Evidence for the Hebbian hypothesis in experience-dependent physiological plasticity of neocortex: A critical review

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 191-228

  Cruikshank, Scott J ^a   Weinberger, Norman M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

cortex; cortical; covariance; Hebb; neocortical; synaptic plasticity

Indexed keywords

N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; AUDITORY SYSTEM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EYE DOMINANCE; LEARNING; LOCOMOTION; NEOCORTEX; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTIVE FIELD; REVIEW; SYNAPSE; VISUAL SYSTEM;

ANIMALS; CEREBRAL CORTEX; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0030272681     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(96)00015-X     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. [1] Ahissar, E., and Ahissar, M., Plasticity in auditory cortical circuitry, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 4 (1994) 580-587.
2. [2] Ahissar, E., Vaadia, E., Ahissar, M., Bergman, H., Arieli, A., and Abeles, M., Dependence of cortical plasticity on correlated activity of single neurons and on behavioral context, Science, 257 (1992) 1412-1415.
3. [3] Altmann, L., Luhmann, H.J., Greuel, J.M., and Singer, W., Functional and neuronal binocularity in kittens raised with rapidly alternating monocular occlusion, J. Neurophysiol., 58 (1987) 965-980.
4. [4] Armstrong-James, M., and Fox, K., Effects of ionophoresed noradrenaline on the spontaneous activity of neurons in rat primary somatosensory cortex, J. Physiol., 335 (1983) 427-447.
5. [5] Artola, A., Brocher, S., and Singer, W., Different voltage-dependent thresholds for inducing long-term depression and long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex, Nature, 347 (1990) 69-72.
6. [6] Artola, A., and Singer, W., Long-term depression of excitatory synaptic transmission and its relationship to long-term potentiation, Trends Neurosci., 16 (1993) 480-487.
7. [7] Ascher, P., and Nowak, L., Electrophysiological studies of NMDA receptors, Trends Neurosci., 10 (1987) 284-288.
8. [8] Ashe, J.H., McKenna, T.M., and Weinberger, N.M., Cholinergic modulation of frequency receptive fields in auditory cortex. II. Frequency-specific effects of anticholinesterases provide evidence for a modulatory action of endogenous ACh, Synapse, 4 (1989) 44-54.
9. [9] Bakin, J.S., Lepan, B., and Weinberger, N.M., Sensitization induced receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex is independent of CS-modality, Brain Res., 577 (1992) 226-235.
10. [10] Bakin, J.S., and Weinberger, N.M., Classical conditioning induces CS-specific receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex of the guinea pig, Brain Res., 536 (1990) 271-286.
11. [11] Baranyi, A., and Feher, O., Long-term facilitation of excitatory synaptic transmission in single motor cortical neurones of the cat produced by repetitive pairing of synaptic potentials and action potentials following intracellular stimulation, Neurosci. Lett., 23 (1981) 303-308.
12. [12] Baranyi, A., and Szente, M., Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission requires postsynaptic modifications in the neocortex, Brain Res., 423 (1987) 378-384.
13. [13] Baranyi, A., Szente, M., and Woody, C., Properties of associative long-lasting potentiation induced by cellular conditioning in the motor cortex of conscious cats, Neuroscience, 42 (1991) 321-334.
14. [14] Bear, M.F., Cooper, L.N., and Ebner, F.F., A physiological basis for a theory of synapse modification, Science, 237 (1987) 42-48.
15. [16] Bear, M.F., Kleinschmidt, F.A., Gu, Q.A., and Singer, W., Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate cortex by infusion of an NMDA receptor antagonist, J. Neurosci., 10 (1990) 909-925.
16. [17] Bear, M.F., and Singer, W., Modulation of visual cortical plasticity by acetylcholine and noradrenaline, Nature, 320 (1986) 172-176.
17. [18] Belford, G.R., and Killackey, H.P., The sensitive period in the development of the trigeminal system of the neonatal rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 193 (1980) 335-350.
18. [19] Berridge, C.W., and Foote, S.L., Effects of locus coeruleus activation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus, J. Neurosci., 11 (1991) 3135-45.
