NANC neural control of airway smooth muscle tone

General Pharmacology

Volumn 27, Issue 7, 1996, Pages 1109-1121

  Lindén, Anders ^a,b  

^a SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

adrenergic responses; airway nerves; airway smooth muscle; asthma; bronchoconstriction; cholinergic responses; neurokinin A; nitric oxide; pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide; substance P; tachykinins; vasoactive intestinal peptide

Indexed keywords

7 [3 (4 ACETYL 3 HYDROXY 2 PROPYLPHENOXY) 2 HYDROXYPROPOXY] 4 OXO 8 PROPYL 4H 1 BENZOPYRAN 2 CARBOXYLIC ACID; ATROPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CAPSAICIN; GUANETHIDINE; HISTAMINE; HYPOPHYSIS ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE; INDOMETACIN; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROKININ A; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NITRIC OXIDE; PROPRANOLOL; SEROTONIN; SUBSTANCE P; TACHYKININ; TACHYKININ RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; AIRWAY; ANIMAL MODEL; ASTHMA; CHOLINERGIC STIMULATION; ELECTROSTIMULATION; GUINEA PIG; HUMAN; NONADRENERGIC NONCHOLINERGIC NERVE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE TONE;

EID: 0030273273     PISSN: 03063623     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(95)02142-6     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Adcock I. M., Belvisi N. G., Stretton D., Yacoub M. and Barnes P. J. (1991) Inhibitory NANC responses and VIP mRNA levels in asthmatic and denervated human lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143, A355.
2. Advenier C., Naline E., Drapeau G. and Regoli D. (1987) Relative potencies of neurokinins in guinea pig trachea and human bronchus. Eur. J. Pharm. 139, 133-137.
3. Aizawa H., Miyazaki N., Inoue H., Ikeda T. and Shigematsu N. (1990) Effect of endogenous tachykinins on neuro-effector transmission of vagal nerve in guinea-pig tracheal tissue. Respiration 57, 338-343.
4. Andersson R. G. G. and Grundström N. (1983) The excitatory non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nervous system of the guinea-pig airways. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 131, 141-157.
5. Armour C. L., Johnson P. R. A. and Black J. L. (1991) Nedocromil sodium inhibits substance P-induced potentiation of cholinergic neural responses in the isolated innervated rabbit trachea. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 11, 167-172.
6. Bai T. R. and Bramley A. M. (1993) Effect of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase on neural relaxation of human bronchi. Am. J. Physiol. 264, L425-L430.
7. Barlinski J., Lockhart A. and Frossard N. (1992) Modulation by theophylline and enprophylline of the excitatory non-cholinergic transmission in guinea-pig bronchi. Eur. Respir. J. 5, 1201-1205.
8. Barnes P. J. (1983) Endogenous plasma adrenaline in asthma. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 64, 559-563.
9. Barnes P. J. (1986) Asthma as an axon reflex. Lancet 1, 242-245.
10. Barnes P. J. (1991) Neuropeptides and asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143, S28-S32.
11. Barthó L., Amann R., Saria A., Szolcsányi J. and Lembeck F. (1987) Peripheral effects of opioid drugs on capsaicin-sensitive neurones of the guinea-pig bronchus and rabbit car. Naunyn-Schmiederberg's Archiv. Pharmacol. 336, 316-320.
12. Belvisi M. G., Chung K. F., Jackson D. M. and Barnes P. J. (1988) Opoid modulation of non-cholinergic neural bronchoconstriction in guinea-pig in vivo. Br. J. Pharm. 95, 413-418.
13. Belvisi M. G., Stretton C. D. and Barnes P. J. (1991) Modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in guinea-pig airways by opoids. Br. J. Pharm. 100, 131-137.
14. Belvisi M. G., Stretton C. D., Yacoub M. and Barnes P. J. (1992a) Nitric oxide is the endogenous transmitter of bronchodilator nerves in humans. Eur. J. Pharmac. 210, 221-222.
