Medicine and the culture of command: The case of malaria control in the British army during the two world wars

Medical History

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 437-452

  Harrison, Mark ^a  

^a SHEFFIELD HALLAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEADERSHIP; MALARIA; MILITARY MEDICINE; ORGANIZATION; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; UNITED KINGDOM; WAR;

GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; LEADERSHIP; MALARIA; MILITARY MEDICINE; ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE; WAR;

EID: 0030254783     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300061688     Document Type: Article

References (129)

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3. Henry J Welch and Charles S Myers, Ten years of industrial psychology, London, Sir Isaac Pitman, 1932; Irene H Charley, The birth of industrial nursing, London, Baillière, Tindall, 1978; Paul Weindling (ed.), The social history of occupational health, London, Croom Helm, 1986.
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5. George Rosen, 'The efficiency criterion in medical care, 1900-1920: An early approach to an evaluation of health service', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50: 28-44; Charles E Rosenberg, 'Inward vision and outward glance: the shaping of the American hospital, 1880-1914', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 53: 346-91; Susan Reverby, 'Stealing the golden eggs: Ernest Amory Coleman and the science and management of medicine', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 56: 156-71; Abram de Swaan, In care of the state: health care, education, and welfare in Europe and the U.S.A. in the modern era, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988; Steve Sturdy, 'The political economy of scientific medicine: science, education and the transformation of medical practice in Sheffield, 1890-1922', Med. Hist., 1992, 36: 125-59.
6. George Rosen, 'The efficiency criterion in medical care, 1900-1920: An early approach to an evaluation of health service', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50: 28-44; Charles E Rosenberg, 'Inward vision and outward glance: the shaping of the American hospital, 1880-1914', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 53: 346-91; Susan Reverby, 'Stealing the golden eggs: Ernest Amory Coleman and the science and management of medicine', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 56: 156-71; Abram de Swaan, In care of the state: health care, education, and welfare in Europe and the U.S.A. in the modern era, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988; Steve Sturdy, 'The political economy of scientific medicine: science, education and the transformation of medical practice in Sheffield, 1890-1922', Med. Hist., 1992, 36: 125-59.
7. George Rosen, 'The efficiency criterion in medical care, 1900-1920: An early approach to an evaluation of health service', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50: 28-44; Charles E Rosenberg, 'Inward vision and outward glance: the shaping of the American hospital, 1880-1914', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 53: 346-91; Susan Reverby, 'Stealing the golden eggs: Ernest Amory Coleman and the science and management of medicine', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 56: 156-71; Abram de Swaan, In care of the state: health care, education, and welfare in Europe and the U.S.A. in the modern era, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988; Steve Sturdy, 'The political economy of scientific medicine: science, education and the transformation of medical practice in Sheffield, 1890-1922', Med. Hist., 1992, 36: 125-59.
8. George Rosen, 'The efficiency criterion in medical care, 1900-1920: An early approach to an evaluation of health service', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50: 28-44; Charles E Rosenberg, 'Inward vision and outward glance: the shaping of the American hospital, 1880-1914', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 53: 346-91; Susan Reverby, 'Stealing the golden eggs: Ernest Amory Coleman and the science and management of medicine', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 56: 156-71; Abram de Swaan, In care of the state: health care, education, and welfare in Europe and the U.S.A. in the modern era, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988; Steve Sturdy, 'The political economy of scientific medicine: science, education and the transformation of medical practice in Sheffield, 1890-1922', Med. Hist., 1992, 36: 125-59.
9. George Rosen, 'The efficiency criterion in medical care, 1900-1920: An early approach to an evaluation of health service', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 50: 28-44; Charles E Rosenberg, 'Inward vision and outward glance: the shaping of the American hospital, 1880-1914', Bull. Hist. Med., 1976, 53: 346-91; Susan Reverby, 'Stealing the golden eggs: Ernest Amory Coleman and the science and management of medicine', Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 56: 156-71; Abram de Swaan, In care of the state: health care, education, and welfare in Europe and the U.S.A. in the modern era, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988; Steve Sturdy, 'The political economy of scientific medicine: science, education and the transformation of medical practice in Sheffield, 1890-1922', Med. Hist., 1992, 36: 125-59.
