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of special interest. See annotation [59].
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of special interest Chaudhry FA, Lehre KP, Van Lookeren Campagne M, Ottersen OP, Danbolt NC, Storm-Mathisen J. Glutamate transporters in glial plasma membranes: highly differentiated localizations revealed by quantitative ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Neuron. 15:1995;711-720 See annotation [59].
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Chaudhry, F.A.1
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Danbolt, N.C.5
Storm-Mathisen, J.6
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58
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Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters
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Rothstein JD, Martin L, Levey AI, Dykes-Hoberg M, Jin L, Wu D, Nash N, Kuncl RW. Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters. Neuron. 13:1994;713-725.
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Rothstein, J.D.1
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Wu, D.6
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59
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0029120602
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Coincidence of L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactions in retinal glia: Evidence for coupling of GLAST and GS in transmitter clearance
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of special interest. This paper, together with [57,58], describes the subcellular distribution of the neuronal (EAAC1) and glial (GLAST, GLT-1) glutamate transporters in different regions of the rat brain by immunocytochemical staining. Remarkably, the glial transporters appear highly localized to the astrocytic processes that ensheath synapses, consistent with their role in the uptake of synaptically released glutamate. In addition, the distribution of glutamine-synthetase and the glial glutamate transporter GLAST are neatly overlapping, indicating a close correlation between the uptake of glutamate and its conversion to glutamine in glial cells.
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of special interest Derouiche A, Rauen T. Coincidence of L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactions in retinal glia: evidence for coupling of GLAST and GS in transmitter clearance. J Neurosci Res. 42:1995;131-143 This paper, together with [57,58], describes the subcellular distribution of the neuronal (EAAC1) and glial (GLAST, GLT-1) glutamate transporters in different regions of the rat brain by immunocytochemical staining. Remarkably, the glial transporters appear highly localized to the astrocytic processes that ensheath synapses, consistent with their role in the uptake of synaptically released glutamate. In addition, the distribution of glutamine-synthetase and the glial glutamate transporter GLAST are neatly overlapping, indicating a close correlation between the uptake of glutamate and its conversion to glutamine in glial cells.
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(1995)
J Neurosci Res
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Derouiche, A.1
Rauen, T.2
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60
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Glial contributions to excitatory neurotransmission in cultured hippocampal cells
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Mennerick S, Zorumski CF. Glial contributions to excitatory neurotransmission in cultured hippocampal cells. Nature. 368:1994;59-62.
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Nature
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Mennerick, S.1
Zorumski, C.F.2
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61
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0030033083
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Components of glial responses to exogenous and synaptic glutamate in rat hippocampal microcultures
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of special interest. This study examines glial responses to individual synaptic events. Synaptically released glutamate activates non-NMDA, but not NMDA-type, glutamate receptors on glial cells, and depolarizes the glial membrane potential. Remarkably, the fraction of current that is mediated by glutamate receptors or transporters depends on whether glutamate is applied endogenously or exogenously. Responses to synaptically released glutamate are dominated by transporter currents, whereas exogenous glutamate evokes mainly receptormediated currents.
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of special interest Mennerick S, Benz A, Zorumski CF. Components of glial responses to exogenous and synaptic glutamate in rat hippocampal microcultures. J Neurosci. 16:1996;55-64 This study examines glial responses to individual synaptic events. Synaptically released glutamate activates non-NMDA, but not NMDA-type, glutamate receptors on glial cells, and depolarizes the glial membrane potential. Remarkably, the fraction of current that is mediated by glutamate receptors or transporters depends on whether glutamate is applied endogenously or exogenously. Responses to synaptically released glutamate are dominated by transporter currents, whereas exogenous glutamate evokes mainly receptormediated currents.
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(1996)
J Neurosci
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Mennerick, S.1
Benz, A.2
Zorumski, C.F.3
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62
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0028903332
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Presnaptic influence on the time course of fast excitatory synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal cells
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of special interest. This study confirmed that glial cells take up physiologically relevant amounts of glutamate during synaptic transmission. Interestingly, the glial glutamate uptake shapes evoked postsynaptic responses only if the release probability is elevated.
