CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonists: Recent advances and potential uses in gastric secretory disorders

Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

Volumn 69, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 245-259

  Jensen, Robert T ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 (2,3 DIHYDRO 1 METHYL 2 OXO 5 PHENYL 1H 1,4 BENZODIAZEPIN 3 YL) 3 (3 METHYLPHENYL)UREA; 1 [2,3 DIHYDRO 1 (2' METHYLPHENACYL) 2 OXO 5 PHENYL 1H 1,4 BENZODIAZEPIN 3 YL] 3 (3 METHYLPHENYL)UREA; 1 [5 (3 AZABICYCLO[3.2.2]NON 3 YL) 2,3 DIHYDRO 1 METHYL 2 OXO 1H 1,4 BENZODIAZEPIN 3 YL] 3 (3 METHYLPHENYL)UREA; 4 [[2 [2 [[(2 ADAMANTYLOXY)CARBONYL]AMINO] 3 (1H INDOL 3 YL) 2 METHYLPROPIONAMIDO] 1 PHENYLETHYL]AMINO] 4 OXOBUTYRIC ACID MEGLUMINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CHOLECYSTOKININ B RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GASTRIN ANTAGONIST; GLUTAMIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; L 156586; L 156587; L 156588; L 368935; LY 262691; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RP 69758; RP 72540; RP 73870; SPIROGLUMIDE; TETRONOTHIODIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR; GASTRIN;

CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DUODENUM ULCER; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMAN; HYPERGASTRINEMIA; INTRAPERITONEAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PANIC; PEPTIC ULCER; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; REVIEW; STOMACH ACID SECRETION; STOMACH MUCOSA INJURY; ANIMAL; BLOOD; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; SECRETION; STOMACH ACID; STOMACH DISEASE; STOMACH MUCOSA;

ANIMALS; GASTRIC ACID; GASTRIC MUCOSA; GASTRINS; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, CHOLECYSTOKININ; STOMACH DISEASES;

EID: 0030299053     PISSN: 00440086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Mutt, V. and Jorpes, J.E. Structure of porcine cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. 1. Cleavage with thrombin and with trypsin. Eur. J. Biochem. 6:156-162, 1968.
2. Jorpes, J.E. and Mutt, V. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Secretin, cholecystokinin, pancreozymin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1973.
3. Huang, S.C., Yu, D.H., Wank, S.A., Mantey, S., Gardner, J.D., and Jensen, R.T. Importance of sulfation of gastrin or cholecystokinin (CCK) on affinity for gast CCK receptors. Peptides 10 (4):785-789, 1989.
4. Liddle, R.A. Cholecystokinin. In: Walsh, J.H. and Dockray, G.J., eds. Gut Peptides. New York: Raven Press; 1994, pp. 175-216.
5. Jensen, R.T. Cholecystokinin. In: Jensen, R.T. ed. Regulatory Peptide Letter. Ann Arbor, MI: MED Pub, Inc.; 1994, pp. 1-16.
6. Rehfeld, J.F. and van Solinge, W.W. The tumor biology of gastrin and cholecystokinin. Adv. Cancer Res. 63:295-347, 1994.
7. de Castiglione, R. Structure-activity relationships in ceruletide-like peptides. In: Bonfils, S., Fromageot, P., and Rosselin, G., eds. First international symposium on hormonal receptors in digestive tract physiology, INSERM Symposium No. 3. New York: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press; 1977, pp. 33-42.
8. Jensen, R.T. Cholecystokinin (CCK): Advances in its biochemistry, cell biology and physiology. In: Jensen, R.T. ed. Cholecystokinin. Ann Arbor, MI: MED Pub., Inc.; 1994, pp. 1-5.
9. Walsh, J.H. Gastrin. In: Walsh, J.H., and Dockray, G.J., eds. Gut Peptides. New York: Raven Press; 1994, pp.. 75-121.
10. Moran, T.H. Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system. Regul. Pept. Lett. 6:10-15, 1994.
11. Johnson, L.R. and McCormack, S.A. Regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth. In: Johnson, L.R., Alpers, D.H., Christensen, J., Jacobson, E.D., and Walsh, J.H., eds. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Raven Press; 1994, pp. 611-641.
12. Jensen, R.T. Receptors on pancreatic acinar cells. In: Johnson, L.R., Jacobsen, E.D., Christensen, J., Alpers, D.H., and Walsh, J.H., eds. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Third edition. New York: Raven Press ; 1994, pp. 1377-1446.