19. [20] Bienenstock, E., Fregnac, Y., and Thorpe, S., Ionophoretic clamp of activity in visual cortical neurons in the cat: a test of Hebb's hypothesis, J. Physiol., 345 (1983) 123P.
20. [21] Bienenstock, E.L., Cooper, L.N., and Munro, P.W., Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex, J. Neurosci., 2 (1982) 32-48.
21. [22] Bindman, L.J., Murphy, P.S.J., and Pockett, S., Postsynaptic control of the induction of long-term changes in efficacy of transmission at neocortical synapses in slices of rat brain, J. Neurophysiol., 60 (1988) 1053-1065.
22. [23] Bliss, T.V.P., and Collingridge, G.L., A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, Nature, 361 (1993) 31-39.
23. [24] Brocher, S., Artola, A., and Singer, W., Agonists of cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors facilitate synergistically the induction of long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex, Brain Res., 573 (1992) 27-36.
24. [25] Brown, T.H., Kairiss, E.W., and Keenan, C.L., Hebbian synapses: biophysical mechanisms and algorithms, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 13 (1990) 475-511.
25. [26] Brugge, J.F., and Merzenich, M.M., Responses of neurons in auditory cortex of the macaque monkey to monaural and binaural stimulation, J. Neurophysiol., 36 (1973) 1138-58.
26. [27] Buzsaki, G., Bickford, R.G., Ponomareff, G., Thal, L.J., Mandel, R., and Gage, F.H., Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat, J. Neurosci., 8 (1988) 4007-4026.
27. [29] Carew, T., Hawkins, R., Abrams, T., and Kandel, E., A test of Hebb's postulate at identified synapses which mediate classical conditioning in Aplysia, J. Neurosci., 4 (1984) 1217-1224.
28. [30] Christie, B.R., and Abraham, W.C., NMDA-dependent heterosynaptic long-term depression in the dentate gyrus of anaesthetized rats, Synapse, 10 (1992) 1-6.
29. [31] Clark, S.A., Allard, T., Jenkins, W.M., and Merzenich, M.M., Receptive fields in the body-surface map in adult cortex defined by temporally correlated inputs, Nature, 332 (1988) 444-445.
30. [32] Clothiaux, E.E., Bear, M.F., and Cooper, L.N., Synaptic plasticity in visual cortex: comparison of theory with experiment, J. Neurophysiol., 66 (1991) 1785-804.
31. [33] Collingridge, G.L., and Singer, W., Excitatory amino acid receptors and synaptic plasticity, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 11 (1990) 290-296
32. [34] Condon, C., and Weinberger, N.M., Habituation produces frequency-specific plasticity of receptive fields in auditory cortex, Behav. Neurosci., 105 (1991) 416-430.
33. [35] Constantine-Paton, M., Cline, H.T., and Debski, E., Patterned activity, synaptic convergence, and the NMDA receptor in developing visual pathways, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 13 (1990) 129-154.
34. [36] Cotman, C.W., Monaghan, D.T., Ottersen, O.P., and Storm-Mathisen, J., Anatomical organization of excitatory amino acid receptors and their pathways, Trends Neurosci., 10 (1987) 273-280.
35. [37] Crair, M.C., and Malenka, R.C., A critical period for long-term potentiation at thalamocortical synapses. Nature, 375 (1995) 325-328.
36. [38] Cruikshank, S.J., and Weinberger, N.M., Receptive field plasticity in adult auditory cortex induced by Hebbian covariance, J. Neurosci., 16 (1996) 861-875.
37. [39] Dan, Y., and Poo, M., Hebbian depression of isolated neuromuscular synapses in vitro, Science, 256 (1992) 1570-1573.
38. [40] Daw, N.W., Stein, P.S.G., and Fox, K., The role of NMDA receptors in information processing, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 16 (1993) 207-222.
39. [41] Delacour, J., Houcine, O., and Costa, J.C., Evidence for a cholinergic mechanism of 'learned' changes in the responses of barrel field neurons of the awake and undrugged rat, Neuroscience, 34 (1990) 1-8.
40. [42] Delacour, J., Houcine, O., and Talbi, B., 'Learned' changes in the responses of the rat barrel field neurons, Neuroscience, 23 (1987) 63-71.
41. [43] Di Prisco, G., Hebb synaptic plasticity, Prog. Neurobiol., 22 (1984) 89-102.