15. Belvisi M. G., Stretton C. D., Miura M., Verleden G. M., Tadjkarimi S., Yacoub M. H. and Barnes P. J. (1992b) Inhibitory NANC nerves in human tracheal smooth muscle: a quest for the neurotransmitter. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 2505-2510.
16. Belvisi M. G., Miura M., Stretton C. D. and Barnes P. J. (1993) Endogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide modulate cholinergic neurotransmission in guinea-pig trachea. Eur. J. Pharmac. 231, 97-102.
17. Ben-Jebria A., Savineau J. P., Rossetti M. and Martan R. (1993) In vitro responsiveness to neuropeptides in human passively sensitized airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, A705.
18. Bertrand C., Geppetti P., Graf P., Foresi A. and Nadel J. (1993) Involvement of tachykinins in antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in sensitized guinea-pigs. Eur. Resp. J. 6, S17, 117s, A0066.
19. Cameron A. R. and Coburn R. F. (1984) Electrical and anatomic characteristics of cells of ferret paratracheal ganglion. Am. J. Physiol. 246, 450-458.
20. Canning B. J. and Undem B. J. (1993) The parasympathetic ganglia mediating NANC relaxations of guinea-pig trachealis are extrinsic to the trachea. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 147 (4), A284.
21. Carstairs J. R. and Barnes P. J. (1986) Visualization of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in human and guinea pig lung. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 239, 249-255.
22. Cardell L. O., Uddman R., Luts A. and Sundler F. (1991) Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in guinea-pig lung: distribution and dilatory effects. Reg. Peptides 36, 379-390.
23. Cardell L. O., Uddman R. and Edvinssou L. (1994) Low plasma concentrations of VIP and elevated levels of other neuropeptides during exacerbations of asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 7, 2169-2173.
24. Chesrown S. E., Venugopalan C. S., Gold W. M. and Drazen J. M. (1980) In vivo demonstration of nonadrenergic inhibitory innervation of the guinea-pig trachea. J. Clin. Invest. 65, 314-320.
25. Coburn R. F. and Tomita T. (1973) Evidence for nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves in the guinea pig trachealis muscle. Am .J. Physiol. 224, 1072-1080.
26. Coleman R. A. and Levy G. P. (1974) A non-adrenergic inhibitory nervous pathway in guinea-pig trachea. Br. J. Pharm. 52, 167-174.
27. Davis C., Kannan M. S., Jones T. R. and Daniel E. E. (1982) Control of human airway smooth muscle: in vitro studies. J. Appl .Physiol. 53, 1080-1087.
28. de Jongste J. C., Mons H., Bonta I. L. and Kerrebijn K. F. (1987a) In vitro responses of airways from an asthmatic patient. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 71, 23-29.
29. de Jongste J. C., Mons H., Bonta I. L. and Kerrebijn K. F. (1987b) Cholinergic and non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve-mediated responses of isolated human airways from patients with and without COPD or asthma. In Human Airway Smooth Muscle pp. 179-193 by de Jongste J C. Thesis, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
30. de Jongste J. C., Mons H., Bonta I. L. and Kerrebijn K. F. (1987c) Nonneural components in the response of fresh human airways to electrical field stimulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 63, 1558-1566.
31. Dey R. D., Shannon W. A. and Said S. (1981) Localization of VIP-immunoreactive nerves in airways and pulmonary vessels of dogs, cats and human subjects. Cell. Tiss. Res. 220, 231-238.
32. Dey R. D., Mayer B. and Said S. (1993) Colocalization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide synthase in neurons of the ferret trachea. Neuroscience 54, 839-843.
33. Doidge J. M. and Satchell D. G. (1982) Adrenergic and non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in mammalian airways. J. Auton. Nerv. System 5, 83-99.
34. Dusser D. J., Djokic T. D., Borson D. B. and Nadel J. A. (1989) Cigarette smoke induces bronchoconstrictor hyperresponsiveness to substance P and inactivates airway neutral endopeptidase in the guinea pig: possible role of free radicals. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 900-906.