13. A receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213:145-146, 1992.
14. Fried, M., Erlacher, U., Schwizer, W., Lochner, C., Koerfer, J., Beglinger, C., Jansen, J.B., Lamers, C.B., Harder, F., Bischof-Delaloye, A., Stalder, G.A., and Rovati, L. Role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of gastric emptying and pancreatic enzyme secretion in humans: studies with the cholecystokinin-receptor antagonist loxiglumide. Gastroenterology 101(2):503-511, 1991.
15. Meyer, B.M., Werth, B.A., Beglinger, C., Hildebrand, P., Jansen, J.B., Zach, D., Rovati, L.C., and Stalder, G.A. Role of cholecystokinin in regulation of gastrointestinal motor functions. Lancet 2:12-15, 1989.
16. Lloyd, D.C., Raybould, H.E., and Walsh, J.H. Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric acid secretion through type "A" cholecystokinin receptors and somatostatin in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 263(3 Pt 1):G287-G292, 1992.
17. Tazi-Saad, K., Chariot, J., and Roze, C. Control of pepsin secretion by regulatory peptides in the rat stomach: comparison with acid secretion. Peptides 13:233-239, 1992.
18. Qian, J.M., Rowley, W.H., and Jensen, R.T. Gastrin and CCK activate phospholipase C and stimulate pepsinogen release by interacting with two distinct receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 264:G718-G727, 1993.
19. Beglinger, C., Hildebrand, P., Meier, R., Bauerfeind, P., Hasslocher, H., Urscheler, N., Delco, F., Eberle, A., and Gyr, K. A physiological role for cholecystokinin as a regulator of gastrin secretion. Gastroenterology 103:490-495, 1992.
20. Bradwejn, J. Neurobiological investigations into the role of cholecystokinin in panic disorder. J. Psychiatr. Neurosci. 18:178-188, 1993.
21. Wank, S.A., Pisegna, J.R., and DeWeerth, A. Cholecystokinin receptor family. Molecular cloning, structure, and functional expression in rat, guinea pig, and human. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 713:49-66, 1994.
22. Jensen, R.T., Wank, S.A., Rowley, W.H., Sato, S., and Gardner, J.D. Interaction of CCK with pancreatic acinar cells. Trends Pharmacol Sci 10:418-423, 1989.
23. Wank, S.A. Cholecystokinin receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 269:G628-G646, 1995.
24. Kopin, A.S., Lee, Y.M., McBride, E.W., Miller, L.J., Lu, M., Lin, H.Y., Kolakowski, L.F., Jr., and Beinborn, M. Expression cloning and characterization of the canine parietal cell gastrin receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3605-3609, 1992.
25. Jensen, R.T., Qian, J.M., Lin, J.T., Mantey, S.A., Pisegna, J.R., and Wank, S.A. Distinguishing multiple CCK receptor subtypes: studies with guinea pig chief cells and transfected human CCK receptors. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 713:88-106, 1994.
26. B/gastrin receptor: identification of amino acids that determine non-peptide antagonist affinity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 713:67-78, 1995.
27. B/gastrin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 268:8164-8169, 1993.
28. A receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 258:G648-G651, 1990.
29. Charpentier, B., Pelaprat, D., Durieux, C., Dor, A., Reibaud, M., Blanchard, J.C., and Roques, B.P. Cyclic cholecystokinin analogues with high sensitivity for central receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1968-1972, 1988.
30. Knapp., R.J., Vaughn, L.K., Fang, S.N., Bogert, C.L., Yamamura, M.S., Hruby, V.J., and Yamamura, H.I. A new, highly selective CCK-B receptor radioligand ([3H][N-methyl-Nle28, 31]CCK26-33): evidence for CCK-B receptor heterogeneity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 255:1278-1286, 1990.
31. Yu, D.H., Huang, S.C., Wank, S.A., Mantey, S., Gardner, J.D., and Jensen, R.T. Pancreatic receptors for cholecystokinin: Evidence for three receptor classes. Am. J. Physiol. 258:G86-G95, 1990.
32. Jensen, R.T. and Gardner, J.D. Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists in vivo. In: Adler, G., and Beglinger, C., eds. Cholecystokinin Antagonists in Gastroenterology: Basic and Clinical Studies. Heidelberg, West Germany: Springer-Verlag GmbH and Co.; 1991, pp 93-111.