42. [44] Diamond, D.M., and Weinberger, N.M., Classical conditioning rapidly induces specific changes in frequency receptive fields of single neurons in secondary and ventral ectosylvian auditory cortical fields, Brain Res, 372 (1986) 357-60.
43. [45] Diamond, D.M., and Weinberger, N.M., Role of context in the expression of learning-induced plasticity of single neurons in auditory cortex, Behav. Neurosci., 103 (1989) 471-94.
44. [46] Diamond, M.E., Armstrong-James, M., and Ebner, F.F., Experience-dependent plasticity in adult rat barrel cortex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90 (1993) 2082-2086.
45. [47] Diamond, M.E., Huang, W., and Ebner, F.F., Laminar comparison of somatosensory cortical plasticity, Science, 265 (1994) 1885-1888.
46. [48] Dinse, H.R., Recanzone, G.H., and Merzenich, M.M., Alterations in correlated activity parallel ICMS-induced representational plasticity, NeuroReport, 5 (1993) 173-176.
47. [49] Edeline, J., Neuenschwander-EL Massioui, N., and Dutrieux, G., Frequency-specific cellular changes in the auditory system during acquistion and reversal of discriminative conditioning, Psychobiology, 18 (1990) 382-393.
48. 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan enhances the frequency selectivity and increases the threshold of auditory cortex neurons, Exp. Brain Res., (in press).
49. [51] Edeline, J.-M., Hars, B., Maho, C., and Hennevin, E., Transient and prolonged facilitation of tone-evoked responses induced by basal forebrain stimulations in the rat auditory cortex, Exp. Brain Res., 97 (1994) 373-386.
50. [52] Edeline, J.M., Pham, P., and Weinberger, N.M., Rapid development of learning-induced receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex, Behav. Neurosci., 107 (1993) 539-51.
51. [53] Edeline, J.M., and Weinberger, N.M., Receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex during frequency discrimination training: selective retuning independent of task difficulty, Behav. Neurosci., 107 (1993) 82-103.
52. [54] Foote, S.L., Freedman, R., and Oliver, A.P., Effects of putative neurotransmitters on neuronal activity in monkey auditory cortex, Brain Res., 86 (1975) 229-42.
53. [55] Fox, K., and Daw, N.W., Do NMDA receptors have a critical function in visual cortical plasticity, Trends Neurosci., 16 (1993) 116-122.
54. [56] Fox, K., Sato, H., and Daw, N., The location and function of NMDA receptors in cat and kitten visual cortex, J. Neurosci., 9 (1989) 2443-2454.
55. [57] Fregnac, Y., Burke, J.P., Smith, D., and Friedlander, M.J., Temporal covariane of pre-and postsynaptic activity regulates functional connectivity in the visual cortex, J. Neurophysiol., 71 (1994) 1403-1421.
56. [58] Fregnac, Y., and Imbert, M., Development of neuronal selectivity in primary visual cortex of cat, Physiol. Rev., 64 (1984) 325-434.
57. [59] Fregnac, Y., Shultz, D., Thorpe, S., and Bienenstock, E., Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. I. Plasticity of orientation selectivity, J. Neurosci., 12 (1992) 1280-1300.
58. [60] Fregnac, Y., and Shulz, D., Models of synaptic plasticity and cellular analogs of learning in the developing and adult vertebrate visual cortex. In V. Casagrande and P. Shinkman (Eds.), Advances in Neural and Behavioral Development. Ablex, NJ, 1994, pp. 149-252.
59. [61] Fregnac, Y., Shulz, D., Thorpe, S., and Bienenstock, E., A cellular analogue of visual cortical plasticity, Nature, 333 (1988) 367-370.
60. [62] Frostig, R.D., What does in vivo optical imaging tell us about the primary visual cortex in primates, Cerebral Cortex, 10 (1994) 331-358.
61. [63] Frostig, R.D., Lieke, E.E., Ts'o, D.Y., and Grinvald, A., Cortical functional architecture and local coupling between neuronal activity and the microcirculation revealed by in vivo high-resolution optical imaging of intrinsic signals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87 (1990) 6082-6086.