35. Ellis J. L. and Undem B. J. (1990) Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic contractions in the electrically field stimulated guinea-pig trachea. Br. J. Pharm. 101, 875-880.
36. Ellis J. L. and Undem B. J. (1992) Inhibition by L-NG-Nitro-L-Arginine of nonadrenergic-noncholinergic-mediated relaxations of human isolated central and peripheral airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146, 1543-1547.
37. Fame T. M., Loader J. E., Graves J., Colasurdo G. N. and Larsen G. L. (1993) Decrease in airway's nonadrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory system in allergen sensitized rabbits. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, A285.
38. Frossard N. and Barnes J. (1987) μ-Opioid receptors modulate non-cholinergic constrictor nerves in guinea-pig airways. Eur.J. Pharm. 141, 519-522.
39. Fuller R. W., Dixon C. M. S. and Barnes P. J. (1985) Bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled capsaicin in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 58, 1080-1084.
40. Fuller R. W., Maxwell D. L., Dixon C. M. S., McGregor G. P., Barnes V. F., Bloom S. R. and Barnes P. J. (1987) Effect of substance P on cardiovascular and respiratory function in subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 62, 1473-1479.
41. Ghatei M. A., Springall D. R., Richards I. M., Oostveen J. A., Griffin R. L., Cadieux A., Polak J. M. and Bloom S. R. (1987) Regulatory peptides in the respiratory tract of Macaca Fascicularis. Thorax 42, 431-439.
42. Gross N. J. (1988) Cholinergic control. In Asthma: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management. (Edited by Barnes P. J., Rodger I. W., and Thomson N. C.) Ch. 23, pp. 381-393. Academic Press Limited, London.
43. Grundström N., Andersson R. G. G. and Wikberg J. E. S. (1981) Pharmacological characterisation of the autonomous innervation of the guinea pig tracheobronchial smooth muscle. Acta Pharmac. Toxicol. 49, 150-157.
44. Grundström N., Andersson R. G. G. and Wikberg J. E. S. (1984) Inhibition of the excitatory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmission in the guinea pig tracheo-bronchial tree mediated by alpha-2-adrenoceptors. Acta Pharm. Toxicol. 54, 8-14.
45. Grunstein M. M., Tanaka D. T. and Grunstein J. S. (1984) Mechanisms of substance P-induced bronchoconstriction in maturing rabbit. J. Appl. Physiol. 57, 1238-1246.
46. Hakoda H. and Ito Y. (1990) Modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission by the petide VIP, VIP antiserum and VIP antagonists in dog and cat trachea. J. Physiol. 428, 133-154.
47. Hall A. K., Barnes P. J., Meldrum L. A. and Maclagan J. (1989) Facilitation by tachykinins of neurotransmission in guinea-pig pulmonary parasympathetic nerves. Br. J. Pharm. 97, 274-280.
48. Hua X. Y., Theordorsson-Norheim E., Brodin E., Lundberg J. M. and Hökfelt (1985) Multiple tachykinins in capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in the guinea-pig. Regul. Pept. 13, 1-19.
49. Hulks G., Warren P. M. and Douglas N. J. (1993) The effect of inhaled nitric oxicle on bronchomotor tone in the normal human airway. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, A287.
50. Ichinose M., Inoue H., Miura M. and Takishima T. (1988) Non-adrenergic bronchodilation in normal subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138, 31-34.
51. Inoue H., Aizawa H., Miyazaki N., Takeda T. and Shigematsu N. (1991) Possible roles of the peripheral vagal nerve in histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs. Eur. Respir. J. 4, 860-866.
52. Jing L., Inoue R., Tashiro K., Takahashi S. and Ito Y. (1995) Role of nitric oxide in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic relaxation and modulation of excitatory neuroeffector transmission in the cat airway. J. Physiol. 483, 225-237.
53. Johansson U. and Waldeck B. (1981) β1-adrenoceptors mediating relaxation of the guinea-pig trachea: experiments with prenalterol, a β1-selective adrenoceptor agonist. J. Pharm. Pharmac. 33, 353-356.
