메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 44, Issue 1-4, 1996, Pages 1-76

Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis - An overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes

Author keywords

Holocene paleo earthquakes; Liquefaction induced features; Paleoseismic analysis; Regional distribution; Seismic liquefaction features; Source sediment properties

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS; ENGINEERING GEOLOGY; GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS; GRAIN SIZE AND SHAPE; LANDSLIDES; LEVEES; MECHANICAL PERMEABILITY; MORPHOLOGY; PORE PRESSURE; SEDIMENTS;

EID: 0030265174     PISSN: 00137952     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0013-7952(96)00040-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (560)

References (170)
  • 1
    • 0010806172 scopus 로고
    • Deformed lake sediments record prehistoric earthquakes during the deglaciation of the Canadian Shield
    • Adams, J., 1982. Deformed lake sediments record prehistoric earthquakes during the deglaciation of the Canadian Shield (abstr.) Eos, 63(18): 436.
    • (1982) Eos , vol.63 , Issue.18 , pp. 436
    • Adams, J.1
  • 2
    • 0025693062 scopus 로고
    • Paleoseismicity of the cascadia subduction zone; evidence from turbidites off the Oregon-Washington margin
    • Adams, J., 1990. Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia subduction zone; Evidence from turbidites off the Oregon-Washington margin. Tectonics, 9(4): 569-583.
    • (1990) Tectonics , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 569-583
    • Adams, J.1
  • 4
    • 84982732869 scopus 로고
    • An interpretation and analysis of recumbent folded deformed cross-bedding
    • Allen, J.R.L. and Banks, N.L., 1972. An interpretation and analysis of recumbent folded deformed cross-bedding. Sedimentology, 19: 257-283.
    • (1972) Sedimentology , vol.19 , pp. 257-283
    • Allen, J.R.L.1    Banks, N.L.2
  • 7
    • 12044252087 scopus 로고
    • The search for evidence of large prehistoric earthquakes along the Atlantic seaboard
    • Amick, D. and Gelinas, R., 1991. The search for evidence of large prehistoric earthquakes along the Atlantic seaboard. Science, 251(4994): 655-658.
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , Issue.4994 , pp. 655-658
    • Amick, D.1    Gelinas, R.2
  • 10
  • 11
    • 0023525227 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for great holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State
    • Atwater, B.F., 1987. Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State. Science, 236(4804): 942-944.
    • (1987) Science , vol.236 , Issue.4804 , pp. 942-944
    • Atwater, B.F.1
  • 12
    • 0001010038 scopus 로고
    • Geologic evidence for earthquakes during the past 2,000 years along the Copalis River, southern coastal Washington
    • Atwater, B.F., 1992. Geologic evidence for earthquakes during the past 2,000 years along the Copalis River, southern coastal Washington. J. Geophys. Res., 97(B2): 1901-1919.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , Issue.B2 , pp. 1901-1919
    • Atwater, B.F.1
  • 13
    • 0026401607 scopus 로고
    • Survey of liquefaction structures induced by recent moderate earthquakes
    • Audemard, F.A. and de Santis, F., 1991. Survey of liquefaction structures induced by recent moderate earthquakes. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 44: 5-16.
    • (1991) Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol. , vol.44 , pp. 5-16
    • Audemard, F.A.1    De Santis, F.2
  • 16
    • 0000182869 scopus 로고
    • Formation of mima mounds; a seismic hypothesis
    • Berg, A.W., 1990. Formation of Mima mounds; A seismic hypothesis. Geology, 18(3): 281-284.
    • (1990) Geology , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 281-284
    • Berg, A.W.1
  • 17
    • 0002862262 scopus 로고
    • Periglacial features indicative of permafrost; ice and soil wedges
    • Black, R.F., 1976. Periglacial features indicative of permafrost; ice and soil wedges. Quaternary Res., 6: 3-26.
    • (1976) Quaternary Res. , vol.6 , pp. 3-26
    • Black, R.F.1
  • 18
    • 0023483738 scopus 로고
    • Genesis and diagnostic value of large-scale gravity-induced penecontemporaneous deformation horizons in quaternary sediments of the Kleszczow Graben (central Poland)
    • M.E. Jones and M.F. Preston (Editors), Deformation of sediments and sedimentary rocks
    • Brodzikowski, K., Haluszczak, A., Krzyszkowski, D. and van Loon, A.J., 1987. Genesis and diagnostic value of large-scale gravity-induced penecontemporaneous deformation horizons in Quaternary sediments of the Kleszczow Graben (central Poland). In M.E. Jones and M.F. Preston (Editors), Deformation of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Geological Society (of London) Special Publication 29, pp. 287-298.
    • (1987) Geological Society (Of London) Special Publication , vol.29 , pp. 287-298
    • Brodzikowski, K.1    Haluszczak, A.2    Krzyszkowski, D.3    Van Loon, A.J.4
  • 19
    • 84877038651 scopus 로고
    • On the behavior of soils during earthquakes - Liquefaction
    • A.S. Cakmak (Editor), New York, Elsevier
    • Castro, G., 1987. On the behavior of soils during earthquakes - Liquefaction. In A.S. Cakmak (Editor), Soil dynamics and liquefaction. New York, Elsevier, pp. 169-204.
    • (1987) Soil Dynamics and Liquefaction , pp. 169-204
    • Castro, G.1
  • 21
    • 0043030129 scopus 로고
    • Special issue, seismicity and sedimentation
    • Cita, M.B. and Lucchi, F.R. (Editors), 1984. Special Issue, Seismicity and sedimentation. Marine Geol., 55(1 and 2): 151.
    • (1984) Marine Geol. , vol.55 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 151
    • Cita, M.B.1    Lucchi, F.R.2
  • 22
    • 0027072092 scopus 로고
    • Liquefaction features on the fraser delta; evidence for prehistoric earthquakes?
    • Clague, J.J., Naesgaard, E. and Sy, A., 1992. Liquefaction features on the Fraser delta; Evidence for prehistoric earthquakes? Can. J. Earth Sci., 29(8): 1734-1745.