62. [64] Gallistel, C.R., The replacement of general-purpose theories with adaptive specializations. In Gazzaniga (Eds.), The Cognitive Neurosciences, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995, pp. 1255-1267.
63. [65] Gilbert, C.D., Rapid dynamic changes in adult cerebral cortex, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 3 (1993) 100-3.
64. [66] Gonzalez-Lima, F., and Scheich, H., Neural substrates for tone-conditioned bradycardia demonstrated with 2-deoxyglucose. II. Auditory cortex plasticity, Behav. Brain Res., 20 (1986) 281-293.
65. [67] Granger, R., Whitson, J., Larson, J., and Lynch, G., Non-Hebbian properties of long-term potentiation enable high-capacity encoding of temporal sequences, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (1994) 10104-8.
66. [68] Greuel, J.M., Luhmann, H.J., and Singer, W., Pharmacological induction of use-dependent receptive field modification in the visual cortex, Science, 24 (1988) 74-77.
67. [69] Guillery, R.W., Binocular competition in the control of geniculate cell growth, J. Comp. Neurol., 144 (1972) 117-29.
68. [70] Harrison, R.V., Nagasawa, A., Smith, D.W., Stanton, S., and Mount, R.J., Reorganization of auditory cortex after neonatal high frequency cochlear hearing loss, Hearing Res., 54 (1991) 11-19.
69. [71] Hars, B., Maho, C., Edeline, J.-M., and Hennevin, E., Basal forebrain stimulation facilitates tone-evoked responses in the auditory cortex of awake rat. Neuroscience, 56 (1993) 61-74.
70. [72] Hashemzadeh-Gargari, H., Colbert, C.M., and Levy, W., Refining the temporal definition of an association at the neuronal level using long-term potentiation and long-term depression in the dentate gyrus, Neurosci. Lett., 126 (1991) 37-40.
71. [73] Hata, Y., and Stryker, M.P., Control of thalamocortical afferent rearrangement by postsynaptic activity in developing visual cortex, Science, 265 (1994) 1732-1735.
72. [74] Hawkins, R.D., Abrams, T.W., Carew, T.J., and Kandel, E.R., A cellular mechanism of classical conditioning in Aplysia: activity-dependent amplification of presynaptic facilitation, Science, 219 (1983) 400-405.
73. [75] Hebb, D.O., Organization of Behavior, Wiley, New York, 1949.
74. [76] Hirsch, J.A., and Gilbert, C.D., Long-term changes in synaptic strength along specific intrinsic pathways in the cat visual cortex, J. Physiol., 461 (1993) 247-62.
75. [77] Huang, Y.-Y., Colino, A., Selig, D.K., and Malenka, R.C., The influence of prior synaptic activity on the induction of long-term potentiation, Science, 255 (1992) 730-733.
76. [78] Hubel, D.H., and Wiesel, T.N., Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint, J. Neurophysiol., 28 (1965) 1041-1059.
77. [79] Imbert, M., and Fregnac, Y., Specification of cortical neurons by visuomotor experience, Prog. Brain Res., 58 (1983) 427-36.
78. [80] Iriki, A., Pavlides, C., Keller, A., and Asanuma, H., Long-term potentiation in the motor cortex, Science, 245 (1989) 1385-1387.
79. [81] Iriki, A., Pavlides, C., Keller, A., and Asanuma, H., Long-term potentiation of thalamic input to the motor cortex by coactivation of thalamocortical and corticocortical afferents, J. Neurophysiol., 65 (1991) 1435-1441.
80. [82] Jablonska, B., Gierdalski, M., Siucinska, E., Skangiel-Kramska, J., and Kossut, M., Partial blocking of NMDA receptors restricts plastic changes in adult mouse barrel cortex, Behav. Brain Res., 66 (1995) 207-216.
81. [83] John, E.R., High nervous functions: brain functions and learning, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 23 (1961) 451-484.
82. [84] Jones, E.G., GABAergic neurons and their role in cortical plasticity in primates, Cerebral Cortex, 3 (1993) 361-372.
83. [85] Juliano, S.L., Ma, W., and Eslin, D., Cholinergic depletion prevents expansion of topographic maps in somatosensory cortex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88 (1991) 780-4.
84. [86] Kaas, J.H., Plasticity of sensory and motor maps in adult mammals, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 14 (1991) 137-167.