54. Joos G., Pauwels R. and Van Der Straeten M. (1987) Effect of inhaled substance P and neurokinin A on the airways of normal and asthmatic subjects. Thorax 42, 779-783.
55. Joos G., Pauwels R. and Van Der Straeten M. (1989) The effect of nedocromil sodium on the bronchoconstrictor effect of neurokinin A in subjects with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 83, 663-668.
56. Kamikawa Y. and Shimo Y. (1976) Pharmacological differences of nonadrenergic inhibitory response and of ATP-induced relaxation in guinea-pig tracheal strip-chains. J. Pharm. Pharmac. 28, 854-855.
57. Kamikawa Y. and Shimo Y. (1989) Adenosine selectively inhibits noncholinergic transmission in guinea pig bronchi. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 2084-2091.
58. Kamikawa Y. (1989) Inhibitory effect of anti-allergic drugs on cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurotransmission of guinea-pig bronchial muscle in vitro. Ann. Allergy 63, 59-65.
59. Kamikawa Y. and Shimo Y. (1990) Inhibitory effects of catecholamines on cholinergically and non-cholinergically mediated contractions of guinea-pig isolated bronchial muscle. J. Pharm. Pharmac. 42, 131-134.
60. Karlsson J.-A. and Persson C. G. A. (1984a) Neither vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) nor purine derivatives may mediate non-adrenergic tracheal inhibition. Acta Phys. Scand. 122, 589-598.
61. Karlsson J.-A. and Persson C. G. A. (1984b) Local anaesthetics selectively inhibit non-cholinergic neural contractions in guinea-pig airways. Acta Phys. Scand. 120, 469-471.
62. Karlsson J.-A., Finney M. J. B., Persson C. G. A. and Post C. (1984) Substance P antagonists and the role of tachykinins in non-cholinergic bronchoconstriction. Life Sci. 35, 2681-2691.
63. Karlsson J.-A., Sant'Ambrogio G. and Widdicombe J. (1988) Afferent neural pathways in cough and reflex bronchoconstriction. J. Appl. Physiol. 65, 1007-1023.
64. Kerrebijn K. F. (1991) Beta Agonists. In Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment. (Edited by Kaliner M. A., Barnes P. J., and Persson C. G. A.) Ch. 20 pp. 523-559. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
65. Kröll F., Karlsson J.-A., Lundberg J.-M. and Persson C. G. A. (1987) Capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction and neuropeptide release in a perfused guinea-pig bronchopulmonary in vitro preparation. In Purines and Sensory Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Airway Resistance in Guinea-pig Isolated Perfused Lungs, pp. 19-25 by Kröll F. Thesis, University of Lund, Sweden.
66. Kummer W., Fischer A., Kurkowski R. and Heym C. (1992) The sensory and sympathetic innervation of guinea-pig lung and trachea as studied by retrograde neuronal tracing and double-labelling immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience 49, 715-737.
67. Laitinen A., Partanen M., Hervonen A., Pelto-Kuikko M., Laitinen L. A. (1985) VIP like immunoreactive nerves in human respiratory tract. Light and electron microscopic study. Histochemistry 82, 313-319.
68. Lammers J.-W., Minette P., McCusker M. T., Chung K. F. and Barnes P. J. (1988) Nonadrenergic bronchodilator mechanisms in normal human subjects in vivo. J. Appl. Physiol. 64, 1817-1822.
69. Leff A. R. (1991) Role of adrenergic nervous system in asthma. In Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment. (Edited by Kaliner M. A., Barnes P. J., and Persson C. G. A.) Ch. 13 pp. 103-134. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
70. Li C. G. and Rand M. J. (1991) Evidence that part of the NANC relaxant response of guinea-pig trachea to electrical field stimulation is mediated by nitric oxide. Br. J. Pharm. 102, 91-94.
71. Lilly C. M., Kobzik L., Hall A. E. and Drazen J. M. (1994) Effects of chronic airway inflammation on the activity and enzymatic inactivation of neuropeptides in guinea pig lungs. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2667-2674.