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of special interest Mennerick S, Zorumski CF. Presnaptic influence on the time course of fast excitatory synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal cells. J Neurosci. 15:1995;3178-3192 This study confirmed that glial cells take up physiologically relevant amounts of glutamate during synaptic transmission. Interestingly, the glial glutamate uptake shapes evoked postsynaptic responses only if the release probability is elevated.
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(1995)
J Neurosci
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Mennerick, S.1
Zorumski, C.F.2
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S. Fedoroff, Vernadakis A. edn 2 Orlando: Academic Press
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Hertz L, Schousboe A. Role of astrocytes in compartmentation of amino acids and energy metabolism. Fedoroff S, Vernadakis A. edn 2 Astrocytes: Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology. 1986;179-202 Academic Press, Orlando.
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Hertz, L.1
Schousboe, A.2
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64
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0029091514
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Glutamine from glial cells is essential for the maintenance of the nerve terminal pool of glutamate: Immunogold evidence from hippocampal slice cultures
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of special interest. This paper provides strong support for the venerable hypothesis of a glutamine/glutamate shuttle between neurons and glia. The ultrastructural distribution of glutamine and glutamate was determined in hippocampal slices before and after pharmacological inhibition of glutamine synthetase, which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in glial cells. As predicted by the shuttle hypothesis, the glutamine immunoreactivity is reduced in glial cells, whereas the glutamate immunoreactivity increases. The neurotransmitter pool of glutamate in presynaptic terminals decreases, indicating that it depends on glial glutamine supply.
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of special interest Laake JH, Slyngstad TA, Haug FMS, Ottersen OP. Glutamine from glial cells is essential for the maintenance of the nerve terminal pool of glutamate: immunogold evidence from hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurochem. 65:1995;871-881 This paper provides strong support for the venerable hypothesis of a glutamine/glutamate shuttle between neurons and glia. The ultrastructural distribution of glutamine and glutamate was determined in hippocampal slices before and after pharmacological inhibition of glutamine synthetase, which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in glial cells. As predicted by the shuttle hypothesis, the glutamine immunoreactivity is reduced in glial cells, whereas the glutamate immunoreactivity increases. The neurotransmitter pool of glutamate in presynaptic terminals decreases, indicating that it depends on glial glutamine supply.
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(1995)
J Neurochem
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Laake, J.H.1
Slyngstad, T.A.2
Haug, F.M.S.3
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Pow DV, Robinson SR. Glutamate in some retinal neurons is derived solely from glia. Neuroscience. 60:1994;355-366.
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Metabolic trafficking between neurons and astrocytes: The glutamate/glutamine cycle revisited
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Westergaard N, Sonnewald U, Schousboe A. Metabolic trafficking between neurons and astrocytes: the glutamate/glutamine cycle revisited. Dev Neurosci. 17:1995;203-211.
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Dev Neurosci
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Do astrocytes process neural information?
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A.C.H. Yu, L. Hertz, M.D. Norenberg, Sykova E. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers
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Smith SJ, Waxman SG. Do astrocytes process neural information? Yu ACH, Hertz L, Norenberg MD, Sykova E. Progress in Brain Research. 94:1992;119-136 Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
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Smith, S.J.1
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Dierig S. Extending the neuron doctrine: Carl Ludwig Schleich (1859-1922) and his reflections on neuroglia at the inception of the neural-network concept in 1894. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;449-452.
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Glia and neurons in dialogue
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Attwell D. Glia and neurons in dialogue. Nature. 369:1994;707-708.
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Smith SJ. Neuromodulatory astrocytes. Curr Biol. 4:1994;807-810.
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Murphy TH, Blatter LA, Wier WG, Baraban JM. Rapid communication between neurons and astrocytes in primary cortical cultures. J Neurosci. 13:1993;2672-2679.
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J Neurosci
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Murphy, T.H.1
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72
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Dani JW, Chernjavsky A, Smith SJ. Neuronal activity triggers calcium waves in hippocampal astrocyte networks. Neuron. 8:1992;429-440.
