Climate change, drought and desertification

Journal of Arid Environments

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 133-185

  Le Houérou, Henry N ^a  

^a NONE   (France)

Author keywords

arid lands; bioclimatology; desertization; drought mitigation; erosion; land degradation; land management; range management; vegetation depletion

Indexed keywords

ARID LAND; ARID LANDS; ARID REGION; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATIC CHANGE; DESERTIFICATION; DROUGHT; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION;

EID: 0030251329     PISSN: 01401963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jare.1996.0099     Document Type: Review

References (342)

1. Achard, F. & Chanono, M. (1995). Un systéme d'élevage performant bien adapté à l'aridité à Toukounous, dans le Sahel nigérien. Sècheresse, 6 (2): 215-222.
2. Acocks, J.P.H. (1952, 3rd Edn. 1988). Veld Types of South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture & Water Supply. 146 pp.
3. Aïdoud, A. (1989). Contribution à l'étude des écosystèmes pâturés (Hautes Plaines Algéro-Oranaises). PhD Thesis, Université des Sciences et Techniques. Alger: H. Boumediene. 240 pp.
4. Aïdoud, A. (1994). Pâturage et désertification des steppes arides en Algérie, cas de la steppe d'alfa (Stipa tenacissima L.). Paralelo 37°, 16: 33-42.
5. Allan, R. & Heathcote, R.L. (1987). The 1982-83 drought in Australia. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 19-23. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
6. Aronson, J., Floret, Ch., Le Floc'h, E., Ovalle, C. & Pontanier, R. (1993). Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems II: Case studies in Central Chile, Southern Tunisia and Northern Cameroon. Restoration Ecology, 1: 8-17.
7. Babaev, A.G., Kharin, N.G. & Orlovsky, N.S. (1993). Assessment and Mapping of Desertification Processes. A methodological guide. Ashgabat: Desert Research Institute Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan. 72 pp.
8. Bagnouls, F. & Gaussen, H. (1953). Saison sèche et indice xérothermique. Bulletin Société Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 88: 193-239.
9. Balling, R.C. (1993) Interactions of desertification and climate: some key concepts. International Panel of Experts on Desertification. Geneva: IPED/INCD. 10 pp. mimeo (unpubl.).
10. Balling, R.C. (1994a). Analysis of historical temperature and precipitation trends in the drylands of Mexico, the United States and Canada. Report to IPED/INCD. 8 pp. (unpubl.).
11. Balling, R.C. (1994e). Climate variations in drylands: an annotated bibliography of selected professional journal articles. Report to the International Panel of Experts on Desertification. Geneva: IPED/INCD. 33 pp. (unpubl.).
12. Barral, H. & 17 others (1983). Systèmes de production d'élevage au Sénégal dans la région du Ferlo. Maisons-Alfort: IEMVT/CIRAD. 172 pp.
13. Baumer, M. (1968). Ecologie et aménagement des pâturages au Kordofan (République du Soudan). Thèse Ingénieur-Docteur Faculté des Sciences, Université de Montpellier. 560 pp. mimeo.
14. Baumer, M. (1987). Agroforesterie et Désertification. Nairobi: ICRAF, and Wageningen: CTA. 260 pp.
15. Bedrani, S. (1994). La place des zones steppiques dans la politique agricole algérienne. Paralelo 37°, 16: 43-58.
16. Beer, S. (1986). The fixation of inorganic carbon in plant cells. In: Enoch, H.Z. & Kimball, B.A. (Eds), Carbon Dioxide Enrichment of Greenhouse Crops, Vol 2, Physiology, yield and economics, pp. 3-11. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
17. Berger, A.L., Guiot, J., Mathieu, L. & Munaut, A.V. (1979). Tree-rings and climate in Morocco. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 39: 61-75.
18. Bolin, B., Degens, E.T. & Kletner, P. (Eds) (1979). The Global Carbon Cycle. SCOPE, Study no. 13. Paris: ICSU. 491 pp.
19. Bonnefille, R. (1991). Forêts tropicales et changements climatiques passés et futurs. In: Réactions des êtres vivants aux changements de l'environnement, pp. 86-91. Paris: PIREN/CNRS.
20. Bonnefille, R. (1993). Afrique, paléoclimats et déforestation. Sècheresse, 4: 221-231.
21. Boudet, G. (1972). Desertification de l'Afrique tropicale sèche. Adansonia sér. 2, 12: 505-524.
22. Brandt, J., Thornes, J.B., Lopez-Bermudez, F. & Romero-Diaz, (1991). Recent rainfall variability in South East Spain and its implications for cereal growth. In: Proceedings of the EEC Conference on Mediterranean desertification, Florence. Brussels: EEC.
23. Budyko, M.I. (1958). The Heat Balance of the Earth. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Commerce. 259 pp.
24. Budyko, M.I. (1974). Climate and Life. New York: Academic Press. 608 pp.
25. Burgos, J.J. (1988). Impactos Socio-Economicos de las variaciones Climaticas Occuridas en la Region Pampeana. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Agronomia y Veterinaria, 43(14): 5-43.
26. Burgos, J.J. (1991). Escenarios del impacto economico social del cambio global del clima en la Republica Argentina. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Agronomia y Veterinaria, 45(9): 5-24.
27. Burgos, J.J., Fuenzalida Ponce, H. & Molion, L.C.B. (1991). Climate change predictions for South America. Climatic Change, 18: 223-239.
28. Cabrera, A.L. (1951). Esquema fitogeografico de la Republica Argentina. Revista del Museo de La Plata, (N.S.) 8: 87-168.
29. Cabrera, A.L. (1971). Fitogeografia de la Republica Argentina. Boletin Sociedad Botanica Argentina, 14(1-2): 1-42.
30. Canziani, O.F., Forte Lay, J.A. & Troha, A. (1990). Estacionalidad de las precipitaciones en el territorio continental Argentino. Buenos Aires: Centro de Investigaciones Biometeorologicas (CIBIOM-CONICET). 14 pp. mimeo.
31. Carlson, T.N. & Prospero, J.M. (1972). The large-scale movement of Saharan air outbreaks over the northern equatorial Atlantic. Applied Meteorology, 11: 283-297.
32. Castaneda, M.E. & Barros, V. (1994). Sobre las causas de las tendencias de la precipitacion en el cono sur de America al Este de los Andes. Buenos-Aires: Depto de las Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Faculdad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. 10 pp. mimeo.
33. Chao Sung Chiao (see also Zhao Songqiao) (1984a). The sand deserts and the Gobis of China. In: El Baz, F. (Ed.), Deserts and Arid Lands, pp. 95-113. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 222 pp.
34. Chao Sung Chiao (1984b). Analysis of desert terrain in China using Landsat imagery. In: El Baz, F. (Ed.), Deserts and Arid Lands, pp. 115-132. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 222 pp.
35. Charney, J. (1975). Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorology Society, 101: 193-202.
36. Charreau, C. & Vidal, P. (1965). Influence de l'Acacia albida Del. sur le sol, nutrition minérale et les rendements des mils Pennisatum au Senegal. L'Agronomie Tropicale, 6-7: 660-625.