85. [87] Kano, M., Iino, K., and Kano, M., Functional reorganization of adult cat somatosensory cortex is dependent on NMDA receptors, NeuroReport, 2 (1991) 77-80.
86. [88] Kasamatsu, T., Watabe, K., Heggelund, P., and Scholler, E., Plasticity in cat visual cortex restored by electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus, Neurosci. Res., 2 (1985) 365-86.
87. [89] Keller, A., Iriki, A., and Asanuma, H., Identification of neurons producing long-term potentiation in the cat motor cortex: intracellular recordings and labeling, J. Comp. Neurol., 300 (1990) 47-60.
88. [90] Keller, A., Miyashita, E., and Asanuma, H., Minimal stimulus parameters and effects of hyperpolarization on the induction of long-term potentiation in the cat motor cortex, Exp. Brain Res., 87 (1991) 295-302.
89. [91] Kelso, S., Ganong, A., and Brown, T., Hebbian synapses in hippocampus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83 (1986) 5326-5330.
90. [92] Kirkwood, A., and Bear, M.F., Hebbian synapses in visual cortex, J. Neurosci., 14 (1994) 1634-1645.
91. [94] Kirkwood, A., Lee, H.K., and Bear, M.F., Co-regulation of long-term potentiation and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in visual cortex by age and experience, Nature, 375 (1995) 328-31.
92. [95] Komatsu, Y., Age-dependent long-term potentiation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat visual cortex, J. Neurosci., 14 (1994) 6488-99.
93. [96] Kossel, A., Bonhoeffer, T., and Bolz, J., Non-Hebbian synapses in rat visual cortex, NeuroReport, 1 (1990) 115-118.
94. [97] Kurosawa, M., Sato, A., and Sato, Y., Stimulation of the nucleus basalis of meynert increases acetylcholine release in the cerebral cortex of the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 98 (1989) 45-50.
95. [98] Larson, J., and Lynch, G., Theta pattern stimulation and the induction of LTP: the sequence in which synapses are stimulated determines the degree to which they potentiate. Brain Res., 489 (1989) 49-58.
96. [99] Law, C.C., Bear, M.F., and Cooper, L.N., Role of the visual environment in the formation of receptive fields according to the BCM theory, Prog. Brain Res., 102 (1994) 287-301.
97. [100] Lee, S.M., and Ebner, F.F., Induction of high frequency activity in the somatosensory thalamus of rats in vivo results in long-term potentiation of responses in SI cortex, Exp. Brain Res., 90 (1992) 253-261.
98. [101] Lee, S.M., Weisskopf, M.G., and Ebner, F.F., Horizontal long-term potentiation of responses in rat somatosensory cortex, Brain Res., 544 (1991) 303-310.
99. [102] Lehmann, J., Nagy, J.I., Atmadja, S., and Fibiger, H.C., The nucleus basalis magnocellularis: the origin of a cholinergic projection to the neocortex of the rat, Neuroscience, 5 (1980) 1161-1174.
100. [103] Levy, W., and Steward, O., Temporal contiguity requirements for long-term associative potentiation/depression in the hippocampus, Neuroscience, 8 (1983) 791-797.
101. [104] Lin, X.Y., and Glanzman, D.L., Hebbian induction of long-term potentiation of Aplysia sensorimotor synapses: partial requirement for activation of an NMDA-related receptor, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 255 (1994) 215-21.
102. [105] Lisman, J., A mechanism for the Hebb and the anti-Hebb processes underlying learning and memory, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86 (1989) 9574-9578.
103. [106] Livingstone, M.S., and Hubel, D.H., Effects of sleep and arousal on the processing of visual information in the cat, Nature, 291 (1981) 554-561.
104. [107] Lynch, G., Larson, J., Kelso, S., Barrionuevo, G., and Schottler, F., Intracellular injections of EGTA block induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation, Nature, 305 (1983) 719-721.
105. [108] Maggi, C.A., and Meli, A., Suitability of urethane anesthesia for physiopharmacological investigations in various systems. Part 1: General considerations, Experientia, 42 (1986) 109-14.