    • (1992) Can. J. Earth Sci. , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 1734-1745
    • Clague, J.J.1    Naesgaard, E.2    Sy, A.3
  • 25
    • 0025250772 scopus 로고
    • Episodic tectonic subsidence of late holocene salt marshes, northern Oregon central Cascadia margin
    • Darienzo, M.E. and Peterson, C.D., 1990. Episodic tectonic subsidence of late Holocene salt marshes, northern Oregon central Cascadia margin. Tectonics, 9(1): 1-22.
    • (1990) Tectonics , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-22
    • Darienzo, M.E.1    Peterson, C.D.2
  • 26
    • 0043030128 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on earthquake shaking in the lower Columbia River region of Washington and Oregon, during late holocene time
    • Proceedings of the Fifth US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering at Chicago, Illinois El Cerrito, CA
    • Dickenson, S.E., Obermeier, S.F. and Roberts, T.H., 1994. Constraints on earthquake shaking in the lower Columbia River region of Washington and Oregon, during late Holocene time, in Proceedings of the Fifth US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering at Chicago, Illinois. Earthquake Eng. Res. Inst. El Cerrito, CA, 3: 313-322.
    • (1994) Earthquake Eng. Res. Inst. , vol.3 , pp. 313-322
    • Dickenson, S.E.1    Obermeier, S.F.2    Roberts, T.H.3
  • 27
    • 77955855584 scopus 로고
    • Some basic aspects of soil liquefaction during earthquakes
    • K.H. Jacob and C.J. Turkstra (Editors), Earthquake Hazards and the Design of Constructed Facilities in the Eastern United States
    • Dobry, R., 1989, Some basic aspects of soil liquefaction during earthquakes. In K.H. Jacob and C.J. Turkstra (Editors), Earthquake Hazards and the Design of Constructed Facilities in the Eastern United States. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 558, 172-182.
    • (1989) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.558 , pp. 172-182
    • Dobry, R.1
  • 29
    • 0022901782 scopus 로고
    • A method for determining the frequency of large-magnitude earthquakes using lake sediments
    • Doig, R., 1986. A method for determining the frequency of large-magnitude earthquakes using lake sediments. Can. J. Earth Sci., 23(7): 930-937.
    • (1986) Can. J. Earth Sci. , vol.23 , Issue.7 , pp. 930-937
    • Doig, R.1
  • 33
    • 0043030141 scopus 로고
    • Liquefaction during the October 12, 1992 Egyptian Dahshure earthquake
    • S. Prakash (Editor), St. Louis, Mo., June 1-6, 1993. Rolla, University of Missouri at Rolla
    • Elgamal, A-W.M., Amer, M. and Adalier, K., 1993. Liquefaction during the October 12, 1992 Egyptian Dahshure earthquake. In S. Prakash (Editor), Third International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, St. Louis, Mo., June 1-6, 1993. Rolla, University of Missouri at Rolla, Vol. 3: p. 8.
    • (1993) Third International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering , vol.3 , pp. 8
    • Elgamal, A.-W.M.1    Amer, M.2    Adalier, K.3
  • 34
    • 0006084027 scopus 로고
    • Study of effect of clay layers on liquefaction of sand using small-scale models
    • T.D. O'Rourke and M. Hamada (Editors), State University of New York at Buffalo, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Technical Report NCEER-89-0032
    • Elgamal, A.-W.M., Dobry, R. and Adalier, K., 1989. Study of effect of clay layers on liquefaction of sand using small-scale models. In T.D. O'Rourke and M. Hamada (Editors), Proceedings from the Second US-Japan Workshop on Liquefaction, Large Ground Deformation and Their Effects on Lifelines. State University of New York at Buffalo, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Technical Report NCEER-89-0032, pp. 233-245.
    • (1989) Proceedings from the Second Us-japan Workshop on Liquefaction, Large Ground Deformation and Their Effects on Lifelines , pp. 233-245
    • Elgamal, A.-W.M.1    Dobry, R.2    Adalier, K.3
  • 35
    • 0029416392 scopus 로고
    • Reconsideration of initiation of liquefaction in sandy soils
    • Fear, C.E. and McRoberts, E.C., 1995. Reconsideration of initiation of liquefaction in sandy soils. J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 121(3): 249-261.
    • (1995) J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers , vol.121 , Issue.3 , pp. 249-261
    • Fear, C.E.1    McRoberts, E.C.2
  • 37
    • 0028722388 scopus 로고
    • Liquefaction in silty soils
    • S. Prakash and P. Dakoulas (Editors), Ground failures under seismic conditions
    • Finn, W.D.L., Ledbetter, R.H. and Wu, G., 1994. Liquefaction in silty soils. In S. Prakash and P. Dakoulas (Editors), Ground failures under seismic conditions. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Geotechnical Special Publication 44, pp. 51-76.
    • (1994) Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Geotechnical Special Publication , vol.44 , pp. 51-76
    • Finn, W.D.L.1    Ledbetter, R.H.2    Wu, G.3
  • 39
    • 0002228573 scopus 로고
    • The new madrid earthquake
    • Fuller, M.L., 1912. The New Madrid earthquake. US Geol. Surv. Bull., 494: 119.
    • (1912) US Geol. Surv. Bull. , vol.494 , pp. 119
    • Fuller, M.L.1
  • 40
    • 0002126210 scopus 로고
    • A methodological approach for historical liquefaction research
    • L. Serva and D.B. Slemmons (Editors), Perspectives in Paleoseismology (for Italy)
    • Galli, P. and Ferreli, L., 1995. A methodological approach for historical liquefaction research. In L. Serva and D.B. Slemmons (Editors), Perspectives in Paleoseismology (for Italy). Assoc. Eng. Geologists Special Publication 6, pp. 35-49.
    • (1995) Assoc. Eng. Geologists Special Publication , vol.6 , pp. 35-49
    • Galli, P.1    Ferreli, L.2
  • 45
    • 0025664373 scopus 로고
    • Tecumseh's prophecy - Preparing for the next New Madrid earthquake
    • Hamilton, R.M. and Johnston, A.C. (Editors), 1990. Tecumseh's prophecy - Preparing for the next New Madrid earthquake. US Geological Survey Circular 1066: 30.