37. Conte, M. (1993). Regional scale short term climatology. In: Medalus I, Final Report, pp. 1-16, London: Programme on Climate and Natural Hazards, EEC.
38. Corre, J.J. (1992). Implications des changements climatiques. Etude de cas: Le Golfe du Lion. In: Jeftic, L., Milliman, J.D. & Sestini, G. (Eds), Climate Change and the Mediterranean, pp. 328-427. London: Edward Arnold. 673 pp.
39. Coudé-Gaussen, G. (1991). Les Poussières Sahariennes. Montrouge, France: John Libbey Eurotext. 485 pp.
40. Courel, M.F. (1985). Etude de l'évolution récente des milieux sahéliens à partir des mesures fournies par les satellites. PhD thesis Lettres, Université de Paris I. 407 pp.
41. Courel, M.F., Kandel, R.S. & Rasool, S.I. (1984). Surface albedo and Sahel drought. Nature, 307 (3951): 528-531.
42. 2 on climate. Plant Cell & Environment, 8: 371-379.
43. Creus, J. (1992). Tendencia secula de la temperatura de Mayo en el Pirineo Oriental. Notes de Geofisica, 20-21: 41-49.
44. Creus, J. & Puigdefabregas, J. (1983). Climatologia historica y dendrocronologia de Pinus nigra. In: Blanco, A. (Ed.), Avances de Investigacion en Bioclimatologia, pp. 121-128. Zaragoza, Espana: CSIC.
45. Cunnington, W.M. & Rowntree, P.R. (1986). Simulation of the Saharan atmosphere-dependence on moisture and albedo. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorology Society, 112: 971-999.
46. Cure, J.D. & Ackocks, B. (1986). Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: a literature survey. Agriculture & Forestry Meteorology, 38: 127-145.
47. Daget, P. (1992). In: Corre, J.J. Implications des changements climatiques. Etude de cas: Le Golfe du Lion. In: Jeftic, L., Milliman, J.D. & Sestini, G. (Eds), Climatic Change and the Mediterranean, pp. 328-357. London: Edward Arnold. 673 pp.
48. Damagnez, J. & De Villèle, O. (1961). Les besoins en eau réels des cultures et les possibilités d'utilisation des réserves d' eau du sol en Tunisie. Influence de la salure. Annales Agronomiques, 12: 109-120.
49. Damagnez, J., Riou, Ch., De Villèle, O. & El Hammami, S. (1963). Problèmes d'évapotranspiration potentielle en Tunisie. Annales Agronomiques, 14: 543-558.
50. Darkoh, M.B.K. (1989). Combating Desertification in the Southern African Region, an Updated Regional Assessment. Nairobi: UNEP. 371 pp.
51. Dean, W.R.S. & McDonald, I.A.W. (1994). Historical changes in stocking rates of domestic livestock as a measure of semi-arid and arid rangeland degradation in the Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments, 28: 281-298.
52. Dean, W.R.S., Hoffman, M.T., Meadows, M.E. & Milton, S.J. (1995). Desertification in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa: Review and reassessment. Journal of Arid Environments, 30: 247-264.
53. Demarcq, H., Citeau, J. & Mahé, G. (1988). Restitution de la températion de surface de la mer à partir du satellite METEOSAT II. In: VIIth Meeting EUMETSAT of Meteosat Scientific Users, Madrid 26-30 September, 1988, Madrid, Spain. 22 pp. (separate).
54. Depierre, D. & Gillet, H. (1971). Desertification de la zone sahélienne du Tchad. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 139: 2-25.
55. De Wispelaere, G. (1980). Les photographies aeriennes témoins de la dégradation du couvert ligneux dans un écosystème sahélien sénégalais. Influence de la proximité d'un forage. Cahiers ORSTOM, XVIII, 3-4: 155-166.
56. Douglas, A.E. (1919). Climatic Cycles and Tree Growth. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, publ. no. 289.
57. Downing, T.E., Mungai, D.N. & Muturi, H.R. (1988). Drought climatology and development of the climatic scenarios. In: Parry, M.L., Carter, T.R. & Konijn, N.T. (Eds), The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, Vol. 2, pp. 123-174. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Klüwer Academic Publications. 764 pp.
58. Dregne, H.E. (1983). Desertification of Arid Lands. New York: Harwood Academic Publisher. 242 pp.
59. Dudal, R. & Purnell, M.F. (1986). Land resources: salt affected soils. Reclamation & Revegetation Research, 5: 1-9.
60. Evenari, M., Shanan, L. & Tadmore, N. (1982) (1st Edn, 1971). The Negev, the Challenge of a Desert. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 437 pp.
61. Fahn, A., Wachs, N. & Ginzberg, C. (1963). Dendrochronological studies in the Negev. Israel Exploration Journal, 13: 291-299.
62. Floret, Ch. & Le Floc'h, E. (1972). Désertisation, dégradation et régénération de la végétation pastorale dans la Tunisie présaharienne. Séminaire National sur la Désertisation. Gabès, Tunis: INRAT. 11 pp. multigr.
63. Floret, Ch. & Le Floc'h, E. (1973). Production, sensibilité et évolution de la végétation et du milieu en Tunisie présaharienne, Doc. 71. Montpellier: CEFE, CNRS. 45 pp. mimeo.
64. Floret, Ch. & Pontanier, R. (1982). L'aridité en Tunisie Présaharienne. Travaux et Documents, no. 150. Paris: ORSTOM. 544 pp.
65. Floret, Ch. & Pontanier, R. (1984). Aridité climatique et aridité édaphique. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, Actualités Botaniques (2/3/4): 265-275.
66. Floret, Ch., Le Floc'h, E. & Pontanier, R. (1986). La désertisation en Tunisie présaharienne. In: Désert et Montagne au Maghreb, Hommage à J. Dresch. Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 41 (42): 291-326.
67. Floret, Ch., Le Houérou, H.N. & Pontanier, R. (1995). Climatic hazards and development. In: Di Castri, F. & Roy, J. (Eds), Time Scale and Biological Responses to Water Constraints. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mediterranean Ecosystems (MEDECOS V), Montpellier 1987, pp. 87-102. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing bv. 243 pp.
68. Folland, C.K., Palmer, T.N. & Parker, D.E. (1986). Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperature 1901-1985. Nature, 320: 602-607.
69. Folland, C.K., Karl, T.R. & Vinnikov, K.Y.A. (1990). Observed climate variations and change. In: Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, J.G. & Ephraums, J.J. (Eds), Climate Change, the IPCC Assessment, pp. 194-238. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 365 pp.
70. Folland, C.K., Karl, T.R., Nicholls, N., Nyenzi, B.S., Parker, D.E. & Vinnikov, K.Y.A. (1992). Observed climate variability and change. In: Houghton, J.T., Callander, B.A. & Varney, S.D.K. (Eds), Climate Change 1992, The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, pp. 135-170. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 200 pp.
71. Fontaine, B. (1991). Variations pluviométriques et connections climatiques: l'exemple des aires de moussons indienne et ouest-africaine. Sècheresse, 4: 259-264.
