Estimation of bottom scattering strength from measured and modeled mid-frequency sonar reverberation levels

IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 440-450

  Scanlon, G A ^a,b,d   Bourke, R H ^b   Wilson, James H ^c  

^a HMS Warrior   (United Kingdom)

^b NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

^c Neptune Sciences Inc   (United States)

^d HMS Warrier   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC SIGNAL PROCESSING; ACOUSTIC WAVE SCATTERING; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; OCEANOGRAPHY; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; REVERBERATION; SEDIMENTS; SONAR;

BOTTOM SCATTERING STRENGTH; FINITE ELEMENT PARABOLIC EQUATION (FEPE); GENERIC SONAR MODEL (GSM); MIDFREQUENCY SONAR REVERBERATION LEVELS;

UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS;

EID: 0030264178     PISSN: 03649059     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/48.544055     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. R. T. Bachman, E. L. Hamilton, and J. R. Curray, "Sediment sound velocities from sonobuoys: Sunda Trench and Forearc Basins, Nicobar and Central Bengal Pans, and Andaman Sea Basins," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 88, pp. 9341-9346, 1993.
2. J. Bishop, personal communication, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, 1944.
3. J. Brocher and J. Ewing, "Estimation of internal velocities using seismic refraction," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 79, pp. 286-298, 1986.
4. J. Campbell, personal communication, Naval Res, Lab., Stennis Space Center, MS, 1995.
5. [5) S. A. Chin-Bing, D. B. King, J. A. Davis, and R. B. Evans, Eds., PE Workshop II, Proceedings of the Second Parabolic Equation Workshop, Naval Res. Lab., Stennis Space Center, MS, 1993, NRL/BE/7181-93-001.
6. B. F. Cole, P. D. Herstein, and J. A. Davis, "Detection performance prediction of surface ship tactical sonars in shallow water. Area Foxtrot baseline study issues and results," Internal. rep., Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London Detachment, New London, CT, 1994.
7. D. L. Cole, "Analysis of bottom sediment data, Project Colossus," USNUSL Tech. Memo. No. 1105-18-56. New London, CT, 1956.
8. D. D. Ellis, N. H. Kampanis, and R. A. Stephen, "Calculaton of ocean bottom and sub-bottom back scattering using a time-domain finite difference code," in Ocean Reverberation, D. D. Ellis, J. R. Preston, and H. G. Urban, Eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 1993, pp. 125-137.
9. J. J. Gallagher, "Environmental data report, shallow water acoustic exercise, September 4-10, 1991," Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, 1994, contract N66604-91-D-0969.
10. E. L. Hamilton, "Sound velocity and related properties of marine sediments, North Pacific," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 75, pp. 4453-4446, 1970.
11. _, "Elastic properties of marine sediments," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 76, pp. 579-587, 1971.
12. _, "Compressional wave attenuation in marine sediments," Geophys., vol. 37, pp. 620-646.
13. _, "Sound attenuation as a function of depth in the sea floor," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 72, pp. 528-535, 1976.
14. _, "Sound attenuation as a function of depth in the sea floor," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 72, pp. 528-535, 1976.
15. _, "Sound velocity gradients in marine sediments," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 65, pp. 909-922, 1979.
16. _, "Geoacoustic modeling of the sea floor," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 68, pp. 1313-1340, 1980.
17. _, "Sound velocity as a function of depth in marine sediments," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 78, pp. 1348-1355, 1985.
18. _, "Acoustic properties of sediments," in Acoustics and Ocean Bottom, A. Lara-Saenz, C. Ranz-Guerra, and C. Carbo-Fite, Eds. Madrid, Spain: Sociedad Espanola de Acustica Instituto de Acoustica - CSIC, II F.A.S.E. Specialized Conf., 1987, pp. 1-17.
19. E. L. Hamilton, G. Shumway, H. W. Menard, and C. J. Shipek, "Acoustic and other physical properties of shallow water sediments off San Diego," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 28, pp. 1-15, 1956.
20. E. L. Hamilton, D. G. Moore, E. C. Buffington, P. L. Sherrer, and J. R. Curray, "Sediment velocities from sonobuoys: Bay of Bengal, Bering Sea, Japan Sea, and North Pacific," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 79, pp. 2653-2668, 1974.
21. E. L. Hamilton, R. T. Bachman, J. R. Curray, and D. G. Moore, "Sediment velocities from sonobuoys: Bengal Fan, Sunda Trench, Andaman Basin, and Nicobar Fan," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 83, pp. 3003-3012.
22. E. L. Hamilton and R. T. Bachman, "Sound velocities and related properties of marine sediments," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 72, pp. 1891-1904, 1982.
23. J. Hanna, H. Laney, and R. Dicus, "System implications of littoral reverberation data," SAIC Rep., Office of Naval Res., Washington, DC, 1994, Contract N00014-92-C-0171.
24. D. R. Jackson and K. B. Briggs, "High frequency bottom backscattering: Roughness versus sediment volume scattering," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 92, pp. 962-977, 1992.
25. E. Jensen, personal communication, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, 1995.
26. K. V. Mackenzie, "Bottom reverberation for 530- and 1030-cps sound in deep water," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 33, pp. 1498-1504, 1961.
27. D. F. McCammon, "Low grazing angle bottom scattering strength: Survey of unclassified measurements and models and recommendations for LFA use," U.S. Navy J. Underwater Acoust., vol. 43, pp. 33-46, 1993.
28. C. M. McKinney and C. D. Anderson, "Measurements of backscattering of sound from the ocean bottom," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 36, pp. 158-163, 1964.
29. P. D. Mourad and D. R. Jackson, "A model/data comparison for low frequency bottom backscatter," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 94, pp. 344-358, 1993.
30. G. A. Scanlon, "Estimation of bottom scattering strength from measured and modeled An/SQS-53C reverberation levels," Masters degree, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, 1994.
31. P. Shoukimas, personnal communication, Univ. of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 1995.
32. R. A. Stephen, "A numerical scattering chamber for studing reverberation in the seafloor," in Ocean Reverberation, D. D. Ellis, J. R. Preston, and H. G. Urban, Eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 1993, pp. 227-232.
33. National Defense Res. Comm., "The physics of sound in the sea," Part 2, Reverberation, Summary Tech. Rep. of Div. 6, NDRC, vol. 8, Washington, DC, pp. 247-342, 1946.
34. J. Urick, Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1983, 237-285.
35. H. K. Wong and W. D. Chestman, "Bottom backscattering near grazing incidence in shallow water," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 44, pp. 1713-1718, 1968.
36. H. Weinberg, "Generic sonar model," Naval Underwater Systems Command Technical Document 5971D, Newport, RI, 1985.
37. H. Weinberg, personnal communication, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, 1995.