    • (1990) US Geological Survey Circular , vol.1066 , pp. 30
    • Hamilton, R.M.1    Johnston, A.C.2
  • 46
    • 0027061051 scopus 로고
    • Common features of the excitation and propogation of strong ground motion for north american earthquakes
    • Hanks, T.C. and Johnston, A.C., 1992. Common features of the excitation and propogation of strong ground motion for North American earthquakes. Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82(1): 1-23.
    • (1992) Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.82 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-23
    • Hanks, T.C.1    Johnston, A.C.2
  • 47
    • 85006242747 scopus 로고
    • Ice wedges; growth, thaw transformation, and palaeoenvironmental significance
    • Harry, D.G. and Gozdzik, J.S., 1988. Ice wedges; growth, thaw transformation, and palaeoenvironmental significance J. Quaternary Sci., 3(1): 39-55.
    • (1988) J. Quaternary Sci. , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-55
    • Harry, D.G.1    Gozdzik, J.S.2
  • 48
    • 0000033548 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of sandblows
    • Housner, G.W., 1958. The mechanism of sandblows. Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull., 48: 155-161.
    • (1958) Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.48 , pp. 155-161
    • Housner, G.W.1
  • 49
    • 0027455886 scopus 로고
    • Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure; the Cascadia subduction zone
    • Hyndman, R.D. and Wang, K., 1993. Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure; The Cascadia subduction zone. J. Geophys. Res., 98(B2): 2039-2060.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , Issue.B2 , pp. 2039-2060
    • Hyndman, R.D.1    Wang, K.2
  • 50
    • 0001613537 scopus 로고
    • Response of soft soil sites during earthquakes
    • Vancouver, B.C., Canada, BiTech Publishers, Ltd.
    • Idriss, I.M., 1990. Response of soft soil sites during earthquakes, in H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium Proceedings. Vancouver, B.C., Canada, BiTech Publishers, Ltd., Vol. 2: pp. 273-289.
    • (1990) H. Bolton Seed Memorial Symposium Proceedings , vol.2 , pp. 273-289
    • Idriss, I.M.1
  • 52
    • 0022491209 scopus 로고
    • Soil liquefaction studies in Japan; State of the art
    • Iwasaki, T., 1986, Soil liquefaction studies in Japan; State of the art. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Eng., 5(1): 2-68.
    • (1986) Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Eng. , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-68
    • Iwasaki, T.1
  • 53
    • 0024194155 scopus 로고
    • Landslides triggered by earthquakes in the Central Mississippi Valley, Tennessee and Kentucky
    • 24 pp.
    • Jibson, R.W. and Keefer, D.K., 1988. Landslides triggered by earthquakes in the Central Mississippi Valley, Tennessee and Kentucky. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1336-C, 24 pp.
    • (1988) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.1336 C
    • Jibson, R.W.1    Keefer, D.K.2
  • 54
    • 0024855959 scopus 로고
    • Statistical analysis of factors affecting landslide distribution in the New Madrid seismic zone, Tennessee and Kentucky
    • Jibson, R.W. and Keefer, D.K., 1989. Statistical analysis of factors affecting landslide distribution in the New Madrid seismic zone, Tennessee and Kentucky. Eng. Geol., 27: 509-542.
    • (1989) Eng. Geol. , vol.27 , pp. 509-542
    • Jibson, R.W.1    Keefer, D.K.2
  • 55
    • 84879886463 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the seismic origin of landslides; examples from the New Madrid seismic zone
    • Jibson, R.W. and Keefer, D.K., 1993. Analysis of the seismic origin of landslides; Examples from the New Madrid seismic zone. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 105(4): 521-536.
    • (1993) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.105 , Issue.4 , pp. 521-536
    • Jibson, R.W.1    Keefer, D.K.2
  • 56
    • 0025013876 scopus 로고
    • Ice-wedge casts and relict patterned ground in central Illinois and their environmental significance
    • Johnson, W.H., 1990. Ice-wedge casts and relict patterned ground in central Illinois and their environmental significance. Quaternary Res., 33(1): 51-72.
    • (1990) Quaternary Res. , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-72
    • Johnson, W.H.1
  • 57
    • 0005365857 scopus 로고
    • The stable continental region earthquake data base
    • J.F. Schneider (Editor), Palo Alto, CA, Electric Power Research Institute, Report TR-102261, ch. 3
    • Johnston, A.C., 1994. The stable continental region earthquake data base. In J.F. Schneider (Editor), The Earthquakes of Stable Continental Regions: Assessment of Large Earthquake Potential. Palo Alto, CA, Electric Power Research Institute, Report TR-102261, ch. 3, pp. 1-80.
    • (1994) The Earthquakes of Stable Continental Regions: Assessment of Large Earthquake Potential , pp. 1-80
    • Johnston, A.C.1
  • 59
    • 0001299689 scopus 로고
    • Can we predict landslide hazards in soft sensitive clays? summary of Norwegian practices and experiences
    • Toronto (Proceedings)
    • Karlsrud, K., Aas, G. and Gregersen, O., 1984. Can we predict landslide hazards in soft sensitive clays? Summary of Norwegian practices and experiences. Fourth International Symposium on Landslides, Toronto (Proceedings), Vol. 1: pp. 107-130.
    • (1984) Fourth International Symposium on Landslides , vol.1 , pp. 107-130
    • Karlsrud, K.1    Aas, G.2    Gregersen, O.3
  • 62
    • 0021644533 scopus 로고
    • Landslides caused by earthquakes
    • Keefer, D.K., 1984. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95(4): 406-421.
    • (1984) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.95 , Issue.4 , pp. 406-421
    • Keefer, D.K.1
  • 63
    • 85007986042 scopus 로고
    • Damage to reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata City with special reference to foundation engineering
    • Kishida, H., 1966. Damage to reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata City with special reference to foundation engineering. Soils and Foundations, Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1: 71-88.