72. Fontaine, B. & Bigot, S. (1991). Modes de sècheresse ouest-africains et température de surface océanique. Veille Climatique Satellitaire, 38: 37-49.
73. Font Tullot, I. (1988). Historia del Clima en España. Madrid: Institute Nacional de Meteorologia. 296 pp.
74. Forte Lay, J.A., Quintela, R.M., Troha, A. & Suarez, S.D. (1987). Caracteristicas bioclimaticas de las regiones subhumedas-secas y semiaridas de la llanura y bosque pampeano centrales de la republica argentina. Revista Geofisca, 27: 119-133.
75. Forte Lay, J.A., Quintela, R.M. & Scarpati, O.E. (1989). Variacion de las caracteristicas hidrometeorologicas de la llanura pampeana argentina. Buenos Aires: Centro de Investigacion Biometeorologicas, CONICET. 6 pp. mimeo.
76. Fournier, F. (1960). Climat et Erosion. Paris: Presses Universitaire de France. 201 pp.
77. Fournier, F. (1972). Les Aspects de la Conservation des Sols dans les Différentes Régions Climatiques et Pédologiques de l'Europe. Paris: Conseil de l'Europe. 206 pp.
78. Fritts, H.C. (1965). Tree-ring evidence for climatic changes in western North America. Monthly Weather Review, 93: 421-443.
79. Fritts, H.C. (1976). Tree Rings and Climate. New York: Academic Press. 567 pp.
80. Gadgil, S., Huda, A.K.S., Jodha, N.S., Singh, R.P. & Virmani, S.M. (1988). The effects of climatic variation on agriculture in dry tropical regions of India. In: Parry, M.L., Carter, T.R. & Konijn, N.T. (Eds), The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, Vol. 2, pp. 497-578. Dordrecht: Klüwer Academic Publications. 764 pp.
81. Gasques, J.G. & Magalhes, A.R. (1987). Climatic anomalies and their impact in Brazil during the 1982-83 ENSO event. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 30-36. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
82. Gaston, A. (1981). La végétation du Tchad, évolutions récentes sous les influences climatiques et humaines. PhD thesis, Université Paris XII. Maisons-Alfort: IEMVT. 333 pp.
83. Glantz, M. (1976). Nine fallacies of natural disaster: the case of the Sahel drought. In: Glantz, M. (Ed.), The Politics of Natural Disaster, pp. 3-24. New York: Praeger. 340 pp.
84. Glantz, M. (1987). Impacts of the 1982-83 climate anomalies in the west african Sahel. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 62-64. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
85. Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds) (1987). The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
86. Glasovsky, N.F. (1990). The Aral Crisis. Moskow: Nauka Publications. 135 pp.
87. Gornitz, V. & NASA, (1985). A survey of anthropogenic vegetation changes in West Africa during the last century - climatic implications. Climatic Change, 7: 285-325.
88. Goudie, A.S. (1994). Deserts in a warmer world. In: Millington, A.C. & Pye, K. (Eds), Environmental Change in Drylands: bio-geographical and geomorphological perspectives, pp. 1-24. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
89. Goudie, A.S. & Middleton, N.J. (1992). The changing frequency of dust storms trough time. Climatic Change, 20: 197-225.
90. Grainger, A. (1990). The Threatening Desert. Controlling desertification. London: Earthscan, and Nairobi: UNEP. 369 pp.
91. Griffiths, J.G. (1972). Report on the climatology of S-W Spain. Rome: Plant Production Division, FAO. 16 pp. multigraph.
92. Grouzis, M. (1988). Structure, productivité et dynamique des systèmes écologiques sahéliens (Mare d'Oursi, Burkina-Faso). Etudes et Thèses. Paris: ORSTOM. 336 pp.
93. Guiot, J. (1990). The combination of historical documents and biological data in the reconstruction of climate variations in space and time. Paleoclimate Research, Special issue, Project European Paleoclimate and Man, 2, Frenzel, B., Pfister, C. & Gläser, G. (Eds), pp. 93-104.
94. Hare, F.K. & Ogallo, L.A.J. (1993). Climate variations, drought and desertification. Report to WMO. Geneva: WMO.
95. Harsh, L.N. (1994). Climate change and desertification in the Thar Desert, a regional report. Jodhpur: Central Arid Zone Research Institute. 35 pp. mimeo.
96. Hastenrath, S. & Lamb, P.J. (1977). Some aspects of circulation and climate over the eastern Atlantic. Monthly Weather Review, 105: 1019-1023.
97. Haywood, M. (1981). Evolution de l'utilisation des terres et de la végétation dans la zone soudano-sahélienne du projet CIPEA au Mali. Addis Abéba: CIPEA/ILCA. 187 pp. mimeo.
98. Henderson-Sellers, A. (1980). Albedo changes-surface surveillance from satellites. Climatic Change, 2: 275-281.
99. Hiernaux, P. (1993). The crisis of Sahelian pastoralism: ecological or economic? Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). 15 pp.
100. Hirst, A.C. & Hastenrath, S. (1983). Diagnosis of hydrometeorological anomalies in the Zaïre (Congo) basin. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorology Society, 109: 881-892.
101. Hobbs, J., Andersen, J.R., Dillon, J.L. & Harris, H. (1988). The effects of climatic variation on agriculture in the Australian wheatbelt. In: Parry, M.L., Carter, T.R. & Konijn, N.T. (Eds), The Impact of Climatic Variation on Agriculture, Vol. 2, pp. 667-757. Dordrecht: Klüwer Academic Publications. 764 pp.
102. Hoffmann, J.A.J. (1990). De las variaciones de la temperatura del aire en la Argentina y estaciones de la zona subantartica adyacante, desde 1903 hasta 1989 inclusive. Acta de la primera conferencia Latino-Americana sobre Geofisica, Geodesia e Investigacion Espacial Antarticas. Buenos Aires: Centro Latino-Americano de Fisica. 27 pp.
103. Hoffman, M.T. & Cowling, R.M. (1990). Vegetation change in the semi-arid eastern Karoo over the last 200 years: an expanding Karoo, fact or fiction? South Africa Journal of Science, 86: 462-463.
104. Hoffman, M.T., Milton, S., Roux, P.W. & Palmer, A.R. (1994). Report to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on Climate Change and Desertification in South Africa. Cape Town: National Botanical Institute, Claremont. 27 pp. mimeo.
105. Holdridge, L.R. & Tosi, J.A. (1967). Life Zone Ecology (Revised Edn.) San Jose, Costa-Rica: Tropical Science Center. 206 pp.
106. Houghton, R.A. (1986). Estimating changes in carbon content of terrestrial ecosystems from historical data. In: Trabalka, J.R. & Reichle, D.E. (Eds), The Changing Carbon Cycle, Global Analysis, pp. 175-193. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. 592 pp.
107. Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J. & Ephraums, J.J. (1990). Climate Change the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 365 pp.
108. Houghton, J.T., Callander, B.A. & Varney, S.K. (1992). Climate Change, 1992: the supplementary report to IPCC Scientific Assessment. London: Cambridge University Press. 200 pp.