72. Lilly C. M., Hall A. E. and Drazen J. M. (1993) Alteration of neuropeptide effects by airway inflammation in tracheal perfused guinea-pig lungs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, A476.
73. Lindén A., Löfdahl C.-G., Ullman A., Svedmyr N. and Skoogh B.-E. (1989) Segmental differences in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic response and its eicosanoid-related modulation in guinea-pig airways. Eur. Respir. J. 2, 753s (A553).
74. Lindén A., Ullman A., Skoogh B.-E. and Löfdahl C.-G. (1991a) Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic regulation of guinea-pig airway smooth muscle-indomethacin-induced changes and segmental differences. Pulm. Pharmac. 4, 170-176.
75. Lindén A., Ullman A., Löfdahl C.-G. and Skoogh B.-E. (1991b) The non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nervous system stabilizes smooth-muscle tone independently of eicosanoid factors in guinea-pig isolated airways. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104, 509-513.
76. Lindén A., Löfdahl C.-G., Ullman A. and Skoogh B.-E. (1991c) In vitro characteristics of spontaneous airway tone in the guinea pig. Acta Phys. Scand. 142, 351-358.
77. Lindén, A. (1992) A Non-adrenergic, Non-cholinergic Stabilizing Mechanism in the Neural Regulation of Airway Smooth-Muscle Tone. Doctoral Thesis, University of Göteborg. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.
78. Lindén A., Ullman A., Skoogh B.-E. and Löfdahl, C.-G. (1992) The non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic response counteracts changes in guinea-pig airway tone with and without sympathetic activation. Br. J. Pharmac. 106, ,616-622.
79. Lindén A., Ullman A., Löfdahl C.-G. and Skoogh B.-E. (1993a) Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural activation in guinea-pig bronchi - powerful and frequency-dependent stabilizing effect on tone. Br. J. Pharmac. 109, 845-851.
80. Lindén A., Löfdahl C.-G., Ullman A. and Skoogh B.-E. (1993b) Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural responses stabilize smooth-muscle tone, with and without parasympathetic activation, in guinea-pig isolated airways. Eur. Respir. J. 6, 425-433.
81. Lindén A., Anderson P., Bergendal A., Löfdahl C.-G., Lötvall J. and Skoogh B.-E. (1993c) Nedocromil inhibits contractile but not relaxant non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic responses in guinea-pig bronchi. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 147, A814.
82. Lindén A., Yoshihara S., Chan B. and Nadel J. A. (1995) Inhibition of bronchoconstriction by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP 1-27) in guinea pigs in vivo. Br. J. Pharm. 115, 913-916.
83. Lindén A., Löfdahl C.-G., Lötvall J. and Skoogh B.-E. (1996) Time-course characteristics of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic responses in relation to adrenergic and cholinergic responses in guinea-pig isolated airways. Manuscript in preparation.
84. Lindström E. G. and Andersson R. G. G. (1995) Contractile response and neurokinin A-LI release elicited by EFS or capsaicin are inhibited by morphine in guinea-pig bronchial-tube preparations. Eur. Resp. J. 6, S17, 115s, A0061.
85. Lou Y. P., Franco-Cereceda A. and Lundberg J. M. (1992a) Different ion channel mechanisms between low concentrations of capsaicin and high concentrations of capsaicin and nicotine regarding peptide release from pulmonary afferents. Acta Phys. Scand. 146, 119-127.
86. Lou Y. P. and Lundberg J. M. (1992) Inhibition of low pH evoked activation of airway sensory nerves by capsazepine, a novel capsaicin-receptor antagonist. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 189, 537-544.
87. Lou Y. P., Delay-Goyer P. and Lundberg J. M. (1992b) Selective inhibition by dactinomycin of NANC sensory bronchoconstriction and [125]NKA binding due to NK-2 receptor antagonism. Acta Phys. Scand. 144, 221-231.