    • (1966) Soils and Foundations, Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-88
    • Kishida, H.1
  • 65
    • 0017026050 scopus 로고
    • Geologic control of sand boils along Mississippi River levees
    • D.R. Coates (Editors), Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA
    • Kolb, C.R., 1976. Geologic control of sand boils along Mississippi River levees. In D.R. Coates (Editors), Geomorphology and engineering. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, PA, pp. 99-114.
    • (1976) Geomorphology and Engineering , pp. 99-114
    • Kolb, C.R.1
  • 68
    • 84937752753 scopus 로고
    • Static instability and liquefaction of loose fine sandy slopes
    • Lade, P. V., 1992. Static instability and liquefaction of loose fine sandy slopes. J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 118(1): 51-71.
    • (1992) J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers , vol.118 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-71
    • Lade, P.V.1
  • 69
    • 0025572867 scopus 로고
    • An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential
    • Law, K.T., Cao, Y.L. and He, G.N., 1990. An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential. Can. Geotech. J., 27(3): 320-329.
    • (1990) Can. Geotech. J. , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 320-329
    • Law, K.T.1    Cao, Y.L.2    He, G.N.3
  • 70
    • 0029730780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?
    • Li, Y., Craven, J., Schweig, E.S. and Obermeier, S.F., 1996. Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction? Geology, 24(2): 171-174.
    • (1996) Geology , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-174
    • Li, Y.1    Craven, J.2    Schweig, E.S.3    Obermeier, S.F.4
  • 74
    • 84982699456 scopus 로고
    • Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments
    • Lowe, D.R., 1975. Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22(2): 157-204.
    • (1975) Sedimentology , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-204
    • Lowe, D.R.1
  • 75
    • 0001494244 scopus 로고
    • The characteristics and origins of dish and pillar structures
    • Lowe, D.R. and LoPiccolo, R.D., 1974. The characteristics and origins of dish and pillar structures. J. Sediment. Petrol., 44(2): 484-501.
    • (1974) J. Sediment. Petrol. , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 484-501
    • Lowe, D.R.1    Lopiccolo, R.D.2
  • 77
  • 78
    • 84879886123 scopus 로고
    • Diapiric origin of the Blytheville and Pascola arches in the Reelfoot Rift, east-central United States; relation to New Madrid seismicity
    • McKeown, F.A., Hamilton, R.M., Diehl, S.F. and Glick, E.E., 1990. Diapiric origin of the Blytheville and Pascola arches in the Reelfoot Rift, east-central United States; Relation to New Madrid seismicity. Geology, 18(11): 1158-1162.
    • (1990) Geology , vol.18 , Issue.11 , pp. 1158-1162
    • McKeown, F.A.1    Hamilton, R.M.2    Diehl, S.F.3    Glick, E.E.4
  • 81
    • 0021055961 scopus 로고
    • Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation structures - A review
    • Mills, P.C., 1983. Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation structures - A review. Sedimentary Geol., 35(2): 83-104.
    • (1983) Sedimentary Geol. , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 83-104
    • Mills, P.C.1
  • 83
    • 0000619770 scopus 로고
    • Paleoseismicity and geodynamics in Sweden
    • Mörner, N.-A., 1985. Paleoseismicity and geodynamics in Sweden. Tectonophysics, 117: 139-153.
    • (1985) Tectonophysics , vol.117 , pp. 139-153
    • Mörner, N.-A.1
  • 84
    • 0043030120 scopus 로고
    • Late pleistocene and holocene earthquake-induced liquefaction in the Wabash Valley of southern Indiana
    • M.L. Jacobson (Conip.), US Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-176
    • Munson, P.J., Munson, C.A. and Bleuer, N.K., 1994. Late Pleistocene and Holocene earthquake-induced liquefaction in the Wabash Valley of southern Indiana. In: M.L. Jacobson (Conip.), National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, summaries of technical reports, Vol. XXXV. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-176, pp. 553-557.
    • (1994) National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, Summaries of Technical Reports , vol.35 , pp. 553-557
    • Munson, P.J.1    Munson, C.A.2    Bleuer, N.K.3
  • 85
    • 0013583419 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and dating of prehistoric liquefaction in the Wabash Valley of the Central US
    • Munson, P.J., Munson, C.A., Bleuer, N.K. and Labitzke, M.D., 1992. Distribution and dating of prehistoric liquefaction in the Wabash Valley of the Central US. Seismol. Res. Lett., 63(3): 337-342.
    • (1992) Seismol. Res. Lett. , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 337-342
    • Munson, P.J.1    Munson, C.A.2    Bleuer, N.K.3    Labitzke, M.D.4
  • 86
    • 84879889224 scopus 로고
    • Paleoliquefaction evidence for a strong holocene earthquake in south-central Indiana
    • Munson, P.J., Munson, C.A. and Pond, E.G., 1995. Paleoliquefaction evidence for a strong Holocene earthquake in south-central Indiana. Geology, 23(4): 325-328.
    • (1995) Geology , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 325-328
    • Munson, P.J.1    Munson, C.A.2    Pond, E.G.3
  • 88
    • 0004010169 scopus 로고
    • National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 240 pp.
    • National Research Council, 1985. Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 240 pp.
    • (1985) Liquefaction of Soils during Earthquakes
  • 89
    • 0027008132 scopus 로고
    • Holocene tidal-marsh stratigraphy in south-central Oregon - Evidence of localized sudden submergence in the Cascadia subduction zone
    • C.H. Fletcher, III and J.F. Wehmiller (Editors), Quaternary coasts of the United States - Marine and lacustrine systems
    • Nelson, A.R., 1992. Holocene tidal-marsh stratigraphy in south-central Oregon - Evidence of localized sudden submergence in the Cascadia subduction zone. In C.H. Fletcher, III and J.F. Wehmiller (Editors), Quaternary coasts of the United States - Marine and lacustrine systems. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 48, pp. 287-301.
    • (1992) SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication , vol.48 , pp. 287-301
    • Nelson, A.R.1
  • 90
    • 0041527267 scopus 로고
    • Two North Carolina coastal plain catenas - I. Morphology and fragipan development
    • Nettleton, W.D., Daniels, R.B. and McCracken, R.J., 1968a. Two North Carolina Coastal Plain catenas - I. Morphology and fragipan development. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 32: 577-582.