109. Hudson, N.W. (1987). Soil and water conservation in semi-arid areas. FAO Soils Bulletin no.57. Rome: FAO. 172 pp.
110. Hulme, M. (1989). Is environmental degradation causing drought in the Sahel? An assessment from recent empirical research. Geography, 74: 38-46.
111. Hulme, M. (1992). Rainfall changes in Africa: 1931-1960 to 1961-1990. International Journal of Climatology, 12: 684-699.
112. Hulme, M. & Kelly, M. (1993). Exploring the links between desertification and climate change. Environment, 35 (6): 4-11, 39-45.
113. ICCD (1994). International Convention to Combat Desertification. New York: United Nations General Assembly. 61 pp.
114. Idso, S.B. (1977). A note on some recently proposed mechanisms of genesis of deserts. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorology Society, 103: 369-370.
115. Idso, S.B. (1980a). The climatological significance of a doubling of earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Science, 207: 1462.
116. Idso, S.B. (1980b). Carbon dioxide and climate (reply to Schneider et al., 1980 and Leovy, 1980). Science, 210: 7.
117. Idso, S.B. (1989). Carbon Dioxide and Global Change: earth in transition. Institute of Biospheric Research. Tempe, AZ: IBR Press. 292 pp.
118. 2 concentration. Climatology Publications, Scientific Paper no. 17. Tempe: Laboratory of Climatology, University of Arizona.
119. 2 enrichment on plant growth: the interactive role of air temperature. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 20: 1-10.
120. IPED/INCD/ICCD (1994). International panel of experts to the International Negotiating Committee for a convention to combat desertification. Final report. Geneva: UN. 65 pp. mimeo.
121. Jackson, R.D. & Idso, S.B. (1975). Surface albedo and desertification. Science, 189: 1012-1013.
122. Jacoby, G.C. (1989). Overview of tree-ring analysis in tropical regions. IAWA Bulletin (N.S.), 10 (2): 99-108.
123. Janicot, S. (1990). Deux facteurs principaux impliqués dans la sècheresse au Sahel. Veille Climatique Satellitaire, 32: 24-33.
124. Janicot, S. & Fontaine, B. (1990). L'évolution des idées sur la variabilité inter-annuelle récente des précipitations en Afrique de l'Ouest. La Météorologie, 1: 28-53.
125. 2 level and water stress on growth and physiology of two species of chaparral shrubs. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, San Antonio Tex., 4-8 Aug., 1991. Ecological Society of America. (in press).
126. Joffre, R. & Rambal, S. (1993). How tree cover influences water balance in mediterranean rangelands. Ecology, 74: 570-582.
127. Jones, P.D., Raper, S.C.B., Bradley, R.S., Diaz, H.F., Kelley, P.M. & Wigley, T.M.L. (1986a). Northern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature variations 1851-1984. Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology, 25: 161-179.
128. Jones, P.D., Raper, S.C.B. & Wigley, T.M.L. (1986b). Southern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature Variation 1851-1984. Journal of Climatology and Applied Meteorology, 25: 1213-1230.
129. Jones, P.D., Wigley, T.M.L., Folland, C.K. & Parker, D.E. (1988). Spatial patterns in recent worldwide temperature trends. Climate Monthly, 16: 175-185.
130. Jury, M.R. & Levey, K. (1993). The eastern Cape drought. Water S.A., 19 (2): 133-137.
131. Jury, M.R. & Pathack, B.M.R. (1993). Composite climatic patterns associated with extreme modes of summer rainfall over South Africa: 1975-1984. Theory & Applied Climatology, 47: 137-145.
132. Kadomura, H. (Ed.) (1989). Savannization Processes in Tropical Africa. Tokyo: Department of Geography Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, and Lusaka: Zambia Geographical Association. 230 pp.
133. Kadomura, H. (1992). Climate change in the West African Sahel-Sudan zone since the Little Ice Age. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Little Ice Age Climate, pp. 40-45, Tokyo University.
134. Kadomura, H. (1993). Climatic changes, droughts, desertification and land degradation in the Sudano-Sahelian region: A historico-geographical perspective, Report to IPED. Geneva: WMO. 25 pp.
135. Katsnelson, J. (1964). The variability of annual precipitation in Palestine. Archiv für Meteorologie Geophysiks und Bioclimatologie, ser B, 13: 163-172.
136. Kharin, N.G. (1994). Climate change and desertification in Central Asia. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan: Desert Research Institute. 13 pp. mimeo.
137. Kharin, H.N., Kalenov, G.S. & Kurochkin, V.A. (1993). Map of human induced land degradation in the Aral Sea Basin. Desertification Control Bulletin, 23: 24-28.
138. Kimball, B.A. (1985). Adaptation and management practices to a high carbon dioxide world. In: Strain, B.R. & Cure, J.D. (Eds), Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation, pp. 185-204. DOE/ER-0238. Washington D.C.: Department of Energy.
139. 2 on crop yield. In: Enoch, H.Z. & Kimball, B.A. (Eds), Carbon Dioxide Enrichment of Greenhouse Crops, Vol. 2, Physiology, yield and economics, pp. 105-115. Boca Raton, EL: CRC Press.
140. 2: Effects on crop yield, water-use and climate. Agriculture Water Management, 7: 55-72.
141. 2 on vegetation. Vegetatio, 104-105: 65-75.
142. Kinuthia, J.H., Munah, P.D. & Kahoro, C.F.K. (1993). Temperature curves and rainfall trends in Kenya during the last 50 years. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the African Meteorological Society, pp. 164-195. Nairobi: African Meteorological Society.
143. Klein, C. (1961). On the fluctuations of the level of the Dead Sea since the beginning of the 19th century. Paper no.7. Jerusalem: Hydrological Service of Israel. 3 pp. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 23: 171-172.
144. Kovda, V.A. (1964). Origin and Regime of Saline Soils of the USSR. Moscow: Nauka. 274 pp.
145. Kovda, V.A. (1977). Arid land irrigation and soil fertility problems of salinity, alkalinity and compaction. In: Kovda, V.A. (Ed.), Arid Land Irrigation in Developing Countries, pp. 211-235. New York: Pergamon Press.
146. Kovda, V.A. (1980). Land Aridization and Drought Control. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 277 pp.
147. Kovda, V.A. (1983). Loss of productive land due to salinization. Ambio, 12: 91-93.
148. Krishnan, A. (1977). A climatic analysis of the arid zone of North-West India. In: Desertification and its control, pp. 42-57. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 358 pp.
149. Kukla, G.J. & 8 others (1977). New data on climatic trends. Nature, 270: 573-580.
150. Labraga, J.C. (1994). Evolution of mean annual temperature in locations of Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina. Puerto-Madryn: CONICET, Centro Patagonico. 5 graphs. (unpublished).
151. Lal, R. (1988). Soil Erosion Research Methods. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil & Water Conservation Association. 244 pp.
152. Lamb, H.H. (1965). The medieval warm epoch and its sequel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1: 13-37.