10. Tim Travers, The killing ground: the British army, the western front and the emergence of modern warfare, 1900-1918, London, Unwin Hyman, 1990 edn; idem, How the war was won: command and technology in the British army on the western front 1917-1919, London, Routledge, 1992; idem, 'Command and leadership styles in the British army: the 1915 Gallipoli model', J. contemp. Hist., 1994, 29: 403-42; Denis Winter, Haig's command: a reassessment, London, Viking, 1991, pp. 58-9.
11. Tim Travers, The killing ground: the British army, the western front and the emergence of modern warfare, 1900-1918, London, Unwin Hyman, 1990 edn; idem, How the war was won: command and technology in the British army on the western front 1917-1919, London, Routledge, 1992; idem, 'Command and leadership styles in the British army: the 1915 Gallipoli model', J. contemp. Hist., 1994, 29: 403-42; Denis Winter, Haig's command: a reassessment, London, Viking, 1991, pp. 58-9.
12. Tim Travers, The killing ground: the British army, the western front and the emergence of modern warfare, 1900-1918, London, Unwin Hyman, 1990 edn; idem, How the war was won: command and technology in the British army on the western front 1917-1919, London, Routledge, 1992; idem, 'Command and leadership styles in the British army: the 1915 Gallipoli model', J. contemp. Hist., 1994, 29: 403-42; Denis Winter, Haig's command: a reassessment, London, Viking, 1991, pp. 58-9.
13. Tim Travers, The killing ground: the British army, the western front and the emergence of modern warfare, 1900-1918, London, Unwin Hyman, 1990 edn; idem, How the war was won: command and technology in the British army on the western front 1917-1919, London, Routledge, 1992; idem, 'Command and leadership styles in the British army: the 1915 Gallipoli model', J. contemp. Hist., 1994, 29: 403-42; Denis Winter, Haig's command: a reassessment, London, Viking, 1991, pp. 58-9.
14. See Angus Calder, The people's war: Britain 1939-1945, London, Pimlico, 1992 edn, pp. 250-2.
15. David Geggus, Slavery, war, and revolution: the British occupation of Saint Domingue 1793-1798, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982, ch. 13.
16. David Arnold, Colonizing the body: state medicine and epidemic disease in nineteenth-century India, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, p. 76.
17. Mark Harrison, Public health in British India: Anglo-Indian preventive medicine 1859-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 158-62; W F Bynum, 'An experiment that failed: malaria control at Mian Mir', Parassitologia, 1994, 36: 107-20.
18. Mark Harrison, Public health in British India: Anglo-Indian preventive medicine 1859-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 158-62; W F Bynum, 'An experiment that failed: malaria control at Mian Mir', Parassitologia, 1994, 36: 107-20.
19. See Daniel R Headrick, The tools of empire: technology and European imperialism in the nineteenth century, Oxford University Press, 1981, ch. 3; Philip D Curtin, Death by migration: Europe's encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 132-40.
20. See Daniel R Headrick, The tools of empire: technology and European imperialism in the nineteenth century, Oxford University Press, 1981, ch. 3; Philip D Curtin, Death by migration: Europe's encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 132-40.
21. John Selby, 'The Third China War 1860', in Brian Bond (ed.), Victorian military campaigns, London, Hutchinson, 1967, p. 82.
22. John Keegan, 'The Ashanti campaign 1873-4', ibid., pp. 163-98.
23. See Alan Lloyd, The drums of Kumasi: the story of the Ashanti wars, London, Longmans, Green, 1964, pp. 77, 182. I am very grateful to Professor Bob Joy for drawing this to my attention.
24. Elizabeth Whitcombe, 'Famine mortality', Econ. Pol. weekly, June 1993, 5: 1169-79; Harrison, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 158-65.
