Plant mRNA 3′-end formation

Plant Molecular Biology

Volumn 32, Issue 1-2, 1996, Pages 43-61

  Rothnie, Helen M ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH MIESCHER INSTITUTE FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

3 end formation; mRNA processing; Plant gene expression; Polyadenylation

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA; PLANT RNA; TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; CONFORMATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PLANT; REGULATOR GENE; RNA PROCESSING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

BASE SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; PLANTS; RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL; RNA, MESSENGER; RNA, PLANT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TERMINATOR REGIONS (GENETICS); TRANS-ACTIVATORS;

EID: 0030265996     PISSN: 01674412     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00039376     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. An G, Mitra A, Choi HK, Costa MA, An K, Thornburg RW, Ryan CA: Functional analysis of the 3′ control region of the potato wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor II gene. Plant Cell 1: 115-122 (1989).
2. Ashe MP, Griffin P, James W, Proudfoot NJ: Poly(A) site selection in the HIV-1 provirus: inhibition of promoter-proximal polyadenylation by the downstream major splice donor site. Genes Devel 9: 3008-3025 (1995).
3. Ballantyne S, Bilger A, Astrom J, Virtanen A, Wickens M: Poly(A) polymerases in the nucleus and cytoplasm of frog oocytes: dynamic changes during oocyte maturation and early development. RNA 1: 64-78 (1995).
4. Beelman CA, Parker R: Degradation of mRNA in eukaryotes. Cell 81: 179-183 (1995).
5. Berry M, Sacher RC: Hormonal regulation of poly(A) polymerase activity by gibberellic acid in embryo-less half-seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum). FEBS Lett 132: 109-113 (1981).
6. Berry M, Sacher RC: Expression of conserved message of poly(A) polymerase through hormonal control in wheat aleurone layers. FEBS Lett 141: 164-168 (1982).
7. Berry M, Sacher RC: Regulation of poly(A) polymerase activity and poly(A)+RNA levels by auxin in pea epicotyls. FEBS Lett 154: 139-144 (1983).
8. Bevan M, Barnes WM, Chilton M: Structure and transcription of the nopaline synthase gene region of T-DNA. Nucl Acids Res 11: 369-385 (1982).
9. Birnstiel ML, Busslinger M, Strub K: Transcription termination and 3′ processing: the end is in site! Cell 41: 349-359 (1985).
10. Boelens WC, Jansen EJR, van Venrooij J, Stripecke R, Mattaj IW, Gunderson SI: The human U1 snRNP-specific U1A protein inhibits polyadenylation of its own pre-mRNA. Cell 72: 881-892 (1993).
11. Boutry M, Chua N: A nuclear gene encoding the beta subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. EMBO J 4: 2159-2165 (1985).
12. Broglie KE, Gaynor JJ, Broglie RM: Ethylene-regulated gene expression: molecular cloning of the genes encoding an endochitinase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 6820-6824 (1986).
13. Burkard G, Keller EB: Poly(A) polymerase and poly(G) polymerase in wheat chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 71: 389-393 (1974).
14. Butler JS, Platt T: RNA processing generates the mature 3′ end of yeast CYC1 messenger RNA in vitro. Science 242: 1270-1274 (1988).
15. Butler JS, Sadhale PP, Platt T: RNA processing in vitro produces mature 3′ ends of a variety of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNAs. Mol Cell Biol 10: 2599-2605 (1990).
16. Chaubet N, Chaboute M, Clément B, Ehling M, Philipps G, Gigot C: The histone H3 and H4 mRNAs are polyadenylated in maize. Nucl Acids Res 16: 1295-1304 (1988).
17. Chen F, MacDonald CC, Wilusz J: Cleavage site determinants in the mammalian polyadenylation signal. Nucl Acids Res 23: 2614-2620 (1995).
18. Cherrington J, Russnak R, Ganem D: Upstream sequences and cap proximity in the regulation of polyadenylation in ground squirrel hepatitis virus. J Virol 66: 7589-7596 (1992).
19. Connelly S, Manley JL: A functional mRNA polyadenylation signal is required for transcription termination by RNA polymerase II. Genes Devel 2: 440-452 (1988).
20. Curtis D, Lehmann R, Zamore PD: Translational regulation in development. Cell 81: 171-178 (1995).
21. Czarnecka E, Gurley WB, Nagao RT, Mosquera LA, Key JL: DNA sequence and transcript mapping of a soybean gene encoding a small heat shock protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 3726-3730 (1985).