106. [109] Maho, C., Hars, B., Edeline, J., and Hennevin, E., Conditioned changes in the basal forebrain: relations with learning-induced cortical plasticity, Psychobiology, 23 (1995) 10-25.
107. [110] Malach, R., and Van Sluyters, R.C., Strabismus does not prevent recovery from monocular deprivation: a challenge for simple hebbian models of synaptic modification, Vis. Neurosci., 3 (1989) 267-273.
108. [111] Malinow, R., and Miller, J., Postsynaptic hyperpolarization during conditioning reversibly blocks induction of long-term potentiation, Nature, 320 (1986) 529-530.
109. [112] Marr, D., A theory of cerebellar cortex, J. Physiol., 202 (1969) 437-70.
110. [113] Merzenich, M.M., and Jenkins, W.M., Reorganization of cortical representations of the hand following alterations of skin inputs induced by nerve injury, skin island transfers, and experience, J. Hand. Ther., 6 (1993) 89-104.
111. [114] Merzenich, M.M., and Sameshima, K., Cortical plasticity and memory, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 3 (1993) 187-196.
112. [115] Mesulam, M., and Mufson, E., Neural inputs into the nucleus basalis of the substantia innominata (ch4) in the rhesus monkey, Brain, 107 (1984) 253-274.
113. [116] Metherate, R., and Ashe, J.H., Basal forebrain stimulation modifies auditory cortex responsiveness by an action at muscarinic receptors, Brain Res., 559 (1991) 163-167.
114. [117] Metherate, R., Ashe, J.H., and Weinberger, N.M., Acetylcholine modifies neuronal acoustic rate-level functions in guinea pig auditory cortex by an action at muscarinic receptors, Synapse, 6 (1990) 364-368.
115. [118] Metherate, R., Cox, C.L., and Ashe, J.H., Cellular bases of neocortical activation: modulation of neuronal oscillations by the nucleus basalis and endogenous acetylcholine, J. Neurosci., 12 (1992) 4701-4711.
116. [119] Metherate, R., and Weinberger, N.M., Acetylcholine produces stimulus-specific receptive field alterations in cat auditory cortex, Brain Res., 480 (1989) 372-377.
117. [120] Montague, P.R., and Sejnowski, T.J., The predictive brain: temporal coincidence and temporal order in synaptic learning mechanisms, Learning Memory, 1 (1994) 1-33.
118. [121] Morrell, F., Electrophysiological contributions to the neural basis of learning, Physiol. Rev., 41 (1961) 443-494.
119. [122] Murphy, T.H., Baraban, J.M., Wier, W.G., and Blatter, L.A., Visualization of quantal synaptic transmission by dendritic calcium imaging. Science, 263 (1994) 529-532.
120. [123] Nowicky, A.V., Christofi, G., and Bindman, L.J., Investigation of B-adrenergic modulation of synaptic transmission and postsynaptic induction of associative LTP in layer V neurons in slices of rat sensorimotor cortex, Neurosci. Lett., 137 (1992) 270-274.
121. [124] O'Brien, J.H., Wilder, M.B., and Stevens, C.D., Conditioning of cortical neurons in cats with antidromic activation as the unconditioned stimulus, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 91 (1977) 918-929.
122. [125] Paulsen, O., Li, Y.-G., Hvalby, O., Anderson, P., and Bliss, T.V.P., Failure to induce long-term depression by an anti-correlation procedure in area CA1 of the rat hippocampal slice, Eur. J. Neurosci., 5 (1993) 1241-1246.
123. [126] Petralia, R.S., Yokotani, N., and Wenthold, R.J., Light and electron microscope distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the rat nervous system using a selective anti-peptide antibody, J. Neurosci., 14 (1994) 667-96.
124. [127] Rajan, R., Irvine, D.R., Wise, L.Z., and Heil, P., Effect of unilateral partial cochlear lesions in adult cats on the representation of lesioned and unlesioned cochleas in primary auditory cortex, J. Comp. Neurol., 338 (1993) 17-49.
125. [128] Rasmusson, D.D., and Dykes, R.W., Long-term enhancement of evoked potentials in cat somatosensory cortex produced by coactivation of the basal forebrain and cutaneous receptors, Exp. Brain Res., 70 (1988) 276-286.