88. Lundberg J. M., Martling C. M., and Saria A. (1983a) Substance P and capsaicin-incluced contraction of human bronchi. Acta Phys. Scand. 119, 49-53.
89. Lundberg J. M., Saria A., Brodin E., Rosell S. and Folkers K. (1983b) A substance P antagonist inhibits vagally induced increase in vascular permeability and bronchial smooth muscle contraction in the guinea-pig. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Neurobiol. 80, 1120-1124.
90. Lundberg J. M., Fahrenkrug J., Hökfeldt T., Martling C.-R., Larsson O., Tatemoto K. and Änggärd A. (1984) Co-existence of peptide HI (PHI) and VIP in nerves regulating blood flow and bronchial smooth muscle tone in various mammals including man. Peptides 5, 593-606.
91. Lundberg J. M., Lundblad L., Änggärd A., Martling C.-R., Theodorsson-Norheim E., Stjärne P. and Hökfelt T. G. (1987) Bioactive peptides in capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber afferents of the airways. In The Airways: Neural Control in Health and Disease. (Edited by Kaliner M. A. and Barnes P. J.) pp. 417-445. Marcel Dekker, New York.
92. Luts A., Uddman R., Alm P., Basterra J. and Sundler F. (1993) Peptide-containing nerve fibers in human airways: distribution and coexistence pattern. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 101, 52-60.
93. Löfdahl C.-G., Marlin G. E. and Svedmyr N. (1983) Pafenolol, a highly selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist studied in asthmatic patients. Interaction with terbutaline. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 33, 1-9.
94. Lötvall J. O., Lunde H., Augustinsson K. E., Hedner T., Svedmyr N. and Ben-Menachem E. (1992) Airway effects of direct left-sided cervical vagal stimulation in patients with complex partial seizures. Epilepsy Res. 18, 149-154.
95. Maggi C. A., Patacchini R., Perretti F., Meini S., Manzini S., Santicioli P., Del Bianco E. and Meli A. (1990) The effect of thiorphan and epithelium removal on contractions and tachykinin release produced by activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferents in the guinea-pig isolated bronchus. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac. 341, 74-79.
96. Mapp C. E., Graf P. D., Boniotti A. and Nadel J. (1991) Touluene diisocyanate contracts guinea-pig bronchial smooth-muscle by activating capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 256, 1082.
97. Martin J. G., Wanf A., Zacour M. and Biggs D. F. (1990) The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on cholinergic neurotransmission in an isolated innervated guinea pig tracheal preparation. Respir. Physiol. 79, 111-122.
98. Martin C. A. E., Naline E., Emonds-Alt X. and Advenier C. (1992) Influence of (±)-CP-96,345 and SR 48968 on electrical field stimulation of the isolated guinea-pig main bronchus. Eur. J. Pharmac. 224, 137-143.
99. Martling C.-R., Saria A., Andersson P. and Lundberg J. M. (1984) Capsaicin pretreatment inhibits vagal cholinergic and non-cholinergic control of pulmonary mechanics in the guinea pig. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmac. 325, 343-348.
100. Martling C.-R., Theodorsson-Norheim E. and Lundberg J. M. (1987) Occurrence and effects of multiple tachykinins: substance P, neurokinin A and neuropeptide K in human lower airways. Life Sci. 40, 1633-1643.
101. Matsumoto N., Inoue H., Ichinose M., Ishii M., Inoue C., Sasaki H. and Takishima T. (1985) Effective sites by sympathetic beta-adrenergic and vagal nonadrenergic inhibitory stimulation in constricted airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132, 1113-1117.
102. Matsuzaki Y., Hamasaki Y. and Said S. (1980) Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a possible transmitter of nonadrenergic relaxation of guinea-pig airways. Science 210, 1252-1253.
103. Michoud M.-C., Amyot R. and Jeanneret-Grosjean A. (1985) Bronchodilation induced by laryngeal stimulation in humans. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131, 284A.
104. Middendorf W. A. and Russel J. A. (1980) Innervation of airway smooth muscle in the baboon: evidence for a nonadrenergic inhibitory system. J. Appl. Physiol. 48, 947-956.