22. D'Alessandro M, Srivastava BIS: Poly(A) polymerase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activities in normal and crown gall tumor tissue cultures of tobacco. FEBS Lett 188: 239-242 (1985).
23. Das Gupta J, Li Q, Thomson AB, Hunt AG: Characterization of a novel plant poly(A) polymerase. Plant Sci 110: 215-226 (1995).
24. Das OP, Ward K, Ray S, Messing J: Seuence variation between alleles reveals two types of copy correction at the 27-kDa zein locus of maize. Genomics 11: 849-856 (1991).
25. De Greve H, Dhaese P, Seurinck J, Lemmers M, Van Montagu M, Schell J: J Mol Appl Genet 1: 499-512 (1982).
26. Dean C, Tamaki S, Dunsmuir P, Favreau M, Katayama C, Dooner H, Bedbrook J: mRNA transcripts of several plant genes are polyadenylated at multiple sites in vivo. Nucl Acids Res 14: 2229-2240 (1986).
27. Depicker A, Ingelbrecht I, van Houdt H, De Loose M, Van Montagu M: Posttranscriptional reporter transgene silencing in transgenic tobacco. Proceedings of University of Nottingham Easter School: 'Mechanisms and Application of Gene Silencing' 27-31 March 1995, Nottingham, England (1995).
28. Depicker A, Stachel S, Dhaese P, Zambryski P, Goodman HM: Nopaline synthase: transcript mapping and DNA sequence. J Mol Appl Genet 1: 561-573 (1982).
29. DeZazzo JD, Imperiale MJ: Sequences upstream of AAUAAA influence poly(A) site selection in a complex transcription unit. Mol Cell Biol 9: 4951-4961 (1989).
30. DeZazzo JD, Kilpatrick JE, Imperiale MJ: Involvement of long terminal repeat U3 sequences overlapping the transcription control region in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA 3′ end formation. Mol Cell Biol 11: 1624-1630 (1991).
31. Dhaese P, De Greve H, Gielen J, Seurinck J, Van Montagu M, Schell J: Identification of sequences involved in the polyadenylation of higher plant nuclear transcripts using Agrobacterium T-DNA genes as models. EMBO J 2: 419-426 (1983).
32. Edwalds-Gilbert G, Prescott J, Falck-Pedersen E: 3′ RNA processing efficiency plays a primary role in generating termination-competent RNA polymerase II elongation complexes. Mol Cell Biol 13: 3472-3480 (1993).
33. Eggermont J, Proudfoot NJ: Poly(A) signals and transcriptional pause sites combine to prevent interference between RNA polymerase II promoters. EMBO J 12: 2539-2548 (1993).
34. Elliston K Messing J: The molecular architecture of plant genes: a phylogenetic perspective. In Kahl G (ed) Architecture of Eucaryotic Genes, pp. 21-56. VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany (1988).
35. Enriquez-Harris P, Levitt N, Briggs D, Proudfoot NJ: A pause site for RNA polymerase II is associated with termination of transcription. EMBO J 10: 1833-1842 (1991).
36. Fitzgerald M, Shenk T: The sequence 5′-AAUAAA-3′ forms part of the recognition site for polyadenylation of late SV40 mRNAs. Cell 24: 251-260 (1981).
37. Furth PA, Choe W-T, Rex JH, Byrne JC, Baker CC: Sequences homologous to 5′ splice sites are required for the inhibitory activity of papillomavirus late 3′ untranslated regions. Mol Cell Biol 14: 5278-5289 (1994).
38. Fütterer J, Gordon K, Bonneville JM, Sanfaçon H, Pisan B, Penswick J, Hohn T: The leading sequence of caulimovirus large RNA can be folded into a large stem-loop structure. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 8377-8390 (1988).
39. Fütterer J, Potrykus I, Valles-Brau MP, Dasgupta I, Hull R, Hohn T: Splicing in a plant pararetrovirus. Virology 198: 663-670 (1994).
40. Gallie DR: The cap and poly(A) tail function synergistically to regulate mRNA translational efficiency. Genes Devel 5: 2108-2116 (1991).
41. Gilmartin GM, Fleming ES, Oetjen J, Graveley BR: CPSF recognition of an HIV-1 mRNA 3′-processing enhancer: multiple sequence contacts involved in poly(A) sie definition. Genes Devel 9: 72-83 (1995).