126. [129] Rauschecker, J.P., Mechanisms of visual plasticity: hebb synapses, NMDA receptors, and beyond, Physiol. Rev., 71 (1991) 587-615.
127. [130] Rauschecker, J.P., Egert, U., and Kossel, A., Effects of NMDA antagonists on developmental plasticity in kitten visual cortex, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 8 (1990) 425-35.
128. [131] Rauschecker, J.P., and Singer, W., The effects of early visual experience on the cat's visual cortex and their possible explanation by Hebb synapses, J. Physiol., 310 (1981) 215-39.
129. [132] Recanzone, G.H., Merzenich, M.M., and Dinse, H.R., Expansion of the cortical representation of a specific skin field in primary somatosensory cortex by intracortical microstimulation. Cerebral Cortex, 2 (1992) 181-196.
130. [133] Recanzone, G.H., Schreiner, C.E., and Merzenich, M.M., Plasticity in the frequency representation of primary auditory cortex following discrimination training in adult owl monkeys, J. Neurosci., 13 (1993) 87-103.
131. [134] Reiter, H.O., and Stryker, M.P., Neural plasticity without postsynaptic action potentials: less-active inputs become dominant when kitten visual cortical cells are pharmacologically inhibited, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85 (1988) 3623-3627.
132. [135] Reiter, H.O., Waitzman, D.M., and Stryker, M.P., Cortical activity-blockade prevents ocular dominance plasticity in the kitten visual cortex, Exp. Brain Res., 65 (1986) 182-188.
133. [136] Richardson, R., and DeLong, M., A reappraisal of the functions of the nucleus basalis of meynert, Trends Neurosci., 11 (1988) 264-267.
134. [137] Rigdon, G.C., and Pirch, J.H., Nucleus basalis involvement in conditioned neuronal responses in the rat frontal cortex, J. Neurosci., 6 (1986) 2535-2542.
135. [138] Robertson, D., and Irvine, D.R.F., Plasticity of frequency organization in auditory cortex of guinea pigs with partial unilateral deafness, J. Comp. Neurol., 282 (1989) 456-471.
136. [139] Robertson, R.T., Fehrenbach, C.J., and Yu, J., Neural systems contributing to acetylcholinesterase histochemical staining in primary visual cortex of the adult rat, Brain Res., 509 (1990) 181-197.
137. [140] Rumelhart, D.E., and McClelland, J.L., Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition, 1st edn., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989.
138. [141] Sanes, J.N., Wang, J., and Donoghue, J.P., Immediate and delayed changes of rat motor cortical output representation with new forelimb configurations, Cerebral Cortex, 2 (1992) 141-152.
139. [142] Sastry, B.R., Goh, J.W., and Auyeung, A., Associative induction of posttetanic and long-term potentiation in CA1 neurons of rat hippocampus, Science, 232 (1986) 988-990.
140. [143] Scheich, H., Simonis, C., Ohl, F., Tillein, J., and Thomas, H., Functional organization and learning-related plasticity in auditory cortex of the Mongolian gerbil, Prog. Brain Res., 97 (1993) 135-143.
141. [144] Schlaggar, B.L., Fox, K., and O'Leary, D.D.M., Postsynaptic control of plasticity in developing somatosensory cortex, Nature, 364 (1993) 623-626.
142. [145] Schwaber, M.K., Garraghty, P.E., and Kaas, J.H., Neuroplasticity of the adult primate auditory cortex following cochlear hearing loss, Am. J. Otolaryngol., 14 (1993) 252-258.
143. [146] Sejnowski, T.J., and Tesauro, G., The hebb rule for synaptic plasticity: algorithms and implementations. In J.H. Byrne and W.O. Berry (Eds.), Neural Models of Plasticity, Academic Press, San Diego, 1989, pp. 94-101.
144. [147] Shaw, C., and Cynader, M., Disruption of cortical activity prevents ocular dominance changes in monocularly deprived kittens, Nature, 308 (1984) 731-734.
145. [148] Shulz, D., and Fregnac, Y., Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. II. Plasticity of binocular integration, J. Neurosci., 12 (1992) 1301-1318.
146. [149] Sillito, A.M., The cholinergic neuromodulatory system: an evaluation of its functional roles, Prog. Brain Res., 98 (1993) 371-8.
