T. (1992) Population structure of female and immature sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) off the Galapagos Islands. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 49, 78-84.