42. Green PJ: Control of mRNA stability in higher plants. Plant Physiol 102: 1065-1070 (1993).
43. Guerineau F, Brooks L, Mullineaux P: Effect of deletions in the cauliflower mosaic virus polyadenylation sequence on the choice of the polyadenylation sites in tobacco protoplasts. Mol Gen Genet 226: 141-144 (1991).
44. Gunderson SI, Beyer K, Martin G, Keller W, Boelens WC, Mattaj IW: The human U1A snRNP protein regulates polyadenylation via a direct interaction with poly(A) polymerase. Cell 76: 531-541 (1994).
45. Guo Z, Sherman F: 3′-end forming-signals of yeast mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 15: 5983-5990 (1995).
46. Harris B, Dure L: Polyadenylylation of stored mRNA in cotton seed germination. Prog Nucl Acid Res Mol Biol 19: 113-118 (1976).
47. Hay JM, Jones MC, Blakebrough ML, Dasgupta I, Davies JW, Hull R: An analysis of the sequence of an infectious clone of rice tungro bacilliform virus, a plant pararetrovirus. Nucl Acids Res 19: 2615-2621 (1991).
48. Hou W, Russnak R, Platt T: Poly(A) site selection in the yeast Ty retroelement requires an upstream region and sequence-specific titratable factor(s) in vitro. EMBO J 13: 446-452 (1994).
49. Humphrey T, Birse CE, Proudfoot NJ: RNA 3′ end signals of the S. pombe ura4 gene comprise a site determining and efficiency element. EMBO J 13: 2441-2451 (1994).
50. Hunt AG: Identification and characterisation of cryptic polyadenylation sites in the 3′ region of a pea ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene. DNA 7: 329-336 (1988).
51. Hunt AG: Messenger RNA 3′ end formation in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 45: 47-60 (1994).
52. Hunt AG, Chu NM, Odell JT, Nagy F, Chua N: Plant cells do not properly recognize animal gene polyadenylation signals. Plant Mol Biol 8: 23-35 (1987).
53. Hunt AG, MacDonald MH: Deletion analysis of the polyadenylation site of a pea ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small-subunit gene. Plant Mol Biol 13: 125-138 (1989).
54. Ingelbrecht I, Breyne P, Vancompernolle K, Jacobs A, Van Montagu M, Depicker A: Transcriptional interference in transgenic plants. Gene 109: 239-242 (1991).
55. Ingelbrecht ILW, Herman LMF, Dekeyser RA, Van Montagu MC, Depicker AG: Different 3′ end regions strongly influence the level of gene expression in plant cells. Plant Cell 1: 671-680 (1989).
56. Iwasaki K, Temin HM: The efficiency of RNA 3′-end formation is determined by the distance between the cap site and the poly(A) site in spleen necrosis virus. Genes Devel 4: 2299-2307 (1990).
57. Jackson RJ, Standart N: Do the poly(A) tail and 3′ untranslated region control mRNA translation. Cell 62: 15-24 (1990).
58. Jenny A, Keller W: Cloning of cDNAs encoding the 160 kDa subunit of the bovine cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor. Nucl Acids Res 23: 2629-2635 (1995).
59. Joshi CP: Putative polyadenylation signals in nuclear genes of higher plants: a compilation and analysis. Nucl Acids Res 15: 9627-9640 (1987).
60. Kapoor R, Verma N, Saluja D, Lakhani S, Sacher RC: Purification and characterization of a poly(A) polymerase from germinated wheat embryos: enzyme glycosylation. Plant Sci 89: 167-176 (1993).
61. Keith B, Chua N: Monocot and dicot pre-mRNAs are processed with different efficiencies in transgenic tobacco. EMBO J 5: 2419-2425 (1986).
62. Keller W: No end yet to messenger RNA 3′ processing. Cell 81: 829-832 (1995).
63. Kiss-László Z, Blanc S, Hohn T: Splicing of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA is essential for viral infectivity. EMBO J 14: 3552-3562 (1995).
64. Klahre U, Hemmings-Mieszczak M, Filipowicz W: Extreme heterogeneity of polyadenylation sites in mRNAs encoding chloroplast RNA-binding proteins in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Plant Mol Biol 28: 569-574 (1995).