33. Beinborn, M., Lee, Y.M., McBride, E.W., Quinn, S.M., and Kopin, A.S. A single amino acid of the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor determines specificity for non-peptide antagonists. Nature 362:348-350, 1993.
34. Schmassmann, A., Garner, A., Flogerzi, B., Hasan, M.Y., Sanner, M., Varga, L., and Halter, F. Cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist PD-136, 450 is a partial secretory agonist in the stomach and a full agonist in the pancreas of th rat. Gut 35:270-274, 1994.
35. Koop, I., Eissele, R., Richter, S., Patberg, H., Meyer, F., Mossner, J., Arnold, R., and Koop, H. A new CCK-B/gastrin receptor antagonist acts as an agonist on the rat pancreas. Int. J. Pancreatol. 15:215-222, 1994.
36. Hughes, J., Boden, P., Costall, B., Domeney, A., Kelly, E., Horwell, D.C., Hunter, J.C., Pinnock, R.D., and Woodruff, G.N. Development of a class of selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonists having potent anxiolytic activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6728-6732, 1990.
37. A receptor agonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 242:105-108, 1993.
38. Wang, L.H., Coy, D.H., Taylor, J.E., Jiang, N.Y., Moreau, J.P., Huang, S.C., Frucht, H., Haffar, B.M., and Jensen, R.T. Des-Met carboxyl-terminally modified analogues of bombesin function as potent bombesin receptor antagonists, partial agonists, or agonists. J. Biol. Chem. 265(26):15695-15703, 1990.
39. Coy, D., Wang, L.H., Jiang, N.Y., and Jensen, R. Short chain bombesin pseudopeptides with potent bombesin receptor antagonistic activity in rat and guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 190:31-38, 1990.
40. Jensen, R.T. and Coy, D.H. Progress in the development of potent bombesin receptor antagonists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12 (# 1/2): 13-19, 1991.
41. Gu, Z.F., Rossowski, W.J., Coy, D.H., Pradhan, T., and Jensen, R.T. Chimeric analogs that function as antagonists in the CNS are full agonists in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 266:912-918, 1993.
42. Howard, J.M., Knight, M., Jensen, R.T., and Gardner, J.D. Discovery of an analogue of cholecystokinin with partial agonist activity. Am. J. Physiol. 247:G261-G264, 1984.
43. Huang, S.C., Zhang, L., Chiang, H.C., Wank, S.A., Maton, P.N., Gardner, J.D., and Jensen, R.T. Benzodiazepine analogues L-365, 260 and L-364, 718 as gastrin and pancreatic CCK receptor antagonists. Am. J. Physiol. 257:G169-G174, 1989.
44. Pisegna, J.R., DeWeerth, A., and Wank, S.A. Molecular cloning of the human brain and gastric cholecystokinin receptor: structure, functional expression and chromosomal localization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189:296-303, 1992.
45. B/gastrin receptor transmembrane domains in determining affinity for subtype-selective ligands. J. Biol. Chem. 270:5019-5023, 1995.
46. Freidinger, R.M. Synthesis of non-peptide CCK antagonists. In: Dourish, C.T., Cooper, S.J., Iversen, S.D., and Iversen, L.L., eds. Multiple cholecystokinin receptors in the CNS. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992, pp. 8-27.
47. Nishida, A., Miyata, K., Tsutsumi, R., Yuki, H., Akuzawa, S., Kobayashi, A., Kamato, T., Ito, H., Yamano, M., Katuyama, Y., Satoh, M., Ohta, M., and Honda, K. Pharmacologial profile of (R)-1-[2, 3-dihydro-1-(2′-methyl-phenacyl)-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]- 3-(3-ethylphenyl)urea (YM022), a new potent and selective gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist, in vitro and in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269:725-731, 1994.
48. Ohtsuka, T., Kotaki, H., Nakayama, N., Itezono, Y., Shimma, N., Kudoh, T., Kuwahara, T., Arisawa, M., Yokose, K., and Seto, H. Tetronothiodin, a novel cholecystokinin type-B receptor antagonist produced by Streptomyces sp. NR0489. II. Isolation, characterization and biological activities. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 46:11-17, 1993.
49. B receptor antagonist produced by Streptomyces sp. NR0489. III. Structural elucidation. J. Antiobiot. (Tokyo) 46:18-24, 1993.
