Role of sex and breeding status in grooming and total tick load of impala

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 259-266

  Mooring, Michael S ^a   McKenzie, Andrew A ^a,b,c   Hart, Benjamin L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^c Wildlife Decision Support Services   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Breeding; Grooming; Impala; Rut; Ticks

Indexed keywords

BREEDING STATUS; GROOMING; IMPALA; PARASITE LOAD; SEX; TICK;

ZIMBABWE;

ACARI; AEPYCEROS MELAMPUS;

EID: 0030303056     PISSN: 03405443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002650050288     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Altmann J (1974) Observational study of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour 49:227-267
2. Anderson JL (1965) Annual change in testis and kidney fat weight of impala (Aepyceros in melampus Liechtenstein). Lammergeyer 3:57-59
3. Bramley PS, Neaves WB (1972) The relationship between social status and reproductive activity in male impala, Aepyceros melampus. J Reprod Pert 31:77-81
4. Brooks PM (1978) Relationship between body condition and age, growth, reproduction and social status in impala, and its application to management. S Afr J Wildl Res 8:151-157
5. Conover WJ (1980) Practical nonparametric statistics, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
6. Drew ML, Samuel WM (1985) Factors affecting transmission of larval winter ticks, Dermacentor albipictus (Packard), to moose, Alces alces L., in Alberta, Canada. J Wild Dis 21:274-282
7. Dunham KM, Murray MG (1982) The fat reserves of impala, Aepyceros melampus. Afr J Ecol 20:81-87
8. FilzGibbon CD (1989) A cost to individuals with reduced vigilance in groups of Thomson's gazelles hunted by cheetahs. Anim Behav 37:508-510
9. Folstad I, Karter AJ (1992) Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. Am Nat 139:603-622
10. Hadley ME (1988) Endocrinology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
11. Hart BL (1990) Behavioral adaptations to pathogens and parasites: five strategies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:273-294
12. Hart BL, Hart LA (1992) Reciprocal allogrooming in impala. Aepyceros melampus. Anim Behav 44:1073-1083
13. Hart BL, Hart LA, Mooring MS, Olubayo R (1992) Biological basis of grooming behaviour in antelope; the body-size, vigilance and habitat principles. Anim Behav 44:615-631
14. Jarman MV (1979) Impala social behavior: territory, hierarchy, mating and the use of space. (Advances in ethology 21). Paul Parey, Berlin
15. Kaiser MN, Sutherst RW, Bourne AS (1991) Tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) infestations on zebu cattle in northern Uganda. Bull Entomol Res 81:257-262
16. Main AJ, Sprance HE, Kloter KO, Brown SE (1981) Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) on white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus in Connecticut. USA. J Med Entomol 18:487-492
17. McKenzie AA (1990) The ruminant dental grooming apparatus. Zool J Linn Soc 99:117-128
18. McKenzie AA, Weber A (1993) Loose front teeth: radiological and histological correlation with grooming function in the impala Aepyceros melampus. J Zool Lond 231:167-174
19. Mooring MS (1995) The effect of tick challenge on grooming rate by impala Anim Behav 50:377-392
20. Mooring MS, Hart BL (1992) Reciprocal allogrooming in dam-reared and hand-reared impala fawns. Ethology 90:37-51
21. Mooring MS, Hart BL (1993) Effects of relatedness, dominance, age. and association on reciprocal allogrooming by captive impala. Ethology 94:207-220
22. Mooring MS, Hart BL (1995a) Costs of allogrooming in impala: distraction from vigilance. Anim Behav 49:1414-1416
23. Mooring MS, Hart BL (1995b) Differential grooming rate and tick load of territorial male and female impala, Aepyceros melampus. Behav Ecol 6:94-101
24. Mooring MS, Mazhowu W, Scott CA (1994) The effect of rainfall on tick challenge at Kyle Recreational Park, Zimbabwe. Exp Appl Acarol 18:507-520
25. Mooring MS, McKenzie AA, Hart BL (1996) Grooming in impala, role of oral grooming in removal of ticks and effects of ticks in increasing grooming rate. Physiol Behav 59:965-971
26. Murray MG (1982a) The rut of impala: Aspects of seasonal mating under tropical conditions. Z Tierpsychol 59:319-337
27. Murray MG (1982b) Home range, dispersal and the clan system of impala. Afr J Ecol 20:253-269
28. Murray MD (1987) Effects of host grooming on louse populations. Parasitol Today 3:276-278
29. Nelson WA, Bell JF, Clifford CM, Keirans JE (1977) Interaction of ectoparasites and their hosts. J Med Entomol 13:389-428
30. Norval RAI, Sutherst RW, Kurki J, Gibson JD, Kerr JD (1988) The effect of the brown ear-tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on the growth of sanga and European breed cattle. Vet Parasitol 30:149-164
31. Olubayo RO, Jono J, Orinda G, Groothemus JG, Hart B (1993) Comparative differences in densities of adult ticks as a function of body size on some East African antelopes. Afr J Ecol 31:26-34
32. Price PW (1980) Evolutionary biology of parasites. Princeton University Press, Princeton
33. Siegel A, Castellan NJ (1988) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
34. Van Dyke PJ, McKenzie AA (1992) An evaluation of the effectivity of the scrub technique in quantitative ectoparasite ecology. Exp Appl Acarol 15:271-283
35. Van Rooyen AF (1993) Variation in body condition of impala and nyala in relation to social status and reproduction. S Afr J Wildl Res 23:36-38
36. Wakelin D (1984) Immunity to parasites: how animals contract parasitic infections. Edward Arnold, London
37. Wikel SK (1984) Immunomodulation of host responses to ectoparasite infestation. An overview. Vet Parasitol 14:321-339