65. Lakhani S, Kapoor R, Verma N, Sacher RC: Evidence for the de novo synthesis of poly(A) polymerase in germinated wheat embryos. Phytochemistry 28: 1031-1035 (1989).
66. + RNA in germinated wheat embryos under conditions of pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 825: 303-315 (1985).
67. + RNA and poly(A) polymerase activity in wheat embryos. Plant Sci 42: 191-200 (1985).
68. Lakhani S, Thiru AN, Sacher RC: Synthesis of poly(A) polymerase from conserved messenger RNA in germinating excised embryos of wheat. Phytochemistry 22: 1561-1566 (1983).
69. Levitt N, Briggs D, Gil A, Proudfoot NJ: Definition of an efficient synthetic poly(A) site. Genes Devel 3: 1019-1025 (1989).
70. Li Q, Hunt AG: A near-upstream element in a plant polyadenylation signal consists of more than six nucleotides. Plant Mol Biol 28: 927-934 (1995).
71. Lingner J, Kellermann J, Keller W: Cloning and expression of the essential gene for poly(A) polymerase from S. cerevisiae. Nature 354: 496-498 (1991).
72. Lingner J, Radtke I, Wahle E, Keller W: Purification and characterization of poly (A) polymerase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 266: 8741-8746 (1991).
73. Luehrsen KR, Walbot V: Intron creation and polyadenylation in maize are directed by AU-rich RNA. Genes Devel 8: 1117-1130 (1994).
74. Lutz CS, Alwine JC: Direct interaction of the U1snRNP-A protein with the upstream efficiency element of the SV40 late polyadenylation signal. Genes Devel 8: 567-586 (1994).
75. MacDonald CC, Wilusz J, Shenk T: The 64-kilodalton subunit of the CstF polyadenylation factor binds to pre-mRNAs downstream of the cleavage site and influences cleavage site location. Mol Cell Biol 14: 6647-6654 (1994).
76. MacDonald MH, Mogen BD, Hunt AG: Characterization of the polyadenylation signal from the T-DNA-encoded octopine synthase gene. Nucl Acids Res 19: 5575-5581 (1991).
77. Manley JL: A complex assembly catalyzes polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Curr Opin Genet Devel 5: 222-228 (1995).
78. Mans RJ, Huff NJ: Utilization of ribonucleic acid and deoxyoligomer primers for polyadenylic acid synthesis by adenosine triphosphate: polynucleotidylexotransferase from maize. J Biol Chem 250: 3672-3678 (1975).
79. Mans RJ, Walter TJ: Transfer RNA-primed oligoadenylate synthesis in maize seedlings. II. Primer, substrate and metal specificities and size of product. Biochim Biophys Acta 247: 113-121 (1971).
80. Mathur M, Saluja D, Sacher RC: De novo synthesis of poly(A) polymerase in mung bean hypocotyls, involving stored mRNA. Phytochemistry 28: 1037-1042 (1989).
81. Merits A, Zelenina DA, Mizenina OA, Chernov BK, Morozov SY: Poly(A) addition site mapping and polyadenylation signal analysis in a plant circovirus replication-related gene. Virology 211: 345-349 (1995).
82. Messing J, Geraghty D, Heidecker G, Hu N, Kridl J, Rubenstein I: Plant gene structure. In Kosuge T, Meredith P, Hollaender A (eds) Genetic Engineering of Plants: An Agricultural Perspective, pp. 211-227. Plenum Press, New York (1983).
83. Minvielle-Sebastia L, Preker PJ, Keller W: RNA14 and RNA15 proteins as components of a yeast pre-mRNA 3′-end processing factor. Science 266: 1702-1705 (1994).
84. Miralles VJ: Termination of transcription in an in vitro system is dependent on a polyadenylation sequence. Nucl Acids Res 19: 3593-3599 (1991).
85. Mogen BD, MacDonald MH, Graybosch R, Hunt AG: Upstream sequences other than AAUAAA are required for efficient messenger RNA 3′-end formation in plants. Plant Cell 2: 1261-1272 (1990).
86. Mogen BD, MacDonald MH, Leggewie G, Hunt AG: Several distinct types of sequence elements are required for efficient mRNA 3′ end formation in a pea rbcS gene. Mol Cell Biol 12: 5406-5414 (1992).
