The relationship between risk of death and risk of dangerous dose for toxic substances

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volumn 51, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 11-34

  Franks, A P ^b   Harper, P J ^a   Bilo, M ^a  

^a HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Major hazards; Quantitative risk assessment; Risk criteria; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

HYDROGEN FLUORIDE; RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL (RISKAT); RISK CRITERIA;

AMMONIA; CHLORINE; COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS; HEALTH RISKS; HYDROGEN INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SULFUR DIOXIDE; TOXICITY;

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS;

AMMONIA; CHLORINE; HYDROFLUORIC ACID; SULFUR DIOXIDE; TOXIC SUBSTANCE;

ARTICLE; DANGEROUS GOODS; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH HAZARD; LD 50; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICOLOGY; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0030294838     PISSN: 03043894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3894(96)01802-X     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. [1] Health and Safety Executive, Risk Criteria for Land-use Planning in the Vicinity of Major Industrial Hazards, HMSO, London, 1989.
2. [2] HM Chief Inspector of Factories, Annual Report, HMSO, London, 1967.
3. [3] Lord Robens (chrmn), Safety and Health at Work, Cmnd 5034, HMSO, London, 1972.
4. [4] Health and Safety Commission, Advisory Committee on Major Hazards: First Report, HMSO, London, 1976.
5. [5] Health and Safety Commission, Advisory Committee on Major Hazards: Second Report, HMSO, London, 1979.
6. [6] Health and Safety Commission, Advisory Committee on Major Hazards: Third Report, HMSO, London, 1984.
7. [7] Health and Safety Executive, The Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances Regulations 1982, SI 1982/1357, HMSO, London, 1982.
8. [8] Health and Safety Executive, Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1984, SI 1984/1902. Amended 1988 (SI 1988/1982), 1990 (SI 1990/2325) and 1994 (SI 1994/118) HMSO, London.
9. [9] CEC, European Community Directive on the Major Hazards of Certain Industrial Activities, 82/501/EC, Off. J. Eur. Community, L230 (1982).
10. [10] EC, Proposal for a Council Directive on the Control of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances (COMAH). Off. J. Eur. Communities, 37 No. C106, (1994) 4-21. Council document 5542/94.
11. [11] Department of Environment, Planning (Hazardous Substances) Regulations, HMSO, London, 1992.
12. [12] Department of Environment, Planning Control for Hazardous Substances, Circular 11/92, HMSO, London, 1992.
13. [13] C. Nussey, Uncertainty in risk assessment, Proc. 4th Euredata Conf., Venice, March 1993.
14. [14] C. Nussey, M. Pantony and R. Smallwood, Health and Safety Executive's risk assessment tool, RISKAT, Trans. I. Chem. E., 71 Part B (1993) 29-40.
15. [15] C. Nussey, D.A. Carter and K. Cassidy, The application of consequence models in risk assessment: a regulator's view, Int. Conf. Mitigating the Consequences of Accidental Releases of Hazardous Materials, Sept. 1995, New Orleans, AIChE.
16. [16] D.A. Carter, D.M. Deaves and S.R. Porter, Reducing the risks from major toxic gas hazards, Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, June 1995, Antwerp.
17. [17] S. Porter, Risk mitigation in land-use planning, Proc. Conf. and Workshop on Modelling and Mitigation of the Consequences of Accidental Releases, New Orleans, 1991, pp 463-482, AIChE.
18. [18] Centre for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Chemical Process QRA, 1989, AIChE.
19. [19] S. Fairhurst and R.M. Turner, Toxicological assessments in relation to major hazards, J. Hazard. Mater., 33 (1993) 215-227.
20. [20] D.J. Finney, Probit Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977.
21. [21] R.M. Turner and S. Fairhurst, Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Acrylonitrile, HMSO, London, 1989.
22. [22] R.M. Turner and S. Fairhurst, Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Chlorine, HMSO, London, 1990.
23. [23] M.P. Payne, J. Delic and R.M. Turner, Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Ammonia, HMSO, London, 1990.
24. [24] R.M. Turner and S. Fairhurst, Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Hydrogen Fluoride, HMSO, London, 1990.
25. [25] R.M. Turner and S. Fairhurst, Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Hydrogen Sulphide, HMSO, London, 1990.
26. [26] R.M. Turner and S. Fairhurst, Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Sulphuric Acid Mist', HMSO, London, 1992.
27. [27] M. Meldrum, Toxicology of Substances in Relation to Major Hazards: Nitrogen Dioxide, HMSO, London, 1992.
28. [28] M. Schlagbauer and D. Henschler, The toxicity of chlorine and bromine with single or repeated inhalation, Int. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg., 23 (1967) 91-98.
29. [29] S.D. Silver and F.P. McGrath, A comparison of acute toxicities of ethylene imine and ammonia to mice, J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol., 30 (1948) 7-9.
30. [30] J. Wohlslagel, L.C. Dipasquale and E.H. Vernot, Toxicity of solid rocket motor exhaust: effects of HCl, HF and alumina on rodents, J. Combust. Toxicol., 3 (1976) 61-70.
31. 2, J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Ass., 39(2) (1978) 129-138.
32. [32] R.M.J. Withers and F.P. Lees, The assessment of major hazards. The lethal toxicity of chlorine. Part 2, Model of toxicity to man, J. Hazard. Mater., 12 (1985) 283-302.
33. [33] W.F. ten Berge, A. Zwart and L.M. Appelman, Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and systemically acting vapours and gases, J. Hazard. Mater., 13 (1986) 301-309.
34. [34] W.F. ten Berge and M. Vis van Heemst, Validity and accuracy of commonly used toxicity assessment models in risk analysis, 4th Int. Symp. Loss Prevention, Harrogate, 1983.
35. [35] A. Zwart and R.A. Woutersen, Acute inhalation toxicity of chlorine in rats and mice: time-concentration mortality relationships and effects on respiration, J. Hazard. Mater., 19 (1988) 195-208.
36. [36] HSC Advisory Committee on Dangerous Substances, Major Hazards Aspects of the Transport of Dangerous Substances, HMSO, London, 1992.
37. [37] M. Vis van Heemst, Estimating chlorine toxicity under emergency conditions, Chlorine Safety Seminar, Brussels, November 14-15, 1990.
38. [38] R.M.J. Withers, The lethal toxicity of ammonia - a report to the MHAP, IChemE N.W. Branch Papers, 1986 No 1, Manchester, January 1986.
39. [39] HSE, Canvey - An investigation of Potential Hazards from Operations in the Canvey Island/Thurrock Area, HMSO, London, 1978.
40. [40] K. Mudan, The use of toxicity data in quantitative risk assessment of HF alkylation units, AIChE Summer National Meeting, August 1989.
41. [41] W.W. Perry and W.J. Articola, Study to Modify the Vulnerability Model of the Risk Management System, CG-D-22-80, US Coast Guard, Washington DC, 1980.
42. [42] TNO, Methods for Determination of Possible Damage to People and Objects Resulting from the Release of Hazardous Materials, CPR 16E, Voorburg, December 1989.
43. [43] Reference Manual for GASTAR (GASeous Transport from Accidental Releases), Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Ltd., Cambridge, England, 1996.