147. [150] Stanton, P.K., and Sejnowski, T.J., Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus induced by hebbian covariance, Nature, 339 (1989) 215-218.
148. [151] Stent, G.S., A physiological mechanism for Hebb's postulate of learning, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 70 (1973) 997-1001.
149. [152] Steriade, M., and McCarley, R.W., Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep, Plenum Press, New York, 1990.
150. [153] Steriade, M., McCormick, D.A., and Sejnowski, T.J., Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain, Science, 262 (1993) 679-685.
151. [154] Stryker, M.P., The role of neural activity in rearranging connections in the central visual system. In R.J. Ruben, T.R. van de Water and E.W. Rubel (Eds.), The Biology of Change in Otolaryngology, Excerpta Medica, New York, 1986, pp. 211-224.
152. [155] Stryker, M.P., Role of neural activity in development and plasticity of mammalian visual cortex, Biomed. Res., 10 (1989) 37-42.
153. [156] Stryker, M.P., and Strickland, S.L., Physiological segregation of ocular dominance columns depends on the pattern of afferent electrical activity, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., (Suppl.) 25 (1984) 278.
154. [158] Watanabe, M., Inoue, Y., Sakimura, K., and Mishina, M., Distinct distributions of five N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel subunit mRNAs in the forebrain, J. Comp. Neurol., 338 (1993) 377-90.
155. [159] Waterhouse, B.D., Sessler, F.M., Cheng, J.T., Woodward, D.J., Azizi, S.A., and Moises, H.C., New evidence for a gating action of norepinephrine in central neuronal circuits of mammalian brain, Brain Res. Bull., 21 (1988) 425-32.
156. [160] Waterhouse, B.D., and Woodward, D.J., Interaction of norepinephrine with cerebrocortical activity evoked by stimulation of somatosensory afferent pathways in the rat, Exp. Neurol., 67 (1980) 11-34.
157. [161] Webster, H.H., Hanisch, U.-K., Dykes, R.W., and Biesold, D., Basal forebrain lesions with or without reserpine injection inhibit cortical reorganization in rat hindpaw primary somatosensory cortex following sciatic nerve section, Somatosens. Motor Res., 8 (1991) 327-346.
158. [162] Weinberger, N.M., Learning-induced changes of auditory receptive fields, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 3 (1993) 570-7.
159. [163] Weinberger, N.M., Dynamic regulation of receptive fields and maps in the adult sensory cortex, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 18 (1995) 129-58.
160. [164] Weinberger, N.M., Ashe, J., Metherate, R., Diamond, D., and Bakin, J., Retuning of auditory cortex by learning: a preliminary model of receptive field plasticity, Conc. Neurosci., 1 (1990) 91-132.
161. [165] Weinberger, N.M., Javid, R., and Lepan, B., Long-term retention of learning-induced receptive-field plasticity in the auditory cortex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90 (1993) 2394-8.
162. [166] Weinberger, N.M., Oleson, T.D., and Ashe, J.H., Sensory system neural activity during habituation of the pupillary orienting reflex, Behav. Biol., 15 (1975) 283-301.
163. [167] Wiesel, T.N., and Hubel, D.H., Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye, J. Neurophysiol., 26 (1963) 1003-1017.
164. [168] Wiesel, T.N., and Hubel, D.N., Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens, J. Neurophysiol., 28 (1965) 1029-1040.
165. [169] Wigstrom, H., Gustafsson, B., and Huang, Y., Long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus obeys hebb's rule for synaptic modification. In C.D. Woody, D.L. Alkon, and J.L. McGaugh (Eds.), Cellular Mechanisms of Conditioning and Behavioral Plasticity, Plenum Press, New York, 1988, pp. 47-55.
166. [170] Wigstrom, H., Gustafsson, B., Huang, Y., and Abraham, W., Hippocampal long-term potentiatin is induced by pairing single afferent volleys with intracellularly injected depolarizing current pulses, Acta Physiol. Scand., 126 (1986) 317-319.
167. [171] Yoshimura, Y., and Tsumoto, T., Dependence of LTP induction on postsynaptic depolarization: a perforated patch-clamp study in visual cortical slices of young rats, J. Neurophysiol., 71 (1994) 1638-1645.