    • (1968) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , vol.32 , pp. 577-582
    • Nettleton, W.D.1    Daniels, R.B.2    McCracken, R.J.3
  • 91
    • 0041527261 scopus 로고
    • Two North Carolina coastal plain catenas - Ii. Micromorphology, composition, and fragipan genesis
    • Nettleton, W.D., McCracken, R.J. and Daniels, R.B., 1968b. Two North Carolina Coastal Plain catenas - II. Micromorphology, composition, and fragipan genesis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 32: 582-587.
    • (1968) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. , vol.32 , pp. 582-587
    • Nettleton, W.D.1    McCracken, R.J.2    Daniels, R.B.3
  • 92
    • 0002111601 scopus 로고
    • Seismicity of the central United States. Reviews in engineering geology
    • Nuttli, O.W., 1979. Seismicity of the central United States. Reviews in Engineering Geology, Geol. Soc. Am., IV: 67-93.
    • (1979) Geol. Soc. Am. , vol.4 , pp. 67-93
    • Nuttli, O.W.1
  • 93
    • 0024920999 scopus 로고
    • The new madrid earthquakes; an engineering-geologic interpretation of relict liquefaction features
    • 114 pp.
    • Obermeier, S.F., 1989. The New Madrid earthquakes; An engineering-geologic interpretation of relict liquefaction features. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1336-B, 114 pp.
    • (1989) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.1336 B
    • Obermeier, S.F.1
  • 94
    • 0003590932 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary limits for the strength of shaking in the Columbia River valley and the southern half of coastal Washington, with emphasis for a Cascadia subduction earthquake about 300 years ago
    • 46 pp.
    • Obermeier, S.F., 1995. Preliminary limits for the strength of shaking in the Columbia River valley and the southern half of coastal Washington, with emphasis for a Cascadia subduction earthquake about 300 years ago. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-589, 46 pp.
    • (1995) US Geological Survey Open-file Report 94-589
    • Obermeier, S.F.1
  • 95
    • 0022908785 scopus 로고
    • Holocene and late pleistocene (?) earthquake-induced sand blows in coastal South Carolina
    • Proceedings of the Third US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Charleston, South Carolina, August 24-28, 1986. El Cerrito, CA
    • Obermeier, S.F., Jacobson, R.B., Powars, D.S., Weems, R.E., Hallbick, D.C., Gohn, G.S. and Markewich, H.W., 1986. Holocene and late Pleistocene (?) earthquake-induced sand blows in coastal South Carolina: Proceedings of the Third US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Charleston, South Carolina, August 24-28, 1986. Earthquake Eng. Res. Inst., El Cerrito, CA, Vol. 1: pp. 197-208.
    • (1986) Earthquake Eng. Res. Inst. , vol.1 , pp. 197-208
    • Obermeier, S.F.1    Jacobson, R.B.2    Powars, D.S.3    Weems, R.E.4    Hallbick, D.C.5    Gohn, G.S.6    Markewich, H.W.7
  • 97
    • 0027802461 scopus 로고
    • Liquefaction evidence for one or more strong holocene earthquakes in the Wabash Valley of southern Indiana and Illinois, with a preliminary estimate of magnitude
    • 27 pp.
    • Obermeier, S.F., Martin, J.R., Frankel, A.D., Youd, T.L., Munson, P.J., Munson, C.A. and Pond, E.C., 1993. Liquefaction evidence for one or more strong Holocene earthquakes in the Wabash Valley of southern Indiana and Illinois, with a preliminary estimate of magnitude. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1536, 27 pp.
    • (1993) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.1536
    • Obermeier, S.F.1    Martin, J.R.2    Frankel, A.D.3    Youd, T.L.4    Munson, P.J.5    Munson, C.A.6    Pond, E.C.7
  • 99
    • 0037547579 scopus 로고
    • Effects of sand compaction on liquefaction during the tokachioki earthquake
    • Ohsaki, Y., 1970. Effects of sand compaction on liquefaction during the Tokachioki earthquake. Soils and Foundations, Japanese Soc. Soil Mech. Foundation Eng., Vol. 10, No. 2: 112-128.
    • (1970) Soils and Foundations, Japanese Soc. Soil Mech. Foundation Eng. , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 112-128
    • Ohsaki, Y.1
  • 100
    • 0001776444 scopus 로고
    • Report on the great earthquake of 12th june 1897
    • Oldham, R.D., 1899. Report on the great earthquake of 12th June 1897. Geological Survey of India Memoirs, Vol. 29: 379.
    • (1899) Geological Survey of India Memoirs , vol.29 , pp. 379
    • Oldham, R.D.1
  • 102
    • 0023479520 scopus 로고
    • Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands
    • Jones, M.E., and Preston, M.F. (Editors), Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
    • Owen, G., 1987. Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands, in Jones, M.E., and Preston, M.F. (Editors), Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Geological Society (of London) Special Publication 29, pp. 11-24.
    • (1987) Geological Society (Of London) Special Publication , vol.29 , pp. 11-24
    • Owen, G.1
  • 105
    • 0043030133 scopus 로고
    • First-hand observations of the charleston earthquake of August 31, 1886, and other earthquake materials
    • Peters, K.E. and Herrmann, R.B. (Compilers and Editors), 1986. First-hand observations of the Charleston earthquake of August 31, 1886, and other earthquake materials. South Carolina Geol. Survey Bull., 41: 116.
    • (1986) South Carolina Geol. Survey Bull. , vol.41 , pp. 116
    • Peters, K.E.1    Herrmann, R.B.2
  • 106
    • 0043030135 scopus 로고
    • Variation in form and scale of paleoliquefaction structures in late pleistocene deposits of the central Cascadia margin
    • Peterson, C.D., 1992. Variation in form and scale of paleoliquefaction structures in late Pleistocene deposits of the central Cascadia margin (abstr.). Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts with Programs, 24(5): 74.