105. Mitchell H. W. and Coburn R. F. (1992) Multiple motor pathways to single smooth muscle cells in the ferret trachea. J. Physiol. 456, 557-574.
106. Miura M., Inoue H., Ichinose M., Kimura K., Katsumata U. and Takishima T. (1990) Effect of nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory nerve stimulation on the allergic reaction in cat airways. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141, 29-32.
107. Miura M., Ichinose M., Kimura K., Takahashi T., Inoue H. and Takishima T. (1992) Dysfunction of nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory system after antigen inhalation in actively sensitized cat airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145, 70-74.
108. Morice A., Unwin R. J. and Sever P. S. (1983) Vasoactive intestinal peptide causes bronchodilation and protects against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Lancet 2, 1225-1226.
109. Ollerenshaw S., Jarvis D., Woolcock A., Sullivan C. and Scheibner T. (1989) Absence of immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in tissue from the lungs of patients with asthma. New Engl. J. Med. 320, 1244-1248.
110. Ollerenshaw S. L., Woolcock A. J., Jarvis D. and Dennis C. (1990) The effects of steroid treatment on airway inflammation and substance-P immunoreactive nerves in asthma and chronic airflow limitation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141, A921.
111. Ollerenshaw S., Jarvis D., Woolcock A. J. and Sullivan C. E. (1991) Substance P immunoreactive nerves in airways from asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Eur. Resp. J. 4, 673-682.
112. Ollerenshaw S. and Woolcock A. J. (1993) Quantification and location of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactive nerves in bronchial biopsies from subjects with mild asthma. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 147, A285.
113. Palmer J. B. D., Cuss F. M. C. and Barnes P. J. (1986) VIP and PHM and their role in nonadrenergic inhibitory responses in isolated human airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 61, 1322-1328.
114. Pisarri T. E., Jonzon A., Coleridge H. M. and Coleridge J. C. G. (1992) Vagal afferent and reflex responses to changes in surface osmolarity in lower airways of dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 73, 2305-2313.
115. Richardson J. and Béland J. (1976) Nonadrenergic inhibitory nervous system in human airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 41, 764-770.
116. Sakakibara H., Akaza H., Umemoto M., Asai Y. and Suetsugu S. (1993) Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits the release of substance P from guinea pig lungs superfused through the trachea. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 147, A284.
117. Saria A., Martling C.-R., Yan Z., Theodorsson-Norheim E., Gamse R. and Lundberg J. M. (1988) Release of multiple tachykinins from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves in the lung by bradykinin, histamine, dimethylphenyl piperazinium and vagal nerve stimulation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137, 1330-1335.
118. Sheldrick R. L. G., Rabe K. F., Magnussen H. and Coleman R. A. (1993) Further evidence that NK2-receptors alone mediate the tachykinin-induced contraction of human isolated bronchus. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 147, A705.
119. Skoogh B.-E. (1986) Parasympathetic ganglia in the airways. Bull. Eur. Physiopatol. Respir. 22, 143-147.
120. Skoogh B.-E., Löfdahl C.-G., Löthwall J. and Svedmyr N. (1986) Nonadrenergic inhibition nerves to ferret trachea do not go with cholinergic nerves. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 133, A116.
121. Skoogh B.-E. and Svedmyr N. (1989) Beta-2-adrenoceptor stimulation inhibits ganglionic transmission in ferret trachea. Pulm. Pharm. 1, 167-172.
122. Souhrada J. F., Melzer E. and Grantham P. (1980) Some characteristics of the purinergic nervous system in normal and sensitized airway smooth muscle. Resp. Physiol. 40, 199-209.
123. Stretton C. D., Belvisi M. G. and Barnes P. J. (1991) Modulation of neural bronchoconstrictor responses in the guinea pig respiratory tract by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Neuropeptides 18, 149-157.
124. Szolcsanyi J. and Barthó L. (1982). Capsaicin-sensitive non-cholinegic excitatory innervation of the guinea-pig tracheobronchial smooth muscle. Neurosci. Lett. 34, 247-251.