50. Kuwahara, T., Kudoh, T., Nakano, A., Yoshizaki, H., Takamiya, M., Nagase, H., and Arisawa, M. Species specificity of pharmacological characteristics of CCK-B receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 158:1-4, 1993.
51. Lam, Y.K., Bogen, D., Chang, R.S., Faust, K.A., Hensens, O.D., Zink, D.L., Schwartz, C.D., Zitano, L., Garrity, G.M., and Gagliardi, M.M. Novel and potent gastrin and brain cholecystokinin antagonists from Streptomyces olivaceus. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, chemical conversions, and physico-chemical and biochemial properties. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 44:613-625, 1991.
52. Chang, R.S., Lotti, V.J., Monaghan, R.L., Birnbaum, J., Stapley, E.O., Goetz, M.A., Albers-Schonberg, G., Patchett, A.A., Liesch, J.M., Hensens, O.D., and Springer, J.P. A potent non-peptide cholecystokinin antagonist selective for peripheral tissues isolated from Aspergillus Allicaceus. Science 230:177-179, 1985.
53. 2+ mobilization in a pituitary cell line. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 221:99-105, 1992.
54. Freedman, S.B., Patel, S., Smith, A.J., Chapman, K., Fletcher, A., Kemp, J.A., Marshall, G.R., Hargreaves, R.J., Scholey, K., Mellin, E.C., DiPardo, R.M., Bock, M.G., and Freidinger, R.M. A second generation of non-peptide cholecystokinin receptor antagonists and their possible therapeutic potential. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 713:312-318, 1994.
55. B antagonists. Development of subnanomolar analogs with selectivity and water solubility. J. Med. Chem. 37:722-724, 1994.
56. B/gastrin receptor antagonists containing a cationic solubilizing group. J. Med. Chem. 37:719-721, 1994.
57. B/gastrin receptor antagonist with high affinity in vitro and high potency in vivo. Mol. Pharmacol. 46:943-948, 1994.
58. Patel, S., Chapman, K.L., Smith, A.J., Heald, A., and Freedman, S.B. Use of ex vivo binding to estimate brain penetration and central activity of CCK-B antagonists. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 713:360-363, 1993.
59. B receptor antagonist, prevents gastric and duodenal lesions in rats. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 270:1256-1261, 1994.
60. B receptor antagonists. Bioorganic Medicinal Chem. 2:987-998, 1994.
61. Bertrand, P., Bohme, G.A., Durieux, C., Guyon, C., Capet, M., Jeantaud, B., Boudeau, P., Ducos, B., Pendley, C.E., Martin, G.E., Floch, A., and Doble, A. Pharmacological properties of ureido-acetamides, new potent and selective non-peptide CCK-B/gastrin receptor antagonists. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 262:233-245, 1994.
62. Pendley, C.E., Fitzpatrick, L.R., Capolino, A.J., Davis, M.A., Esterline, N.J., Jakubowska, A., Bertrand, P., Guyon, C., Dubroeucz, M.C., and Martin, G.E. RP 73870, a gastrin/cholecystokin-B receptor antagonist with potent anti-ulcer activity in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273:1015-1022, 1995.
63. Bohme, G.A., Bertrand, P., Guyon, C., Capet, M., Pendley, C., Stutzmann, J.M., Doble, A., Dubroeucz, M.C., Martin, G., and Blanchard, J.C. The ureidoacetamides, a novel family of non-peptide CCK-B/gastrin antagonists. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 713:118-120, 1994.
64. Makovec, F., Peris, W., Revel, L., Giovanetti, R., Mennuni, L., and Rovati, L.C. Structure-antigastrin activity relationships of new (R)-4-benzamido-5-oxopentanoic acid derivatives. J. Med. Chem. 35:28-38, 1992.
65. Howbert, J.J., Lobb, K.L., Brown, R.F., Reel, J.K., Neel, D.A., Mason, N.R., Mendelsohn, L.G., Hodgkiss, J.P., and Kelly, J.S. A novel series of non-peptide CCK and gastrin antagonists: medicinal chemistry and electrophysiological demonstration of antagonism. In: Dourish, C.T., Cooper, S.J., Iversen, S.D., and Iversen, L.L., eds. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992, pp. 28-37.
66. A antagonists on midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 264:480-488, 1993.
67. Lanas, A.I., Anderson, J.W., Uemura, N., and Hirschowitz, B.I. Effects of cholingergic, histaminergic, and peptidergic stimulation on pepsinogen secretion by isolated human peptic cells. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 29:678-683, 1994.