153. Lamb, H.H. (1966). The Changing Climate. London: Methuen. 236 pp.
154. Lamb, H.H. (1977). Climate: past, present, future. 2 vols. London: Methuen. 835 pp.
155. Lamb, H.H. (1988). Climate and life during the Middle Ages, studied especially in the mountains of Europe. In: Lamb, H.H. (Ed), Weather, Climate and Human Affairs, pp. 40-74. London: Routledge.
156. Lamprey, H.F. (1975). Report on the desert encroachment reconnaissance in northern Sudan. Nairobi: UNEP. 14 pp. mimeo.
157. Lare, A.R. & Nicholson, S.E. (1990). A climatonomic description of the surface energy balance in the central Sahel. Part I: Shortwave radiation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 29: 123-137.
158. Laval, K. (1986). General circulation model experiments with surface albedo changes. Climatic Change, 9: 91-102.
159. Le Houérou, H.N. (1959). Recherches écologiques et floristiques sur la végétation de la Tunisie méridionale. 3 vols., mém. h.s. no.6. Alger: Institut de Recherches Sahariennes de l'Université d'Alger. 520 pp.
160. Le Houérou, H.N. (1962a). Recherches sur les caractères hydriques des sols de Sologne et leurs rapports avec la composition du tapis végétal. Montpellier: Archives CEFE/CNRS. 131 pp.
161. Le Houérou, H.N. (1962b). Les pâturages naturels de la Tunisie aride et désertique. Paris-Tunis: Institut des Sciences Economiques Appliquées. 118 pp.
162. Le Houérou, H.N. (1968). La désertisation du Sahara septentrional et des steppes limitrophes. Annales Algériennes de Géographie, 6: 2-27.
163. Le Houérou, H.N. (1969). La végétation de la Tunise steppique, avec références aux végétations analogues de l'Algérie de la Libye et du Maroc. Annales de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, 42(5): 1-624.
164. Le Houérou, H.N. (1972). L'ecologia vegetale nella regione mediterranea. Parte 1: I fattori climatici. Minerva Biologica, 3: 123-134.
165. Le Houérou, H.N. (1976). The nature and causes of desertization. Arid Zone Newsletter, 3: 1-7. Tucson: Office of Arid Land Studies, University of Arizona.
166. Le Houérou, H.N. (1977). Biological recovery vs desertization. Economic Geography, 53: 413-420.
167. Le Houérou, H.N. (1979a). In: Rôle de l'homme dans l'évolution du milieu au Méma pendant l'ancien royaume du Ghana. Bamako, Mali: CIPEA. 20 pp.
168. Le Houérou, H.N. (1979b). La désertisation des régions arides. La Recherche, 99 (10): 336-344.
169. Le Houérou, H.N. (1980a). The rangelands of the Sahel. Journal of Range Management, 33: 41-46.
170. Le Houérou, H.N. (Ed.) (1980b). Browse in Africa, the current state of knowledge. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). 491 pp.
171. Le Houérou, H.N. (1984). Rain-use efficiency a unifying concept in arid land ecology. Journal of Arid Environments, 7: 213-247.
172. Le Houérou, H.N. (1985). The impact of climate on pastoralism. In: Kates, R.W., Ausubel, J.H. & Berberian, M. (Eds), Climate Impact Assessment, SCOPE study no.27, pp. 155-185. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 625 pp.
173. Le Houérou, H.N. (1986). Salt-tolerant plants of economic value in the Mediterranean Basin. Reclamation and Revegetation Research, 5: 319-341.
174. Le Houérou, H.N. (1987a). Aspects météorologiques de la croissance et du développement végétal dans les déserts et les zones menacées de désertisation, WMO/TD no.194. Geneva: WMO, and Nairobi: UNEP. 59 pp.
175. Le Houérou, H.N. (1987b). Aperçu écologique des déserts chinois. Compte-Rendu de la Société de Biogéographie, 63: 35-69.
176. Le Houérou, H.N. (1989a). Classification écoclimatique des zones arides du Nord de l'Afrique. Ecologia Mediterranea, XV (3-4): 95-144.
177. Le Houérou, H.N. (1989b). The Grazing Land Ecosystems of the African Sahel. (Ecological Studies, no.75.) Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 287 pp.
178. Le Houérou, H.N. (1989c). La variabilité de la pluviosité annuelle dans quelques régions arides du monde; ses conséquences écologiques. In: Bret, B. (Ed.), Les Hommes face aux Sècheresses: Nordeste Brésilien et Sahel Africain, Travaux et Mémoires, no. 42, pp. 127-137. Paris: Institut d'Hautes Etudes de l'Amérique Latine. 422 pp.
179. Le Houérou, H.N. (1989d). Interannual variability in rainfall and its ecological and managerial consequences on natural vegetation, crops and livestock. In: Di Castri, F., Floret, Ch. & Roy, J. (Eds), Time Scale and Water Stress, Proceedings of the Vth International Conference on Mediterranean Ecosystem (MEDECOS V), pp. 323-346. Paris: International Union of Biological Sciences. 678 pp.
180. Le Houérou, H.N. (1990). Définition et limites bioclimatiques du Sahara. Sècheresse, 1 (4): 246-259.
181. Le Houérou, H.N. (1991). La Méditerrannée en l'an 2050: impacts respectifs d'une éventuelle évolution climatique et de la démographie sur la végétation, les écosystèmes et l'utilisation des terres. Etude prospective. La Météorologie, VII Série, 36: 4-37.
182. Le Houérou, H.N. (1992a). An overview of vegetation and land degradation in world arid lands. In: Dregne, H.E. (Ed.), Degradation and Restoration of Arid Lands, pp. 127-163. Lubbock: International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Studies (ICASALS), Texas Tech University. 289 pp.
183. Le Houérou, H.N. (1992b). Relations entre la variabilité des précipitations et celle des productions primaire et secondaire en zone aride. In: Le Floc'h, E., Grouzis, M., Cornet, A. & Bille, J.C. (Eds), L'aridité, une contrainte au développement, pp. 197-220. Collections Didactiques. Paris: ORSTOM. 597 pp.
184. Le Houérou, H.N. (1992c). Climatic change and desertization. Impact of Science on Societies, 116: 183-201.
185. Le Houérou, H.N. (1993). Changements climatiques et désertisation. Sècheresse, 4: 95-111.
186. Le Houérou, H.N. (1994a). Drought-tolerant and water-efficient fodder shrubs (DTFS), their role as a 'drought-insurance' in the agricultural development of arid and semi-arid zone in Southern Africa. Report to the Water Research Commission of South Africa. Report no. KV 65/94. Pretoria, SA: Water Research Commission, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Supply. 139 pp.
187. Le Houérou, H.N. (1994b). Water development and desertization. Geneva: IPED/INCD. 8pp. mimeo.
188. Le Houérou, H.N. (1995a). Dégradation, régénération et mise en valeur des terres sèches d'Afrique. In: Pontanier, R., Le Floc'h, E., M'Hiri, A., Akrimi, N. & Aronson, J. (Eds), Restauration et Réhabilitation des Terres Arides, pp. 65-102. Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext. 462 pp.
189. Le Houérou, H.N. (1995b). The Sahara from the bioclimatic view point. Definition and limits. Annals of Arid Zone, 34 (1): 1-16.