25. Elizabeth Whitcombe, 'Famine mortality', Econ. Pol. weekly, June 1993, 5: 1169-79; Harrison, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 158-65.
26. For example: 'The medical entomology of Salonika', by Temp. Lt Col Andrew Balfour, RAMC 646, Contemporary Medical Archives Collection, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine (hereafter CMAC).
27. Serjeant-Major R.A.M.C. [pseud.], With the R.A.M.C. in Egypt, London, Cassell, 1918, pp. 164-6.
28. DMS Salonika, '(Secret) Report on the incidence of malaria in the Salonika army in 1916; on the measures taken for its prevention; and on the measures proposed for its prevention during 1917', WO 32/5112, PRO.
29. Medical advisory committee, Mesopotamia inquiries: report on Basra base, September 1916, Simla, Govt. Press, 1916, p. 15.
30. 'Mounted Brigade Field Ambulance in peace and war - 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade, 1914-19', RAMC 791/5;
31. Maj. Gen. Sir Richard Luce, 'War experiences of a Territorial Medical Officer', pp. 465, 529-30, 534, RAMC 2031;
32. Memorandum on malaria, p. 5, RAMC 2063/34, CMAC.
33. A Cecil Alport, Malaria and its treatment: in the line and at the base, London, John Bale & Danielson, 1919, pp. 17-22, 25;
34. W G MacPherson and T J Mitchell (eds), History of the war based on official documents. Medical services general history, vol. 4, Medical services during the operations on the Gallipoli Peninsula; in Macedonia; in Mesopotamia, and north-west Persia; in East Africa; in the Aden protectorate, and in north Russia. Ambulance transport during the war, London, HMSO, 1924, pp. 104-6.
35. C H Tredgold, 'The prophylactic use of quinine in malaria: with special reference to experiences in Macedonia', Br. med. J., 1918, i: 525-9.
36. Alport, op. cit., note 19 above, p.16.
37. H R Whitehead, 'Report on the incidence of malaria', WO 32/5112, PRO.
38. 'MRC Report on . . . malaria at Salonika', 9 January 1917, WO 32/5112, PRO.
39. On the pre-war controversy over quinine prophylaxis and malaria prevention see Michael Worboys, 'Manson, Ross, and colonial medical policy: tropical medicine in London and Liverpool, 1899-1914', in R MacLeod and M Lewis (eds), Disease, medicine, and empire: perspectives on western medicine and the experience of European expansion, London, Routledge, 1988, pp. 21-37; Harrison, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 158-62.
40. On the pre-war controversy over quinine prophylaxis and malaria prevention see Michael Worboys, 'Manson, Ross, and colonial medical policy: tropical medicine in London and Liverpool, 1899-1914', in R MacLeod and M Lewis (eds), Disease, medicine, and empire: perspectives on western medicine and the experience of European expansion, London, Routledge, 1988, pp. 21-37; Harrison, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 158-62.
41. Ross to Keogh, 29 February 1916, WO 32/5112, PRO.
42. 'MRC Report on . . . malaria at Salonika': the committee recommended a dose of 5-6 grains every day, with 10 grains twice weekly in the most highly malarious areas, WO 32/5112, PRO.
43. Mesopotamia inquiries (September 1916 to January 1917) final report, New Delhi, Govt. Printing, 1917, p. 15.
44. Luce, 'War experiences', p. 530, RAMC 2031, CMAC.
45. Medical advisory committee, op. cit., note 17 above, p. 15.
46. Alport, op. cit., note 19 above, p. 135.
47. W G Willoughby and Louis Cassidy, Antimalaria work in Macedonia among British troops, London, H K Lewis, 1918.
48. Br. med. J., 1918, i: 346.
49. See Edmond et Étienne Sergent, L'Armée d'orient délivrée du paludisme, Paris, Librairie de l'Académie de Médiane, 1932, pp. 41-5, 59, 77.
