Estimating carnivore densities for conservation purposes: Indirect methods compared to baseline demographic data

Oikos

Volumn 77, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 197-206

  Gros, Paule M ^a   Kelly, Marcella J ^a   Caro, T M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEETAH; DENSITY ESTIMATION;

ACINONYX JUBATUS;

EID: 0030302049     PISSN: 00301299     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3546058     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Begon, M., Harper, J. L. and Townsend, C. R. 1990. Ecology. Individuals, populations and communities. - Blackwell, Cambridge, MA.
2. Bertram, B. C. R. 1976. Studying predators. Handbook 3. -African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi.
3. - 1978. Pride of lions. - Dent, London
4. Borner, M. 1992. Census of lions in the Loliondo area adjacent to the Serengeti National Park. A special report to the Minister of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment. - Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Monitoring Unpubl. report.
5. Broten, M. and Mohammed Said. 1995. Population trends of ungulates in and around Kenya's Masai Mara Reserve. - In: Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P. (eds), Serengeti II dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 169-193.
6. Burney, D. A 1980. The effect of human activities on cheetah Acinonyx jubatus) in the Mara region of Kenya. - M.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya.
7. Caro, T. M. 1994. Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains. Group living in an asocial species - Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
8. - and Collins, D. A. 1986. Male cheetahs of the Serengeti. - Natl. Geogr. Res. 2: 75-86.
9. - and Durant, S. M. 1991. Use of quantitative analyses of pelage characteristics to reveal family resemblances in genetically monomorphic cheetahs. - J. Hered. 82. 8-14.
10. Caughley, G. 1977. Analysis of vertebrate populations. - Wiley, London.
11. Coe, M. J., Cumming, D. H. and Phillipson, J. 1976. Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. - Oecologia 22: 341-354.
12. Durant, S. M., Caro, T. M , Collins, D. A., Alawi, R. M. and FitzGibbon, C. D. 1988. Migration patterns of Thomson's gazelles and cheetahs on the Serengeti Plains. - Afr. J. Ecol. 26: 257-268.
13. Eaton, R. L. 1974. The cheetah: biology, ecology, and behavior of an endangered species. - Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
14. East, R. 1984 Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals. - Afr. J. Ecol. 22: 245-270
15. - 1988. Antelopes global survey and regional action plans part 1. East and north east Africa. - IUCN Gland, Switzerland.
16. - 1989. Antelopes global survey and regional action plans part 2 Southern and south-central Africa. - IUCN Gland, Switzerland.
17. Fanshawe, J. H., Frame, L. H. and Ginsberg, J. R. 1991. The wild dog - Africa's vanishing carnivore. - Oryx 25 137-146.
18. Foreman, D 1993. Developing a regional wilderness recovery plan - Wild Earth special issue: the Wildlands Project: 26-29.
19. Frame, G W. and Frame, L. H. 1981. Swift and enduring: cheetah and wild dogs of the Serengeti. - Dutton, New York.
20. Frame, L. H , Malcolm, J. R., Frame, G. W. and van Lawick, H. 1979. Social organization of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) on the Serengeti plains, Tanzania, 1967-1978. - Z Tierpsychol. 50. 225-249.
21. Fuller, T. K. 1982. Wolves. - In: C.R.C. handbook of census methods for terrestrial vertebrates C R.C. Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 225-226.
22. Graham, A. D. and Parker, I S C. 1965. East African Wild Life Society cheetah survey. - Report by Wildlife Services, Nairobi, Kenya. (Unpubl. report).
23. Harris, S., Cresswell, W., Reason, P. and Cresswell, P. 1992. An integrated approach to monitoring badger (Meles meles) population changes in Britain. - In: McCullough, D. R. and Barrett, R H. (eds), Wildlife 2001. populations. Elsevier, Barking, pp. 945-953.
24. Hofer, H. and East, M. 1995. Population dynamics, population size, and the commuting system of Serengeti spotted hyenas. - In: Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P (eds), Serengeti II: Dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 332-363.
25. Jackson, P. and Kempf, E. 1994. Tigers in the wild. Wanted alive. A WWF species status report - World Wide Fund International, Gland, Switzerland.
26. Karanth, K. U. 1987. Tigers in India: a critical review of field censuses. - In: Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S. (eds), Tigers of the world. The biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, pp. 118-131.
27. - 1995. Estimating tiger Panthera tigris populations from camera-trap data using capture-ecapture models. Biol. Conserv. 71: 333-338.