68. Pradhan, T.K., Qian, J.M., Sutliff, V.E., III, Mantey, S.A., and Jensen, R.T. Identification of CCK-A receptors on chief cells with the use of a novel, highly selective ligand. Am. J. Physiol. 268:G605-G612, 1995.
69. Tang, L.H., Miller, M.D., Goldenring, J.R., Modlin, I.M., and Hersey, S.J. Partial agonism by gastrin for a cholecystokinin receptor mediating pepsinogen secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 265:G865-G872, 1993.
70. Sutliff, V.E., Cherner, J.A., Jensen, R.T., and Gardner, J.D. Binding of 125I-CCK-8 and 125I-gastrin-I to dispersed chief cells from guinea-pig stomach. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 105:29-16, 1990.
71. B/gastrin receptors mediate pepsinogen release in guinea pig gastric glands. Am. J. Physiol. 262:01113-G1120, 1992.
72. DelValle, J., Chiba, T., Park, J., and Yamada, T. Distinct receptors for cholecystokinin and gastrin on canine fundic D-cells. Am. J. Physiol. 264:G811-G815, 1993.
73. Soll, A.H., Amirian, D.A., Thomas, L.P., Reedy, T.J., and Elashoff, J.D. Gastrin receptors on isolated canine parietal cells. J. Clin. Invest. 73:1434-1447, 1984.
74. Chuang, C.N., Tanner, M., Chen, M.C., Davidson, S., and Soll, A.H. Gastrin induction of histamine release from primary cultures of canine oxyntic mucosal cells. Am. J. Physiol. 263:G460-G465, 1992.
75. Prinz, C., Scott, D.R., Hurwitz, D., Helander, H.F., and Sachs, G. Gastrin effects on isolated rat enterochromaffin-like cells in primary culture. Am. J. Physiol. 267:G663-G675, 1994.
76. B/gastrin receptors in the canine upper gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 107:1019-1030, 1994.
77. Grider, J.R. and Makhlouf, G.M. Distinct receptors for cholecystokinin and gastrin on muscle cells of stomach and gallbladder. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 259:G184-G190, 1990.
78. Menozzi, D., Gardner, J.D., Jensen, R.T., and Maton, P.N. Properties of receptors for gastrin and CCK on gastric smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 257:G73-G79, 1989.
79. Dockray, G.J. and Gregory, R.A. Gastrin. In: Schultz, S.G., Makhlouf, G.M. and Rauner, B.B., eds. Handbook of Physiology: The Gastrointestinal System. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989, pp. 311-336.
80. Lloyd, K.C. and Walsh, J.H. Gastric secretion. In: Walsh, J.H., and Dockray, G.J., eds. Gut Peptides. New York: Raven Press; 1994, pp. 633-654.
81. Waldum, H.L., Sandvik, A.K., and Brenna, E. Gastrin: Histamine-releasing activity. In: Walsh, J.H., ed. Gastrin. New York: Raven Press, Ltd. 1993, pp. 259-271.
82. Willems, G. Trophic action of gastrin on specific target cells in the gut. In: Mignon, M., and Jensen, R.T., eds. Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas: Recent Advances in Research and Management. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger; 1995, pp. 30-44.
83. Håkanson, R. and Sundler, F.H. Regulation of gastric endocrine cell proliferation. In: Walsh, J.H. ed. Gastrin. New York: Raven Press, Ltd. 1993, pp. 307-318.
84. Håkanson, R. and Sundler, F. Mechanisms for the development of gastric carcinoids. Digestion 35(suppl):1-151, 1986.
85. Eissele, R., Koop, H., Bothe-Sandfort, E., and Arnold, R. Effect of gastrin receptor antagonists on gastric acid secretion and gastrin and somatostatin release in the rat stomach. Digestion 53:179-188, 1992.
86. Murphy, M.G., Sytnik, B., Kovacks, T.O.G., Mertz, H., Ewanik, D., Shingo, S., Lin, J.H., Gertz, B.J., and Walsh, J.H. The gastrin-receptor antagonist L-365, 260 inhibits stimulated acid secretion in humans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 54:533-539, 1993.
87. Jensen, R.T. Gastrinoma as a model for prolonged hypergastrinemia in man. In: Walsh, J.H., ed. Gastrin. New York, NY: Raven Press Publishing Co. 1993, pp. 373-393.