190. Le Houérou, H.N. (1996). Drought-tolerant and water-efficient trees and shrubs (Trubs) for the rehabilitation of tropical and subtropical arid lands, with particular reference to Africa and Asia. Land Husbandry, 1 (1): 43-64.
191. Le Houérou, H.N. & Hoste, C.H. (1977). Rangeland production and annual rainfall relations in the Mediterranean Basin and in the African Sahelian and Sudanian zones. Journal of Range Management, 30: 181-189.
192. Le Houérou, H.N. & Norwine, J.R. (1985). The ecoclimatology of South Texas. In: Whitehead, E.E., Hutchinson, C.F., Timmerman, B.N. & Varady, R.G. (Eds), Arid Lands Today and Tomorrow, pp. 417-443. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1435 pp.
193. Le Houérou, H.N. & Pontanier, R. (1987). Les plantations sylvo-pastorales dans les régions arides de la Tunisie. Note Technique du MAB, no.18. Paris: UNESCO. 81 pp.
194. Le Houérou, H.N. & Popov, G.F. (1981). An ecodimatic classification of inter-tropical Africa. Plant Production Paper no.31. Rome: FAO. 41 pp.
195. Le Houérou, H.N., Claudin, J., Haywood, M. & Donadieu, P. (1975). Etude Phytoécologique du Hodna (Algérie). Rome: AGO, FAO. 154 pp.
196. Le Houérou, H.N., Bingham, R.E. & Skerbek, W. (1988). The relationship between the variability of primary production and the variability of annual precipitation in world arid lands. Journal of Arid Environments, 13: 1-18.
197. Le Houérou, H.N., Popov, G.F. & See, L. (1993). Agrobioclimatic classification of Africa. Agrometeorology Series, Working Paper no.6. Rome: FAO. 227 pp.
198. 2 and Plants: the response of plants to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 280 pp.
199. Le Roy Ladurie, E. (1967). Histoire du Climat depuis l'An Mil. Paris: Flammarion, édit. 378 pp.
200. Liphschitz, N. & Waisel, Y. (1973). Dendroarchaeological investigations in Israel. Israel Exploration Journal, 23: 30-37.
201. Liu Shu (1984). Application of ecological principles to rehabilitation of desertified lands, as examplified by the arid steppes in Eastern Mongolia. Lanzhou: Institute of Desert Research, Academia Sinica. 16 pp. mimeo.
202. Long, G.A., Lacaze, B., Debussche, G., Floret, Ch., Le Floc'h, E. & Pontanier, R. (1978). Contribution à l'analyse écologique des zones arides de Tunisie avec l'aide des données de la télé détection spatiale. Montpellier: CEFE/CNRS. 222 pp.
203. Lopez-Bermudez, F. (1990). Soil erosion by water on the desertification of a semi-arid Mediterranean fluvial basin: the Segura Basin. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environments, 33 (2): 129-145.
204. Lopez-Bermudez, F., Romero-Diaz, A., Fisher, G., Francis, C. & Thornes, J.B. (1984). Erosion y ecologia en la Espana semi-arida (Cuenca de Mula, Murcia). Cuademos de Investigaciones Geograficas, 10 (1-2): 113-126.
205. Lusigi, W. (1981). Combatting desertification and rehabilitating degraded production systems in Northern Kenya. IPAL Techn. Report A-4, MAB Project no.3, Impact of Human activities and land-use practices on grazing lands. Paris: UNESCO. 141 pp.
206. Mabbutt, J.A. (1978). Desertification in Australia. Report no.4. Canberra: Water Research Foundation of Australia. 127 pp.
207. Mabbutt, J.A. (1984). A new global assessment of the status and trends of desertification. Environmental Conservation, 11: 103-113.
208. Mabbutt, J.A. (1986). Desertification indicators. Climate Change, 9: 113-122.
209. Mabbutt, J.A. & Floret, Ch. (1983). Etudes de cas sur la desertification. Recherches sur les Ressources Naturelles XVIII. Paris: UNESCO. 291 pp.
210. Magalhes, A.R., Filho, H.C., Garagorry, F.L., Gasques, J.G., Molion, L.C.B., Neto, M., de S.A. Nobre, C.A., Porto, E.R. & Rebouças, O.E. (1988). The effects of climatic variations on Agriculture in Northeast Brazil. In: Parry, M.L., Carter, T.R. & Konijn, N.T. (Eds), The Impacts of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, Vol. 2, pp. 273-380. Dordrecht: Klüwer Academic Publications. 764 pp.
211. Mahé, G. (1993). Les écoulements fluviaux sur la façade atlantique de l'Afrique. Collection Etudes et Thèses. Paris: ORSTOM Edit. 438 pp.
212. Mahé, G., Demarcq, H. & Citeau, J. (1993). Intensity of the equatorial atlantic upwelling from 1854 to 1990. Journal of Climate (in press).
213. Maheras, P. (1988). Changes in precipitation conditions in western Mediterranean over the last century. Journal of Climatology, 8: 179-189.
214. Mainguet, M. (1984). Le vent: mécanismes d'érosion, de dégradation, de désertification. Travaux de l'Institut de Géographie de Reims, (59-60): 3-142.
215. Mainguet, M. (1991). Desertification. Natural background and human mismanagement. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 306 pp.
216. Mainguet, M. & Canon, L. (1976). Vents et paléovents du Sahara: tentative d'approche paléoclimatique. Revue de Géographie Physique et de Géologie Dynamique (2), 18 (2-3): 241-250.
217. Mainguet, M. & Glasovsky, N.F. (1992). Le Bassin de l'Aral: quelques aspects d'un désert écologique. Sècheresse, 3(3): 143-154.
218. Maley, J. (1981). Etudes palynologiques dans le bassin du Tchad et paléoclimatologie de l'Afrique Nord-Tropicale de -30 000 ans à l'époque actuelle. Mémoires & Documents, no. 129. Paris: ORSTOM, 586 pp.
219. Maley, J. (1989a). Chronologie des principales fluctuations du Lac Tchad au cours du dernier millénaire. In: Barretau, D. & Von Graffenried, C. (Eds), Datation et chronologie dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad, Comptes Rendus du Séminaire Mega-Tchad, pp. 161-163. Paris: ORSTOM.
220. Maley, J. (1989b). L'importance de la tradition orale et des données historiques pour la reconstitution paléoclimatique du dernier millénaire sur l'Afrique nord-tropicale. In: Sud Sahara-Nord Sahel, pp. 53-57. Abidjan: Centre Culturel Français, édit. 277 pp.
221. Malingreau, J.P. (1987). The 1982-83 drought in Indonesia: Assessment and monitoring. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Climate Anomalies, pp. 11-18. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
222. Mann, H.S. & Saxena, S.K. (1980). Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) in the India Desert. Its role in Agroforestry, CAZRI, Monograph no.11. Jodhpur: Central Arid Zone Research Institute. 83 pp.
223. Mather, J.R. (1974). Climatology Fundamentals and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. 412 pp.
224. McKenney, M.S. & Rosenberg, N.J. (1993). Sensitivity of some potential evapotranspiration estimation methods to climate change. Agriculture & Forest Meteorology, 64: 83-110.