    • (1992) Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts with Programs , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 74
    • Peterson, C.D.1
  • 107
    • 0042529214 scopus 로고
    • Widespread evidence of paleoliquefaction in late-pleistocene marine terraces from the Oregon and Washington margins of the Cascadia subduction zone
    • Peterson, C.D., Hansen, M. and Jones, D., 1991. Widespread evidence of paleoliquefaction in late-Pleistocene marine terraces from the Oregon and Washington margins of the Cascadia subduction zone (abstr.) Eos, 72(44): 313.
    • (1991) Eos , vol.72 , Issue.44 , pp. 313
    • Peterson, C.D.1    Hansen, M.2    Jones, D.3
  • 110
    • 0000476005 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the alaska earthquake and tsunami on recent deltaic sediments
    • Reimnitz, E. and Marshall, N.F., 1965. Effects of the Alaska earthquake and tsunami on recent deltaic sediments. J. Geophys. Res., 70(10): 2363-2376.
    • (1965) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.70 , Issue.10 , pp. 2363-2376
    • Reimnitz, E.1    Marshall, N.F.2
  • 112
    • 0024526489 scopus 로고
    • Paleoseismic(?) liquefaction event in late quaternary lake sediments at Glen Roy, Scotland
    • Ringrose, P.S., 1989. Paleoseismic(?) liquefaction event in late Quaternary lake sediments at Glen Roy, Scotland. Terra Nova, 1(1): 57-62.
    • (1989) Terra Nova , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-62
    • Ringrose, P.S.1
  • 114
    • 0001033445 scopus 로고
    • Late holocene faulting and earthquake recurrence in the Reelfoot Lake area, northwestern Tennessee
    • Russ, D.P., 1979. Late Holocene faulting and earthquake recurrence in the Reelfoot Lake area, northwestern Tennessee. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 90(11): 1013-1018.
    • (1979) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.90 , Issue.11 , pp. 1013-1018
    • Russ, D.P.1
  • 115
    • 84879886400 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for episodic sand-blow activity during the 1811-12 New Madrid (Missouri) earthquake series
    • Saucier, R.T., 1989. Evidence for episodic sand-blow activity during the 1811-12 New Madrid (Missouri) earthquake series. Geology, 17(2): 103-106.
    • (1989) Geology , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-106
    • Saucier, R.T.1
  • 116
    • 0042028391 scopus 로고
    • Comment on "formation of mima mounds; A seismic hypothesis"
    • Saucier, R.T., 1991a. Comment on "Formation of Mima mounds; a seismic hypothesis". Geology, 19(3): 284.
    • (1991) Geology , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 284
    • Saucier, R.T.1
  • 117
    • 84879879501 scopus 로고
    • Geoarchaeological evidence of strong prehistoric earthquakes in the New Madrid (Missouri) seismic zone
    • Saucier, R.T., 1991b. Geoarchaeological evidence of strong prehistoric earthquakes in the New Madrid (Missouri) seismic zone. Geology, 19(4): 296-298.
    • (1991) Geology , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 296-298
    • Saucier, R.T.1
  • 118
    • 0026055579 scopus 로고
    • Strain measurements and the potential for a great subduction zone earthquake off the coast of Washington
    • Savage, J.C. and Lisowski, M., 1991. Strain measurements and the potential for a great subduction zone earthquake off the coast of Washington. Science, 252: 101-103.
    • (1991) Science , vol.252 , pp. 101-103
    • Savage, J.C.1    Lisowski, M.2
  • 119
    • 0022876232 scopus 로고
    • Solidification and consolidation of a liquefied sand column
    • Scott, R.F., 1986. Solidification and consolidation of a liquefied sand column. Soils Found. Jpn. Soc. Soil Mech. Found. Eng., 26(4): 23-31.
    • (1986) Soils Found. Jpn. Soc. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 23-31
    • Scott, R.F.1
  • 122
    • 0018435234 scopus 로고
    • Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes
    • Seed, H.B., 1979. Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes. J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 105, GT2: 201-255.
    • (1979) J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers , vol.105 , Issue.GT2 , pp. 201-255
    • Seed, H.B.1
  • 124
  • 126
    • 84977725722 scopus 로고
    • Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites
    • Seilacher, A., 1969. Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites. Sedimentology, 13: 155-159.
    • (1969) Sedimentology , vol.13 , pp. 155-159
    • Seilacher, A.1
  • 127
    • 0017995915 scopus 로고
    • Nature and genesis of mudboils, central Keewatin, Canada
    • Shuts, W.W., 1978. Nature and genesis of mudboils, central Keewatin, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., 15(7): 1053-1068.
    • (1978) Can. J. Earth Sci. , vol.15 , Issue.7 , pp. 1053-1068
    • Shuts, W.W.1
  • 128
    • 0000401483 scopus 로고
    • Prehistoric large earthquakes produced by slip on the San Andreas fault at Pallett Creek, California
    • Sieh, K.E., 1978. Prehistoric large earthquakes produced by slip on the San Andreas fault at Pallett Creek, California. J. Geophys. Res., 83(B8): 3907-3939.
    • (1978) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.83 , Issue.B8 , pp. 3907-3939
    • Sieh, K.E.1
  • 129
    • 0000928332 scopus 로고
    • Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman Lake, San Fernando, California
    • Sims, J.D., 1973. Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman Lake, San Fernando, California. Science, 182(4108): 161-163.
    • (1973) Science , vol.182 , Issue.4108 , pp. 161-163
    • Sims, J.D.1
  • 130
    • 49549143904 scopus 로고
    • Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments
    • Sims, J.D., 1975. Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments. Tectonophysics, 29: 141-152.
    • (1975) Tectonophysics , vol.29 , pp. 141-152
    • Sims, J.D.1
  • 132
    • 0028830473 scopus 로고
    • Recurrent liquefaction induced by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and 1990 and 1991 aftershocks; implications for paleoseismicity studies
    • Sims, J.D. and Garvin, C.D., 1995. Recurrent liquefaction induced by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and 1990 and 1991 aftershocks; Implications for paleoseismicity studies. Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull., 85(1): 51-65.