88. Jensen, R.T. and Gardner, J.D. Gastrinoma. In: Go, V.L.W., DiMagno, E.P., Gardner, J.D., Lebenthal, E., Reber, H.A., and Scheele, G.A., eds. The Pancreas: Biology, Pathobiology and Disease. New York, NY: Raven Press Publishing Co.; 1993, pp. 931-978.
89. Metz, D.C. and Jensen, R.T. Advances in gastric antisecretory therapy in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In: Mignon, M., and Jensen, R.T., eds. Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas: Recent advances in research and management. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger; 1995, pp. 240-257.
90. Creutzfeldt, W. The achlorhydria-carcinoid sequence: role of gastrin. Digestion 39:61-79, 1988.
91. Maton, P.N. and Dayal, Y. Clinical implications of hypergastrinemia. In: Zakim, D., and Dannenberg, A.J., eds. Peptic ulcer disease and other acid-related disorders. Armonk, NY: Academic Research Associates; 1991, pp. 213-246.
92. Wormsley, K.G. Is chronic long-term inhibition of gastric secretion really dangerous. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 146(suppl):166-174, 1988.
93. Hetzel, D.J., Dent, J., Reed, W.D., Narielvala, F.M., MacKinnon, M., McCarthy, J.H., Mitchell, B., Beveridge, B.R., Laurence, B.H., Gibson, G.G., Grant, A.K., Shearman, D.J., Whitehead, R., and Buckle, P.J. Healing and relapse of severe peptic esophagitis after treatment with omeprazole. Gastroenterology 95:903-912, 1988.
94. Jansen, J.B., Klinkenberg-Knol, E.C., Meuwissen, S.G., De Bruijne, J.W., Festen, H.P., Snel, P., Luckers, A.E., Biemond, I., and Lamers, C.B. Effect of long-term treatment with omeprazole on serum gastrin and serum group A and C pepsinogens in patients with reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 99:621-628, 1990.
95. Lamberts, R., Creutzfeldt, W., Struber, H.G., Brunner, G., and Solcia, E. Long-term omeprazole therapy in peptic ulcer disease: gastrin, endocrine cell growth, and gastritis. Gastroenterology 104:1356-1370, 1993.
96. Ekman, L., Hansson, E., Havu, N., Carlsson, E., and Lundberg, C. Toxicological studies on omeprazole. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 20(suppl):53-69, 1985.
97. Havu, N. Enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids of gastric mucosa in rats after life-long inhibition of gastric secretion. Digestion 35(suppl):42-55, 1986.
98. Townsend, C.M., Jr., Ishizuka, J., and Thompson, J.C. Gastrin trophic effects on transplanted colon cancer cells. In: Walsh, J.H. ed. Gastrin. New York: Raven Press; 1993, pp. 407-417.
99. Dickinson, C.J. Relationship of gastrin processing to colon cancer (Editorial). Gastroenterology 109:1384-1388, 1995.
100. Rehfeld, J.F. Gastrin and colorectal cancer: A never-ending dispute? (Editorial). Gastroenterol. 108:1307-1310, 1995.
101. Orbuch, M., Venzon, D.J., Lubensky, I.A., Weber, H.C., Gibril, F., and Jensen, R.T. Prolonged hypergastrinemia does not increase the frequency of colonie neoplasia in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sci. 41:604-613, 1996.
102. Metz, D.C., Strader, D.B., Orbuch, M., Koviach, P.D., Feigenbaum, K.M., and Jensen, R.T. Use of omeprazole in Zollinger-Ellison: a prospective nine-year study of efficacy and safety. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 7:597-610, 1993.
103. Lehy, T., Cadiot, G., Mignon, M., Ruszniewski, P., and Bonfils, S. Influence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 on gastric endocrine cells in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gut 33:1275-1279, 1992.
104. Harro, J., Vasar, E., and Bradwejn, J. CCK in animal and human research on anxiety. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14:244-249, 1993.
105. van Megen, H.J., Westenberg, H.G., den Boer, J.A., Haigh, J.R., and Traub, M. Pentagastrin induced panic attacks: enhanced sensitivity in panic disorder patients. Psychopharmacol. (Berl) 114:449-455, 1994.
106. Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., Couetoux du Tertre, A., van Megen, H., den Boer, J., and Westenberg, H. The panicogenic effects of cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide are antagonized by L-365, 260, a central cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, in patients with panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psych. 51:486-493, 1994.