225. Meher-Homji, V.M. (1977). The arid zones of India: Bioclimatic and vegetational aspects. In: Jaiswal, J.L., (Ed.), Desertification and its Control, pp. 160-175. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agriculture Research. 358 pp.
226. Mendes, J.C. (1993). Local scale microclimatology and time series analysis. Medalus I final report, pp. 17-38. London: Programme on Climate and Natural Hazards, EEC.
227. Middleton, N.J. (1986). Dust storms in the Middle East. Journal of Arid Environments, 10: 83-96.
228. Milton, S., Dean, W.R.J., Du Plessis, M.A. & Siegfried, W.R. (1994). A conceptual model of rangeland degradation the escalating cost of declining productivity. Bioscience, 44: 71-76.
229. Monteith, J.L. (1964). Evaporation and environment. Experimental Biology, 19: 205-234.
230. Monteith, J.L. (1973). Principles of Environmental Physics. London: Edward Arnold. 241 pp.
231. 2 concentration. Bioscience, 41: 96-104.
232. Morales, C. (Ed.) (1979). Saharan Dust: mobilization, transport, deposition. SCOPE Report no.14. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 297 pp.
233. Morel, R. (1992). Atlas agroclimatique des pays de la zone du CILSS. 11 volumes, notice et commentaires. Niamey: AGRHYMET. approx. 5000 pp.
234. 2. Plant, Cell & Environment, 8: 467-474.
235. 2. In: Zeiger, E., Farquhar, G.D. & Cowan, I.R. (Eds), Stomatal Function, pp. 229-251. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
236. 2 enrichment on photosynthesis, photorespiration, carbo-hydrate content and growth of Chrysanthemum moriflorum Rawat. Medlinger fra Norges Landbrukshogskole, 62 (12): 1-11.
237. Movia, C.P. (1972). Formas de erosion eolica en la Patagonia. Photointerprêtation, 6/3. Paris: Editions Technip.
238. Mühlenbruch-Tegen, A. (1992). Long term surface temperature variations in South Africa. South Africa Journal of Science, 88: 197-205.
239. Munaut, A.V., Berger, A.L., Guiot, J. & Mathieu, L. (1978). Dendrochronological studies on cedars in Morocco. In: Evolution des amosphères planétaires et climatologie de la terre. Nice: Centre d'Etudes Spatiales. 8 pp. mimeo.
240. Muturi, H.R. (1994). Temperature and rainfall trends in Kenya during the last 50 years. Nairobi: Department of Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology and Training. 15 pp. mimeo.
241. Naciri, M. (1990). Calamités naturelles et fatalité historique. Sècheresse, 1 (1): 11-16.
242. Nègre, R. (1959). Recherches phytogéographiques sur l'étage de végétation aride (sous-étage chaud) au Maroc Occidental. Travaux Institute Scientifique Chérifien série Botanique, 13: 386.
243. Nicholls, N. (1987). The El Nino/Southern Oscillation Phenomenon. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 2-10. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research. 105 pp.
244. Nicholls, N., Gruza, G., Jouzel, J., Karl, T., Ogallo, L. & Parker, D. (1994). Observed climate variability and change in IPCC second scientific assessment of climate change, Ch.7. Draft. Melbourne, Australia: Bureaux of Meteorology Research Centre. 168 pp.
245. Nicholson, S.E. (1993). An overview of African rainfall fluctuations of the last decades. Journal of Climate, 6: 1463-1466.
246. Nicholson, S.E. & Entekhabi, D. (1985). The quasi-periodic behavior of rainfall; variability in Africa and its relationship to the Southern Oscillation. Archiv für Meteorology Geophysiks und Bioclimatologie (ser.A), 34: 311-348.
247. Nicholson, S.E., Jeeyong, K. & Hoopingarner, J. (1988). Atlas of African rainfall and its annual variability. Tallahassee: Florida State University, Dept of Meteorology. 237 plates.
248. Nobel, P.S. (1988). Environmental Biology of Agaves and Cacti. London, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 270 pp.
249. Norton, C.C., Mosher, F.R. & Hinton, B. (1979). An investigation of surface albedo variation during the recent Sahel drought. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 18: 1252-1262.
250. Odingo, R.S. (Ed.) (1990). Desertification Revisited. Nairobi: UNEP. 344 pp.
251. Oechel, W.C. & Strain, B.R. (1985). Native species response to increased carbon dioxide concentration. In: Strain, B.R. & Cure, J.D., (Eds), Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation, pp. 117-154. Springfield, VA: DOE/NTIS.
252. 2 in chaparral and Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In: Moreno, J.M. & Oechel, W.C. (Eds), Anticipated Effects of a Changing Global Environment on Mediterranean-type Ecosystems. New York: Springer-Verlag, (in press).
253. Ogallo, L.A.J. (1979). Rainfall variability in Africa. Monthly Weather Review, 107: 133-1139.
254. Ogallo, L.A.J. (1987). Impacts of the 1982-83 ENSO event on Eastern and Southern Africa. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 55-61. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
255. Ogallo, L.A.J. (1989a). Relationships between seasonal rainfall in East Africa and the Southern Oscillation. Journal of Climatology, 8: 41-43.
256. Ogallo, L.A.J. (1989b). The spatial and temporal patterns of the East African seasonal rainfall derived from principal component analysis. International Journal of Climatology, 9: 145-167.
257. Oguntoyimbo, J.S.D. (1986). Drought prediction. Climatic Change, 9: 79-90.
258. Oldeman, L.R., Hakkeling, R.T.A. & Sombroek, W.G. (1990). World map of status of human-induced soil degradation. An explanatory note. Wageningen: ISRIC, and Nairobi: UNEP. 27 pp.
259. Onate Rubalcaba, J.J. (1993). Caracterizacion de los cambios climaticos en la Peninsula Iberica y Canarias desde principios de siglo. Madrid: Inf. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. 693 pp.
260. Otterman, J. (1974). Baring high albedo soils by overgrazing: an hypothesized desertification mechanism. Science, 189: 1013-1015.
261. Pabot, H. (1962). Comment briser le cercle vicieux de la désertification dans les régions sèches d'Orient. Rome: FAO. 6 pp. multigraph.
262. Palmer, A.R., Hobson, C.G. & Hoffman, M.T. (1990). Vegetation change in semi-arid succulent dwarf shrubland in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. South Africa Journal of Science, 86: 392-396.
263. Palutikof, J.P. (1993). Climate data management and provision. Medalus I Final Report, pp. 44-96. London: Programme on Climate and Natural Hazards, EEC.
264. Palutikof, J.P., Guo, X., Wigley, T.M.L. & Gregory, J.M. (1992). Regional changes in climate in the Mediterranean Basin due to global greenhouse gas warming. MAP Technology Report Ser. no.66, Mediterranean Action Plan. Athens: UNEP, and University of East Anglia: Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences. 171 pp.
265. Parry, M.L. (1990). Climate Change and World Agriculture. London: Earthscan. 157 pp.
266. Parry, M.L., Carter, T.R. & Konijn, N.T. (Eds) (1988). The Impacts of Climatic Variations on Agriculture. 2 vols. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Klüwer Academic Publications. 876 & 764 pp.