50. GOC East Africa to Chief of Imperial General Staff, 20 July 1917, L/MIL5/737, India Office Records (IOR).
51. Scott to Robertson, 14 November 1917, L/MIL/5/737, IOR.
52. MacPherson and Mitchell (eds), op. cit., note 19 above, p. 466.
53. F S Grafford, Jan Smuts: a biography, London, George, 1946, pp. 129-30.
54. Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, 11 September 1917, L/MIL/5/737, IOR.
55. Scott to Robertson, 14 November 1917, L/MIL/5/737, IOR.
56. Van Deventer to Robertson, 20 July 1917, L/MIL/5/737, IOR.
57. Commander-in-Chief, India, to Robertson, 16 July 1917, L/MIL/5/737, IOR.
58. See for example, Hansard, Parl. debates, 19 July 1917; question from Mr Molteno, MP.
59. Br. med. J., 1916, i: 100.
60. W G MacPherson, W P Herringham, T R Elliott, and A Balfour, Medical diseases of the war, London, HMSO, c.1923, vol. 1, p. 255.
61. For example G Covell, Anti-mosquito measures with special reference to India, Calcutta, Govt. of India Central Publications Branch, 1931.
62. 'Memorandum on the clinical aspects of malaria in the Middle East', GHQ, Middle East Forces, May 1942, p. 41, RAMC 2063/34, CMAC.
63. 'Medicine in jungle warfare', reprint from Procs. r. Soc. Med., March 1945, 38: 195-8, RAMC 1939, CMAC.
64. Papers of Sir Ernest Covell: circular letter on the health of the army in North Africa in 1942, p. 8, RAMC 466/38, CMAC.
65. Maj. J Reid, 'Studies on the pharmacology of mepacrine', p. 1, RAMC 2065, CMAC.
66. Col G F Taylor, 'Some medical problems of the Eastern Army', Proceedings of the conference of medical specialists of Eastern Army, March 1943, Calcutta, Govt. of India Press, 1943, pp. 7-10.
67. Union Jack, 22 April 1942, RAMC 651/3, CMAC.
68. Union Jack, 13 August 1942, RAMC 651/3, CMAC.
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71. 'Memo. on anti-malarial discipline', RAMC 1900/14/5; Covell papers: 'Malaria in the Sicilian campaign 9 July-10 September 1943', RAMC 466/36, CMAC.
72. John Ellis, The sharp end of war: fighting man in World War II, London, David & Charles, 1980, pp. 183-4.
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74. Ibid., p. 7.
75. Ibid., p. 8.
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77. N Hamilton Fairley, 'Researches in malaria therapy (secret)', RAMC 1939/6; 'Researches on Paluride (M.4888) in Malaria', reprinted from Trans. r. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1946, 40: 105-53.
78. Maj. J Reid, 'Studies on the pharmacology of mepacrine', RAMC 2065, CMAC.
79. V Zachary Cope (ed.), Medical history of the Second World War. Medicine and pathology, London, HMSO, 1953, p. 200.
80. Several field trials were carried out using mepacrine. See for example Fairley Papers, US Army field experiment on suppressive treatment, RAMC 1939/7, CMAC.
81. F H K Green and Sir Gordon Covell (eds), Medical research. Medical history of the Second World War, London, HMSO, 1953, pp. 158-9; N Hamilton Fairley, 'Tropical diseases with special reference to malaria in the eastern theatres of war', in Sir Henry Letheby Tidy (ed.), Inter-allied conferences on war medicine 1942-1945. Convened by the Royal Society of Medicine, London, Staples Press, 1947, pp. 94-5.
82. F H K Green and Sir Gordon Covell (eds), Medical research. Medical history of the Second World War, London, HMSO, 1953, pp. 158-9; N Hamilton Fairley, 'Tropical diseases with special reference to malaria in the eastern theatres of war', in Sir Henry Letheby Tidy (ed.), Inter-allied conferences on war medicine 1942-1945. Convened by the Royal Society of Medicine, London, Staples Press, 1947, pp. 94-5.