87. Moreira A, Wollerton M, Monks J, Proudfoot NJ: Upstream sequence elements enhance poly(A) site efficiency of the C2 complement gene and are phylogenetically conserved. EMBO J 14: 3809-3819 (1995).
88. Murthy KGK, Manley JL: The 160-kD subunit of human cleavage-polyadenylation specificity factor coordinates pre-mRNA 3′-end formation. Genes Devel 9: 2672-2683 (1995).
89. Nakayama T, Ohtsubo N, Mikami K, Kawata T, Tabata T, Kanazawa H, Iwabuchi M: Cis-acting sequences that modulate transcription of wheat histone H3 gene and 3′ processing of H3 premature mRNA. Plant Cell Physiol 30: 825-832 (1989).
90. Nemeth A, Krause S, Blank D, Jenny A, Jenö P, Lustig A, Wahle E: Isolation of genomic and cDNA clones encoding bovine poly(A) binding protein II. Nucl Acids Res 23: 4034-4041 (1995).
91. Ohtsubo N, Iwabuchi M: The conserved 3′-flanking sequence, AATGGAAATG, of the wheat histone H3 gene is necessary for the accurate 3′-end formation of mRNA. Nucl Acids Res 22: 1052-1058 (1994).
92. Peterson ML: Regulated immunoglobulin (Ig) RNA processing does not require specific cis-acting sequences: non Ig RNA can be alternatively processed in B cells and plasma cells. Mol Cell Biol 14: 7891-7898 (1994).
93. Pichersky E, Brock TG, Nguyen D, Hoffman NE, Piechulla B, Tanksley SD, Green BR: A new member of the CAB gene family: structure, expression and chromosomal location of Cab-8, the tomato gene encoding the Type III chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptide of photosystem I. Plant Mol Biol 12: 257-270 (1989).
94. Preker PJ, Lingner J, Minvielle-Sebastia L, Keller W: The FIP1 gene encodes a component of a yeast pre-mRNA polyadenylation factor that directly interacts with poly(A) polymerase. Cell 81: 379-389 (1995).
95. Prescott JC, Falck-Pedersen E: Sequence elements upstream of the 3′ cleavage site confer substrate strength to the adenovirus L1 and L3 polyadenylation sites. Mol Cell Biol 14: 4682-4693 (1994).
96. Proudfoot N: How RNA polymerase II terminates transcription in higher eukaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci 14: 105-110 (1989).
97. Raabe T, Murthy KGK, Manley JL: Poly(A) polymerase contains multiple functional domains. Mol Cell Biol 14: 2946-2957 (1994).
98. Richter JD: Translational control in development: a perspective. Devel Genet 14: 407-411 (1993).
99. Rothnie HM, Chapdelaine Y, Hohn T: Pararetroviruses and retroviruses: a comparative review of viral structure and gene expression strategies. Adv Virus Res 44: 1-67 (1994).
100. Rothnie HM, Reid J, Hohn T: The contribution of AAUAAA and the upstream element UUUGUA to the efficiency of mRNA 3′-end formation in plants. EMBO J 13: 2200-2210 (1994).
101. Russnak R, Ganem D: Sequences 5′ to the polyadenylation signal mediate differential poly(A) site use in hepatitis B viruses. Genes Devel 4: 764-776 (1990).
102. Russnak RH: Regulation of polyadenylation in hepatitis B viruses: stimulation by the upstream activating signal PS1 is orientation-dependent, distance-independent, and additive. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 6449-6456 (1991).
103. Sacher RC: Biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid and polyadenylic acid in tobacco leaf homogenates. Biochim Biophys Acta 169: 58-66 (1968).
104. Sachs A, Wahle E: Poly(A) tail metabolism and function in eukaryotes. J Biol Chem 268: 22955-22958 (1993).
105. Sachs AB: Messenger RNA degradation in eukaryotes. Cell 74: 413-421 (1993).
106. Saluja D, Mathur M, Sacher RC: Purification of poly(A) polymerase from mung bean hypocotyls: subunit structure, molecular properties and characterization of the reaction product. Plant Sci 60: 27-38 (1989).
107. Sanfaçon H: Analysis of figwort mosaic virus (plant pararetrovirus) polyadenylation signal. Virology 198: 39-49 (1994).
108. Sanfaçon H, Brodmann P, Hohn T: A dissection of the cauliflower mosaic virus polyadenylation signal. Genes Devel 5: 141-149 (1991).