    • (1995) Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.85 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-65
    • Sims, J.D.1    Garvin, C.D.2
  • 133
    • 0028698481 scopus 로고
    • Liquefaction characteristics of silts
    • S. Prakash and P. Dakoulas (Editors), Ground failures under seismic conditions
    • Singh, S., 1994. Liquefaction characteristics of silts. In S. Prakash and P. Dakoulas (Editors), Ground failures under seismic conditions. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Geotech. Special Publication 44: 105-116.
    • (1994) Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Geotech. Special Publication , vol.44 , pp. 105-116
    • Singh, S.1
  • 135
    • 0042028394 scopus 로고
    • Fragipan horizons and be masses in the middle coastal plain of north central North Carolina
    • Steele, F., Daniels, R.B., Gamble, E.E. and Nelson, L.A., 1969. Fragipan horizons and Be masses in the middle coastal plain of north central North Carolina. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Proc., 33: 752-755.
    • (1969) Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Proc. , vol.33 , pp. 752-755
    • Steele, F.1    Daniels, R.B.2    Gamble, E.E.3    Nelson, L.A.4
  • 136
    • 0001760840 scopus 로고
    • Ice-wedge casts, pingo scars, and the drainage of glacial Lake Hitchcock
    • P. Robinson and J.B. Brady (Editors), University of Massachusetts, Department of Geology and Geography, Contribution 6
    • Stone, J.R. and Ashley, G.M., 1992. Ice-wedge casts, pingo scars, and the drainage of glacial Lake Hitchcock. In P. Robinson and J.B. Brady (Editors), Guidebook for Field Trips in the Connecticut Valley Region of Massachusetts and Adjacent States, Vol. 2. University of Massachusetts, Department of Geology and Geography, Contribution 66, pp. 305-331.
    • (1992) Guidebook for Field Trips in the Connecticut Valley Region of Massachusetts and Adjacent States , vol.2-6 , pp. 305-331
    • Stone, J.R.1    Ashley, G.M.2
  • 137
    • 84989741293 scopus 로고
    • Ice-wedge casts and relict polygonal patterns in Scandinavia
    • Svensson, H., 1988. Ice-wedge casts and relict polygonal patterns in Scandinavia. J. Quaternary Sci., 3(1): 57-67.
    • (1988) J. Quaternary Sci. , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-67
    • Svensson, H.1
  • 138
    • 0043030136 scopus 로고
    • Ground-water phenomena associated with the Hebgen Lake earthquake
    • Swenson, F.A., 1964. Ground-water phenomena associated with the Hebgen Lake earthquake. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 435-N, pp. 159-165.
    • (1964) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.435 N , pp. 159-165
    • Swenson, F.A.1
  • 139
    • 0043030137 scopus 로고
    • Seismic activity in the Atlantic Coastal Plain near Charleston, S.C. Seismol
    • Taber, S., 1914. Seismic activity in the Atlantic Coastal Plain near Charleston, S.C. Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull., 4: 108-160.
    • (1914) Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.4 , pp. 108-160
    • Taber, S.1
  • 141
    • 0023399723 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking
    • Tokimatsu, K. and Seed, H.B., 1987. Evaluation of settlements in sands due to earthquake shaking. J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 113(8): 861-878.
    • (1987) J. Geotech. Eng., Am. Soc. Civil Engineers , vol.113 , Issue.8 , pp. 861-878
    • Tokimatsu, K.1    Seed, H.B.2
  • 142
    • 0041527266 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of liquefaction potential of sandy soils
    • US-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, UJNR, Tokyo, May 1971
    • Tsuchida, H. and Hayashi, S., 1971. Estimation of liquefaction potential of sandy soils. Proceedings of the Third Joint Meeting, US-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, UJNR, Tokyo, May 1971, pp. 91-109.
    • (1971) Proceedings of the Third Joint Meeting , pp. 91-109
    • Tsuchida, H.1    Hayashi, S.2
  • 144
    • 0001667042 scopus 로고
    • Liquefaction induced by modern earthquakes as a key to paleoseismicity; a case study of the 1988 saguenay event
    • A.J. Weiss (Comp.), US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Report NUREG/CP-0119
    • Tuttle, M.P., Cowie, P. and Wolf, L., 1992. Liquefaction induced by modern earthquakes as a key to paleoseismicity; A case study of the 1988 Saguenay event. In A.J. Weiss (Comp.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Report NUREG/CP-0119, Vol. 3, pp. 437-462.
    • (1992) Proceedings of the Nineteenth Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting , vol.3 , pp. 437-462
    • Tuttle, M.P.1    Cowie, P.2    Wolf, L.3
  • 145
    • 84879881981 scopus 로고
    • Archeological and pedological evidence for large prehistoric earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone, central United States
    • Tuttle, M.P. and Schweig, B.C., 1995. Archeological and pedological evidence for large prehistoric earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone, central United States. Geology, 23(3): 253-256.
    • (1995) Geology , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 253-256
    • Tuttle, M.P.1    Schweig, B.C.2
  • 146
    • 84879885012 scopus 로고
    • Historic and prehistoric earthquake-induced liquefaction in Newbury, Massachusetts
    • Tuttle, M.P. and Seeber, L., 1991. Historic and prehistoric earthquake-induced liquefaction in Newbury, Massachusetts. Geology, 19(6): 594-597.
    • (1991) Geology , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 594-597
    • Tuttle, M.P.1    Seeber, L.2
  • 147
    • 0003903078 scopus 로고
    • A model for earthquake-induced translatory landslides in quaternary sediments
    • Updike, R.G., Egan, J.A., Moriwaki, Y., Idriss, I.M. and Moses, T.L., 1988. A model for earthquake-induced translatory landslides in Quaternary sediments. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100(5): 783-792.
    • (1988) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.100 , Issue.5 , pp. 783-792
    • Updike, R.G.1    Egan, J.A.2    Moriwaki, Y.3    Idriss, I.M.4    Moses, T.L.5
  • 148
    • 0028698847 scopus 로고
    • A practical perspective on liquefaction of gravels
    • S. Prakash and P. Dakoulas (Editors), Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions
    • Valera, I.E., Traubenik, M.L., Egan, J.A. and Kaneshiro, J.Y., 1994. A practical perspective on liquefaction of gravels. In S. Prakash and P. Dakoulas (Editors), Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Geotech. Special Publication 44: pp. 241-257.