125. Tanaka D. T. and Grunstein M. M. (1984) Mechanisms of substance P-induced contraction of rabbit airway smooth muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 57, 1551-1557.
126. Tanaka D. T. and Grunstein M. M. (1986) Effect of substance P on neurally mediated contraction of rabbit airway smooth muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 458-463.
127. Taylor S. M., Paré P. D. and Schellenberg R. R. (1984) Cholinergic and nonadrenergic mechanisms in human and guinea pig airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 56, 958-965.
128. Taylor S. M., Paré P. D., Armour C. L., Hogg J. C. and Schellenberg R. R. (1985) Airway reactivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Failure of in vivo metacholine responsiveness to correlate with cholinergic, adrenergic or nonadrenergic responses in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132, 30-35.
129. Theodorsson-Norheim E., Hua X., Brodin E. and Lundberg J. M. (1985) Capsaicin treatment decreases tissue levels of neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity in the guinea pig. Acta Phys. Scand. 124, 129-131.
130. Thompson J. E., Scypinski L. A., Gordon T. and Sheppard D. (1987) Tachykinins mediate the acute increase in airway responsiveness caused by toluene diisocyanate in guinea pigs. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136, 43-49.
131. Thompson D. C., Wells J. L., Altiere and Diamond L. (1988) The effect of epithelium removal on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses in the isolated central airways of the cat and guinea pig. Eur. J. Pharm. 145, 231-237.
132. Uchida Y., Nomura A., Ohtsuka M., Haegawa S., Goto K., Kimura Y. and Uchiyama Y. (1987) Neurokinin A as a potent bronchoconstrictor. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136, 718-721.
133. Venugopalan C. S. and O'Malley N. A. (1988) Cross-desensitization of VIP-and NANC-mediated inhibition of the guinea-pig tracheal pouch. J. Auton. Pharm. 8, 53-61.
134. Venugopalan C. S., Holmes E. P., Fucci V. and Guthrie A. J. (1991) Stimulation frequency-dependent nonadrenergic noncholinergic airway responses of the guinea-pig. J. Appl. Physiol. 70, 1006-1010.
135. Verleden G. M., Belvisi M. G., Stretton, M. G. and Barnes P. J. (1991) Nedocromil sodium modulates nonadrenergic, noncholinergic bronchoconstrictor nerves in guinea pig airways in vitro. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143, 114-118.
136. Verleden G. M., Belvsis M. G., Rabe K., Miura M. and Barnes P. J. (1993) β2-adrenoceptor agonists inhibit NANC neural bronchoconstrictor responses in vitro. J. Appl. Physiol. 74, 1195-1199.
137. Watson N., Maclagan J. and Barnes P. J. (1993) Vagal control of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle: lack of involvement of VIP or nitric oxide. J. Appl. Physiol. 74, 1964-1971.
138. Widdicombe J. G., Karlsson J.-A. and Barnes P. J. (1991) Cholinergic mechanisms in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma. In Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment. (Edited by Kaliner M. A., Barnes P. J., and Persson C. G. A.) Ch. 12, pp. 327-356. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
139. Yip P., Palombini B. and Coburn R. F. (1981) Inhibitory innervation to the guinea pig trachealis muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 50, 374-382.
140. Yoshihara S., Geppetti P., Lindén A., Hara M., Chan B. and Nadel J. A. (1996a) Tachykinins mediate the potentiation of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction by cold air in guinea pigs. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 97, 756-760.
141. Yoshihara S., Geppetti P., Hara M., Lindén A., Ricciardolo F. L. M., Chan B. and Nadel J. A. (1996b) Cold air-induced bionchoconstriction is mediated by tachykinin and kinin release in guinea pigs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 296, 291-296.
142. Zaagsma J., van der Heijden P. J. C. M., van der Schaar M. W. G. and Bank C. M. C. (1984) Differentiation of functional adrenoceptors in human and guinea pig airways. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 65, 16-33.