From digital to analog and back: The ideology of intelligent machines in the history of the electrical analyzer, 1870S-1960s

IEEE Annals of the History of Computing

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 42-48

  Tympas, Aristotle ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE; DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION; ELECTRIC LINES; ELECTRIC NETWORK ANALYZERS; HISTORY; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS;

ELECTRIFICATION; INTELLIGENT MACHINES;

COMPUTERS;

EID: 0030261018     PISSN: 10586180     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/85.539915     Document Type: Article

References (93)

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16. For a more detailed history of the electrical analyzer, see A. Tympas, "Between the Mechanical Calculator and the Electronic Computer: The History and the Historiography of the Electrical Analyzer," MS thesis, Dept. of Technology and Science Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, May 1995.
17. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
18. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
19. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
20. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
21. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
22. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
23. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
24. For synopses and aspects of the history of the electrical analyzer, the following references are recommended: H.A. Peterson and C. Concordia, "Analyzers ... for Use in Engineering and Scientific Problems," General Electric Rev., Sept. 1945; F.J. Maginnis and C. Concordia, "Computers as Aids to Power Systems Analysis," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 640-650, 1959; E.B. Gross, "Network Analyzer Installations in Canada and the United States," Proc. Am. Power Conf., vol. 21, pp. 665-669, 1959; W. Aspray, "Edwin L. Harder and the Anacom: Analog Computing at Westinghouse," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-52, 1993; N.A. Lindgren and K.L. Wildes, A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985; G.S. Brown, "Eloge: Harold Locke Hazen, 1901-1980," Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4-12, Jan. 1981; A.G. Bromley, "Analog Computing Devices," W. Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1990; and M.R. Williams, A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1985, chap. 5.
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