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Neuron
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Dani, J.W.1
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Chiu SY, Kriegler S. Neurotransmitter-mediated signaling between axons and glial cells. Glia. 11:1994;191-200.
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Glia
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Chiu, S.Y.1
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Transmitter release increases intracellular calcium in perisynaptic Schwann cells in situ
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Jahromi BS, Robitaille R, Charlton MP. Transmitter release increases intracellular calcium in perisynaptic Schwann cells in situ. Neuron. 8:1992;1069-1077.
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Jahromi, B.S.1
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Martin DL. Synthesis and release of neuroactive substances by glial cells. Glia. 5:1992;81-94.
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Glia
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3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase-containing astrocytic processes surround glutamate-containing axon terminals in the rat striatum
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Roberts RC, McCarthy KE, Du F, Ottersen OP, Okuno E, Schwarcz R. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase-containing astrocytic processes surround glutamate-containing axon terminals in the rat striatum. J Neurosci. 15:1995;1150-1161.
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J Neurosci
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Roberts, R.C.1
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Du, F.3
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Schwarcz, R.6
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77
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0028988978
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D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: Localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release
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of special interest. The authors use immunocytochemical staining and autoradiographic studies to show that in rat cerebral cortex, D-serine, an endogenous agonist of the glycine site on NMDA receptors, is concentrated in grey matter astrocytes nearby neuronal NMDA receptors. Stimulation of cultured cortical astrocytes with non-NMDA receptor agonists but not NMDA agonists or KCl-dependent depolarization releases radioactively labeled D-serine and reduces D-serine immunoreactivity in glial cells. Thus, glial cells may facilitate NMDA-receptor-mediated postsynaptic responses by releasing D-serine in response to synaptically released glutamate.
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of special interest Schell MJ, Molliver ME, Snyder SH. D-serine, an endogenous synaptic modulator: localization to astrocytes and glutamate-stimulated release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;3948-3952 The authors use immunocytochemical staining and autoradiographic studies to show that in rat cerebral cortex, D-serine, an endogenous agonist of the glycine site on NMDA receptors, is concentrated in grey matter astrocytes nearby neuronal NMDA receptors. Stimulation of cultured cortical astrocytes with non-NMDA receptor agonists but not NMDA agonists or KCl-dependent depolarization releases radioactively labeled D-serine and reduces D-serine immunoreactivity in glial cells. Thus, glial cells may facilitate NMDA-receptor-mediated postsynaptic responses by releasing D-serine in response to synaptically released glutamate.
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(1995)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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, pp. 3948-3952
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Schell, M.J.1
Molliver, M.E.2
Snyder, S.H.3
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78
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Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signaling
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Parpura V, Basarsky TA, Liu F, Jeftinija K, Jeffinija S, Haydon PG. Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signaling. Nature. 369:1994;744-747.
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(1994)
Nature
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Parpura, V.1
Basarsky, T.A.2
Liu, F.3
Jeftinija, K.4
Jeffinija, S.5
Haydon, P.G.6
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79
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0029091274
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Evidence for lutamate-mediated activation of hippocampal neurons by glial calcium waves
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of special interest. Using calcium imaging and whole-cell recordings in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, the authors show that calcium waves in glial cells induce glutamate-receptor-mediated calcium transients, depolarization and action potentials in overlying neurons, showing that cultured astrocytes can excite nearby neurons.
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of special interest Hassinger TD, Atkinson PB, Strecker GJ, Whalen LR, Dudek FE, Kossel AH, Kater SB. Evidence for lutamate-mediated activation of hippocampal neurons by glial calcium waves. J Neurobiol. 28:1995;159-170 Using calcium imaging and whole-cell recordings in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, the authors show that calcium waves in glial cells induce glutamate-receptor-mediated calcium transients, depolarization and action potentials in overlying neurons, showing that cultured astrocytes can excite nearby neurons.
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(1995)
J Neurobiol
, vol.28
, pp. 159-170
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Hassinger, T.D.1
Atkinson, P.B.2
Strecker, G.J.3
Whalen, L.R.4
Dudek, F.E.5
Kossel, A.H.6
Kater, S.B.7
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