109. Sanfaçon H, Hohn T: Proximity to the promoter inhibits recognition of cauliflower mosaic virus polyadenylation signal. Nature 346: 81-84 (1990).
110. Sanfaçon H, Wieczorek A: Analysis of cauliflower mosaic virus RNAs in Brassica species showing a range of susceptibility to infection. Virology 190: 30-39 (1992).
111. Sasaki K, Tazawa T: Polyriboadenylate synthesizing activity in chromatin of wheat seedlings. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 52: 1441-1449 (1973).
112. Schek N, Cooke C, Alwine JC: Definition of the upstream efficiency element of the simian virus 40 late polyadenylation signal by using in vitro analyses. Mol Cell Biol 12: 5386-5393 (1992).
113. Sheets MD, Ogg SC, Wickens MP: Point mutations in AAUAAA and the poly (A) addition site: effects on the accuracy and efficiency of cleavage and polyadenylation in vitro. Nucl Acids Res 18: 5799-5805 (1990).
114. Simpson GG, Clark GP, Rothnie HM, Boelens W, van Venrooij W, Brown JWS: Molecular characterisation of the spliceosomal proteins U1A and U2B″ from higher plants. EMBO J 14: 4540-4550 (1995).
115. Sittler A, Gallinaro H, Jacob M: Upstream and downstream cis-acting elements for cleavage at the L4 polyadenylation site of adenovirus-2. Nucl Acids Res 22: 222-231 (1994).
116. Sullivan TD, Christensen AH, Quail PH: Isolation and characterization of a maize chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene that produces high levels of mRNA in the dark. Mol Gen Genet 215: 431-440 (1989).
117. Tabata T, Fukasawa M, Iwabuchi M: Nucleotide sequence and genomic organisation of a wheat histone H3 gene. Mol Gen Genet 196: 397-400 (1984).
118. Tabata T, Terayama C, Mikami K, Uchiyama H, Iwabuchi M: An accurate transcription of wheat histone genes in sunflower cells. Plant Cell Physiol 28: 73-82 (1987).
119. Takagaki Y, Manley JL: A polyadenylation factor subunit is the human homologue of the Drosophila suppressor of forked protein. Nature 372: 471-474 (1994).
120. Tarui Y, Minamikawa T: Purification and properties of poly(A) polymerase from Vigna unguiculata. Plant Cell Physiol 29: 835-842 (1988).
121. Tarui Y, Minamikawa T: Poly(A) polymerase from Vigna unguiculata seedlings. Eur J Biochem 186: 591-596 (1989).
122. Valsamakis A, Zeichner S, Carswell S, Alwine JC: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 polyadenylylation signal: a 3′ long terminal repeat element upstream of the AAUAAA necessary for efficient polyadenylylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 2108-2112 (1991).
123. Wahle E: Poly(A) tail length control is caused by termination of processive synthesis. J Biol Chem 270: 2800-2808 (1995).
124. Wahle E: 3′ -end cleavage and polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1261: 183-194 (1995).
125. Wahle E, Keller W: The biochemistry of 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation of messenger RNA precursors. Annu Rev Biochem 61: 419-440 (1992).
126. Wahle E, Lustig A, Jenö P, Maurer P: Mammalian poly(A)-binding protein II. J Biol Chem 268: 2937-2945 (1993).
127. Wasserman KM, Steitz JA: Association with terminal exons in pre-mRNAs: a new role for the U1 snRNP? Genes Devel 7: 647-659 (1993).
128. Weichs an der Glon C, Monks J, Proudfoot NJ: Occlusion of the HIV poly(A) site. Genes Devel 5: 244-253 (1991).
129. Wickens M: Forward, backward, how much, when: mechanisms of poly(A) addition and removal and their role in early development. Semin Devel Biol 3: 399-412 (1992).
130. Wormington M: Poly(A) and translation: development control. Curr Opin Cell Biol 5: 950-954 (1993).
131. Wu L, Ueda T, Messing J: Sequence and spatial requirements for the tissue- and species-independent 3′-end processing mechanism of plant mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 14: 6829-6838 (1994).
132. Wu L, Ueda T, Messing J: The formation of mRNA 3′- ends in plants. Plant J 8: 323-329 (1995).
133. Wu L, Ueda U, Messing J: 3′-end processing of the maize 27 kDa zein mRNA. Plant J 4: 535-544 (1993).