83. 'Memo. on anti-malarial discipline', RAMC 1900/14/5, CMAC.
84. N Hamilton Fairley, 'Medicine in jungle warfare', p. 198, RAMC 1939/7, CMAC.
85. N Hamilton Fairley, 'Chemotherapeutic suppression and prophylaxis of malaria: an experimental investigation undertaken by medical research teams in Australia', Trans. r. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1945, 38: 349; Sir Neil Cantlie, 'Health discipline', U.S. armed Forces med. J., 1950, i: 233-4.
86. N Hamilton Fairley, 'Chemotherapeutic suppression and prophylaxis of malaria: an experimental investigation undertaken by medical research teams in Australia', Trans. r. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1945, 38: 349; Sir Neil Cantlie, 'Health discipline', U.S. armed Forces med. J., 1950, i: 233-4.
87. 'The medical services with 2nd Division during operations for the capture of Kohima and the opening of the Diamapur-Kohima-Imphal Road, April-June 1944', p. 58, RAMC 814, CMAC.
88. F A E Crew, The army medical services. Campaigns, vol. 5, Burma, London, HMSO, 1966, p. 617.
89. Field-Marshal Sir William Slim, Defeat into victory, London, Cassell, 1956, p.180.
90. Green and Covell, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 159; Crew, op. cit., note 68 above, pp. 645-6.
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96. W Franklin Mellor (ed.), Medical history of the Second World War: casualties and medical statistics, London, HMSO, 1972, p. 389; 'Fourteenth Army, medical history of the Burma campaign, November 1944-May 1945', pp. 44-9, 71, RAMC 1117, CMAC.
97. Ziegler, op. cit., note 71 above, pp. 250-1.
98. Crew, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 647; 'The medical services with 2nd Division', p. 61, RAMC 814, CMAC.
99. Crew, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 647; 'The medical services with 2nd Division', p. 61, RAMC 814, CMAC.
100. Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint, and John Pritchard, Total war: the causes and courses of the Second World War, vol. 2, The greater east Asia and Pacific conflict, London, Penguin, 1989 edn, p. 534; George MacDonald Fraser, Quartered safe out here: a recollection of the war in Burma, London, Harvill, 1992, p. 162.
101. Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint, and John Pritchard, Total war: the causes and courses of the Second World War, vol. 2, The greater east Asia and Pacific conflict, London, Penguin, 1989 edn, p. 534; George MacDonald Fraser, Quartered safe out here: a recollection of the war in Burma, London, Harvill, 1992, p. 162.
102. Slim, op. cit., note 69 above, p. 354. B L Raina (ed.), Official history of the Indian armed forces medical services in the Second World War 1939-45. Medical services: campaigns in the eastern theatre, New Delhi, Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, India & Pakistan, 1964, forward by C C Kapila, DGAMS Indian Army.
103. Slim, op. cit., note 69 above, p. 354. B L Raina (ed.), Official history of the Indian armed forces medical services in the Second World War 1939-45. Medical services: campaigns in the eastern theatre, New Delhi, Combined Inter-Services Historical Section, India & Pakistan, 1964, forward by C C Kapila, DGAMS Indian Army.
104. League of Nations Health Organisation, Malaria Commission, Report of the malaria commission on its study tour in India (August 23rd to December 28th, 1929), Geneva, League of Nations, 1930, p. 51. On the introduction of Paris Green to Britain see J F M Clark, 'Eleanor Ormerod (1828-1901) as an economic entomologist: "pioneer of purity even more than of Paris Green'", Br. J. Hist. Sci., 1992, 25: 413-52.
105. League of Nations Health Organisation, Malaria Commission, Report of the malaria commission on its study tour in India (August 23rd to December 28th, 1929), Geneva, League of Nations, 1930, p. 51. On the introduction of Paris Green to Britain see J F M Clark, 'Eleanor Ormerod (1828-1901) as an economic entomologist: "pioneer of purity even more than of Paris Green'", Br. J. Hist. Sci., 1992, 25: 413-52.