28. Kruuk, H. 1972. The spotted hyena. A study of predation and social behavior. - Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
29. Kucera, T. E. and Zielinski, W. J. 1995. The case of forest carnivores: small packages, big worries. - Endangered Species Update 12: 1-6.
30. Laurenson, M. K. 1995. Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics. - In: Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P. (eds), Serengeti II: Dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 385-400.
31. Lindzey, F. G. 1982. Black bears. - In: C.R.C. handbook of census methods or terrestrial vertebrates. C.R.C. Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 235-236
32. Linhart, S. B. and Knowlton, F. F. 1975. Determining the relative abundance of coyotes by scent station lines. - Wild. Soc. Bull. 3: 119-124.
33. Maddock, A. H. and Mills, M. G. L., 1993. Population characteristics of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld, South Africa, as revealed through photographic records. - Biol. Conserv. 67: 57-62.
34. Mbugua, S. W. 1986. Monitoring livestock and wildlife in Kenya. - In: Hansen, R. M., Woie, B. M. and Child, R. O. (eds), Range development and research in Kenya: proceedings of a conference. Winrock International Inst. for Agricultural Development, Arizona, pp. 413-429.
35. McLaughlin, R. T. 1970. Aspects of the biology of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus, Schreber) in Nairobi National Park. - M.Sc thesis, Univ. of Nairobi.
36. Meffe, G. K and Carroll, C. R. 1994. Principles of conservation biology. - Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
37. Messier, F. 1985. Social organization, spatial distribution, and population density of wolves in relation to moose density. - Can J. Zool. 63: 1068-1077
38. Mladenoff, D. J., Sickley, T. A., Haight, R G and Wydeven, A. P. 1995. A regional landscape analysis and prediction of favorable gray wolf habitat in the Northern Great Lakes region. - Consev. Biol. 9: 279-294.
39. Mohr, C. O. 1947. Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. - Am Midl Nat. 137: 223-249.
40. Myers, N. 1975. The status of the cheetah in Africa south of the Sahara. - IUCN, Morges Switzerland.
41. Norton-Griffiths, M 1978. Counting animals. - Grimsdel, J J.R , S.E.M.P. and A.W L.F , Nairobi.
42. Novaro, A. J. 1995. Sustainability of harvest of culpeo foxes in Patagonia. - Oryx 29: 18-22.
43. Owens, M. and Owens, D. 1985. Cry of the Kalahari -Collins, London.
44. Palomares, F., Rodriguez, R., Laffitte, R. and Delibes, M. 1991. The status and distribution of the Iberian Lynx Felis pardina (Temminck) in Coto Donana Area, SW Spain. - Biol. Conserv. 57: 59-169.
45. Panwar, H. S 1979. A note on tiger census technique based on pugmark tracings. - Ind. For. (spec. issue), 18-36.
46. Phillips, R L. 1982. Red fox (U.S.) - In: C.R.C. handbook of census methods for terrestrial vertebrates. C.R.C. Press, Boca Raton, FL, 229-230.
47. Pienaar, U. de V 1969. Predator-prey relationships amongst the largest mammals of the Kruger National Park. - Koedoe 12: 108-76.
48. Rabinowitz, A. 1993. Estimating the Indochinese tiger Panthera tigris corbetti population in Thailand. - Biol. Conserv 65: 213-217
49. Sandell, M. 1989. The mating tactics and spacing patterns of solitary carnivores. - In: Gittleman, J. L. (ed.), Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Cornell Univ. Press, Comstock, pp. 164-183.
50. Schaller, G. B 1972. The Serengeti lion: a study of predator-prey relations. - Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
51. Smallwood, K. S. and Fitzhugh, E. L. 1995. A track count for estimating mountain lion Felis concolor californica population trend. - Biol. Conserv 71: 251-259.
52. Smith, J. L. D., Wemmer, C. and Mishra, H. R., 1987. A tiger geographic information system: the first step in a global conservation strategy. - In: Tilson, R. L. and Seal, U. S. (eds), Tigers of the world. The biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species. Noyes, Park Ridge, NJ, pp. 464-473.
53. Sokal, R. R. and Rolph, F. J. 1981. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 2nd ed. -Freeman, New York.
54. Stander, P. E. 1991. Aspects of the ecology and scientific management of large carnivores in sub Saharan Africa. - M.Sc thesis, Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge.
55. Western, D. 1975. Water availability and its influence on the structure and dynamics of a savannah large mammals community. - E. Afr. Wildl. J. 13: 265-286.
56. Wilson, V. J. 1975. Mammals of the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia. - Museum Memoir 5, National Museums and Monuments of Rhodhesia.
57. - 1987. Distribution and status of cheetahs in Zimbabwe. - Report of the Chipangali Wildlife trust, Zimbabwe. (Unpubl. report).