    • (1994) Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Geotech. Special Publication , vol.44 , pp. 241-257
    • Valera, I.E.1    Traubenik, M.L.2    Egan, J.A.3    Kaneshiro, J.Y.4
  • 149
    • 0027044936 scopus 로고
    • The recognition of soft-sediment deformations as early-diagenetic features - A literature review
    • K.H. Wolf and G.V. Chilingarian (Editors), Elsevier, New York
    • van Loon, A.J., 1992. The recognition of soft-sediment deformations as early-diagenetic features - A literature review. In K.H. Wolf and G.V. Chilingarian (Editors), Diagenesis III. Elsevier, New York, pp. 135-189.
    • (1992) Diagenesis III , pp. 135-189
    • Van Loon, A.J.1
  • 150
    • 0023467288 scopus 로고
    • Problems and progress in the research on soft-sediment deformations
    • van Loon, A.J. and Brodzikowski, K., 1987. Problems and progress in the research on soft-sediment deformations. Sedimentary Geol., 50: 167-193.
    • (1987) Sedimentary Geol. , vol.50 , pp. 167-193
    • Van Loon, A.J.A.1    Brodzikowski, K.2
  • 151
    • 85016823140 scopus 로고
    • The significance of cryoturbation phenomena in environmental reconstruction
    • Van Vliet-Lanoe, B., 1988, The significance of cryoturbation phenomena in environmental reconstruction: J. Quaternary Sci., 3(1): 85-96.
    • (1988) J. Quaternary Sci. , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 85-96
    • Van Vliet-Lanoe, B.1
  • 152
    • 0001902656 scopus 로고
    • Cryoturbations
    • M.J. Clark (Editor), John Wiley and Sons, New York
    • Vandenberghe, J., 1988. Cryoturbations. In M.J. Clark (Editor), Advances in Periglacial Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 179-198.
    • (1988) Advances in Periglacial Geomorphology , pp. 179-198
    • Vandenberghe, J.1
  • 154
    • 0020642498 scopus 로고
    • Macroscopic features of earthquake induced soil liquefaction and its influence on ground damage
    • Wang, Zhong-qi, Fang, Hong-qi and Zhao, Shu-dong, 1983. Macroscopic features of earthquake induced soil liquefaction and its influence on ground damage. Can. Geotech. J., 20(1): 61-68.
    • (1983) Can. Geotech. J. , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-68
    • Wang, Z.-Q.1    Fang, H.-Q.2    Zhao, S.-D.3
  • 155
    • 0027075752 scopus 로고
    • The repeat time of the 1811 and 1812 New Madrid earthquakes; a geological perspective
    • Wesnousky, S.G. and Leffler, L.M., 1992. The repeat time of the 1811 and 1812 New Madrid earthquakes; a geological perspective. Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82(4): 1756-1784.
    • (1992) Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 1756-1784
    • Wesnousky, S.G.1    Leffler, L.M.2
  • 157
    • 0001387310 scopus 로고
    • Modified mercalli intensity scale of 1931
    • Wood, H.O. and Neumann, F., 1931. Modified Mercalli intensity scale of 1931. Seismolog. Soc. Am. Bull., 21: 277-283.
    • (1931) Seismolog. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.21 , pp. 277-283
    • Wood, H.O.1    Neumann, F.2
  • 159
    • 0017958644 scopus 로고
    • Major cause of earthquake damage in ground failure
    • Youd, T.L., 1978. Major cause of earthquake damage in ground failure. Civil Eng., 48(4): 47-51.
    • (1978) Civil Eng. , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 47-51
    • Youd, T.L.1
  • 160
    • 0004082634 scopus 로고
    • Geologic effects - Liquefaction and associated ground failure
    • Williams, M.E., US Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-760
    • Youd, T.L., 1984a. Geologic effects - Liquefaction and associated ground failure. In: Williams, M.E., Proceedings of the Geological and Hydrologic Hazards Training Program. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-760, pp. 210-232.
    • (1984) Proceedings of the Geological and Hydrologic Hazards Training Program , pp. 210-232
    • Youd, T.L.1
  • 162
    • 85088078506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 60 data
    • T.L. Youd (Editor), January, 1996. State University of New York at Buffalo, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research
    • 60 data. In: T.L. Youd (Editor), NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance, January, 1996. State University of New York at Buffalo, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
    • (1996) NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance
    • Youd, T.L.1
  • 163
    • 0002696278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnitude scaling factors
    • T.L. Youd (Editor), January, 1996. State University of New York at New York, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research
    • Youd, T.L., 1996b in press, Magnitude scaling factors. In T.L. Youd (Editor), NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance, January, 1996. State University of New York at New York, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
    • (1996) NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance
    • Youd, T.L.1
  • 164
    • 0042028393 scopus 로고
    • Case histories of lateral spreads from the 1964 Alaska earthquake
    • T.D. O'Rourke and M. Hamada (Editors), State University of New York at Buffalo, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Technical Report NCEER-91-0001
    • Youd, T.L. and Bartlett, S.F., 1991. Case histories of lateral spreads from the 1964 Alaska earthquake. In T.D. O'Rourke and M. Hamada (Editors), Proceedings from the Third Japan-US Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures for Soil Liquefaction. State University of New York at Buffalo, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Technical Report NCEER-91-0001, pp. 175-189.
    • (1991) Proceedings from the Third Japan-US Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures for Soil Liquefaction , pp. 175-189
    • Youd, T.L.1    Bartlett, S.F.2
  • 167
    • 0002490425 scopus 로고
    • Historic ground failures in northern california triggered by earthquakes
    • 177 pp.
    • Youd, T.L. and Hoose, S.N., 1978. Historic ground failures in northern California triggered by earthquakes. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 993, 177 pp.
    • (1978) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.993
    • Youd, T.L.1    Hoose, S.N.2
  • 169


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.