106. Green and Covell, op. cit., note 63 above, pp. 160-1; J B Coates (ed.), Communicable disease, malaria. Medical department, U.S. army, preventive medicine in world war II, Washington, Office of the Surgeon General, Dept of the Army, 1952.
107. Green and Covell, op. cit., note 63 above, pp. 160-1; J B Coates (ed.), Communicable disease, malaria. Medical department, U.S. army, preventive medicine in world war II, Washington, Office of the Surgeon General, Dept of the Army, 1952.
108. C R S Harris, History of the Second World War. Allied military administration of Italy 1943-1945, London, HMSO, 1957, pp. 424-5; Union Jack, 4 May 1944, RAMC 651/3, CMAC.
109. C R S Harris, History of the Second World War. Allied military administration of Italy 1943-1945, London, HMSO, 1957, pp. 424-5; Union Jack, 4 May 1944, RAMC 651/3, CMAC.
110. Harris, op. cit., note 81 above, pp. 425-6; Covell papers: War diary, 7, 21, and 29 December 1943, RAMC 466/38; Medical circular, 11 December 1943, RAMC 466/36, CMAC; Thompson, 'Malaria control', pp. 9-10, WO 222/159, PRO.
111. Harris, op. cit., note 81 above, pp. 425-6; Covell papers: War diary, 7, 21, and 29 December 1943, RAMC 466/38; Medical circular, 11 December 1943, RAMC 466/36, CMAC; Thompson, 'Malaria control', pp. 9-10, WO 222/159, PRO.
112. Statistical report on the health of the army 1943-1945, London, UMSO, 1948, p.7, tables 234-5; Harris, op. cit., note 81 above, p. 426; 'Report on malaria in Italy, 24 January 1944', p. 1, RAMC 651/2, CMAC.
113. Statistical report on the health of the army 1943-1945, London, UMSO, 1948, p.7, tables 234-5; Harris, op. cit., note 81 above, p. 426; 'Report on malaria in Italy, 24 January 1944', p. 1, RAMC 651/2, CMAC.
114. Statistical report on the health of the army 1943-1945, London, UMSO, 1948, p.7, tables 234-5; Harris, op. cit., note 81 above, p. 426; 'Report on malaria in Italy, 24 January 1944', p. 1, RAMC 651/2, CMAC.
115. Crew, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 642; 'The medical services with 2nd Division', p. 58, RAMC 814, CMAC.
116. Crew, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 642; 'The medical services with 2nd Division', p. 58, RAMC 814, CMAC.
117. WIHM, RAMC 1237/2: Photo journal of 33 Indian Corps, RAMC 1237/2; 'History of the 12th Army from its formation on 28th May, 1945 to the end of operations, September 1945', p. 51, RAMC 1237/3, CMAC.
118. WIHM, RAMC 1237/2: Photo journal of 33 Indian Corps, RAMC 1237/2; 'History of the 12th Army from its formation on 28th May, 1945 to the end of operations, September 1945', p. 51, RAMC 1237/3, CMAC.
119. 'Fourteenth Army, medical history of the Burma campaign November 1944-May 1945', p. 68, RAMC 1117, CMAC.
120. 'Special Force. Report on the medical aspects of operations for the period 1943-4', by the DDMS, Col W J Officer, pt 4, pp. 8-10, RAMC 816, CMAC.
121. 'Report by Capt J S Donovan', RAMC 816, CMAC.
122. 'Some observations of a column medical officer', RAMC 816, CMAC.
123. 'Notes on the Report by the former DDMS', RAMC 816, CMAC.
124. Ibid., p.3.
125. 'Special Force', pt 6, p. 10, RAMC 816, CMAC.
126. 'Report on medical provisions for the Burma Field Force, 1943-45', RAMC 2021, CMAC.
127. Shelford Bidwell, The Chindit war: the campaign in Burma, 1944, London, Book Club Associates, 1979, p. 39.
128. Ibid., pp. 24, 39, 41, 62.
129. Crew, op. cit., note 68 above, p. 647.