267. Pearse, C.K. (1970). Range deterioration in the Middle East. In: Proceedings of the XIth International Grassland Congress, pp. 26-30. Surfers Paradise, Queensland: Australian Grassland Society.
268. Penman, H.L. (1948). Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 193: 120-145.
269. Perry, R.A. (1977). The evaluation and exploitation of semi-arid lands: Australian experience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. B, 278: 493-505.
270. Peyre de Fabrègues, B. (1985). Quel avenir pour l'élevage au Sahel? Revue Elevage et Médecine Véterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 38 (4): 500-508.
271. Pickup, G. & Stafford-Smith, D.M. (1995). Problems, prospects and procedures for assessing the sustainability of pastoral land management in arid Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 20: 471-487.
272. Popov, G.B., Duranton, J.-F. & Gigault, J. (1991). Etude écologique des biotopes du criquet pèlerin Schistocerca gregaria (Forskåι, 1775) en Afrique Nord-Occidentale, Mise en évidence et description des unites territoriales écologiquement homogènes. PRIFAS/CIRAD, edit./publ., Montpellier, 743 pp., 1 carte h.-t. coul., 6 tabl. h.-t. coul.
273. Pouyaud, B. & Colombani, J. (1989). Les variations extrêmes du lac Tchad: l'assèchement est-il possible? Annales de Géographie, 98: 1-23.
274. Prospero, J.M. & Nees, R.T. (1986). Impact of the North African drought and El Niño on mineral dust in the Barbados trade winds. Nature, 320: 735-738.
275. Puigdefabregas, J. & Aguilera, C. (1994). The Rambla Honda Field site. Interactions of soil and vegetation along a catena in semi-arid SE Spain. In: Brandt, J. & Thornes, J. (Eds), Mediterranean Desertification and Land-Use. London: John Wiley & Sons. 47 pp.
276. Pye, K. (1987). Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits. London: Academic Press. 352 pp.
277. Riou, Ch. (1980). Une formule empirique simple pour évaluer l'évapotranspiration potentielle en Tunisie. Cahiers ORSTOM sér. Hydrologie, 18 (2): 129-137.
278. Ripley, E.A. (1976a). Comments on the paper 'Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel' by JG Charney. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorology Society, 102: 466-467.
279. Ripley, E.A. (1976b). Drought in the Sahara: insufficient bio-geophysical feedback? Science, 191: 100.
280. Roig, F.A. (Ed.) (1975). Proceedings of the International Conference on Desertification, Mendoza, 1974. Mendoza: IADIZA, and Nairobi: UNEP. 364 pp.
281. Roose, E. (1994). Introduction à la gestion conservatoire de l'eau de la biomasse et de la fertilité des sols (GCES). Bulletin Pédologique no.70. Rome: FAO. 420 pp.
282. Rosenan, N. (1961). Climatic fluctuations in the Middle East during the period of instrumental record. Proceedings UNESCO/WMO Symposium on Changes of Climate, Rome, 2-7 Oct. 1961. Paris: UNESCO, and Geneva: WMO. 16 pp.
283. Rostagno, M.C. (1994). Comments on climate change drought and desertification in Patagonia. Puerto-Madryn: CONICET/CENPAT. 5 pp. (unpubl.).
284. Roux, P.W. & Vorster, M. (1987). Vegetation change in the Karoo. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of South Africa, 18: 25-29.
285. Rozanov, B.G. (1990). Assessment of global desertification: status and methodologies. In: Odingo, R.S. (Ed.), Desertification Revisited, pp. 45-122. Nairobi: UNEP. 344 pp.
286. Rubio, J.L. (1987). Desertificacion en la communidad valenciana antecedantes historicos y situacion actual de erosion. Revisita Valenciana de Estudios Autonomicos, 7: 231-258.
287. Sabadell, J.R., Risley, E.M., Jorgenson, H.T. & Thornton, B.S. (1982). Desertification in the United States: status and issues. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior. 277 pp.
288. Santibanez, F. & Uribe, J. (1994). El clima y la desertificacion en Chile. In: Taller Nacional del Plan Nacional de Accion para Combatir le Desertificacion, pp. 17-24. Santiago: Universidad de Chile.
289. Schneider, S.H. & Rosenberg, N.J. (1988). The greenhouse effect: its causes, possible impacts and associated uncertainties. In: Rosenberg, N.J., Easterling, W.E., Crosson, P.R. & Darmstadter, J. (Eds), Greenhouse Warming: abatement and adaptation, resources for the future, pp. 7-34. Washington, D.C.
290. Schulman, E. (1951). Tree-ring indices of rainfall, temperature and river flow. Compendium of Meteorology. Boston: The American Society.
291. Schulman, E. (1956). Tree-ring and History in the Western United States. Smithsonian Report for 1955, pp. 459-473. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
292. Serra, R.B. (1987). Impact of the 1982-83 ENSO on the southeastern Pacific fisheries, with emphasis on Chilean fisheries. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 24-29. Boulder, CO: National Centre for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
293. Serre-Bachet, F. & Guiot, J. (1987). Summer temperature changes from tree-rings in the mediterranean area during the last 800 years. In: Berger, W.H. & Labeyrie, L.D. (Eds), Abrupt climatic change, evidence and implications. NATO ASI Series C, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 216, pp. 89-97. The Hague: Reidel Publication Company.
294. Serre-Bachet, F., Guiot, J. & Tessier, L. (1992). Dendroclimatic evidence from southwestern Europe and Northwestern Africa. In: Bradley, R. & Jones, P.D. (Eds), Climate Since AD 1500, pp. 349-365. London: Routledge.
295. Shanan, L., Evenari, M. & Tadmor, N.H. (1967). Rainfall patterns in the Central Negev Desert. Israel Exploration Journal, 17: 165-184.
296. Sheridan, D. (1981). Desertification of the United States. Washington D.C.: Council on Environmental Quality. 142 pp.
297. Shinoda, M. (1990a). Long-term sahelian drought from the late 1960s to the mid 1980s and its relation to the atmospheric circulation. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 68: 613-624.
298. Shinoda, M. (1990b). Long-term variability of the tropical African rain belt and its relation to rainfall in the Sahel and northern Kalahari. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 68: 19-35.
299. Shugart, H.H. & Emanuel, W.R. (1985). Carbon dioxide increase: the implications at the ecosystem level. Plant, Cell and Environment, 8: 381-386.
300. Sinha, S.K. (1987). The 1982-83 Drought in India: Magnitude and Impact: In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 43-49. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
301. Soriano, A. (1983). Deserts and semi-deserts of Patagonia. In: West, N.E. (Ed.), Temperate Deserts and Semi-deserts, pp. 423-460. Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 5. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 522 pp.
302. Stockton, C.W. (1985). Current research progress towards understanding drought. In: Drought, Water Management and Food Production, Proceedings International Conference, pp. 21-35. Agadir, Morocco: Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II.
303. Street, F.A. & Grove, A.T. (1979). Global maps of lake level fluctuations since 30 000 yr B.P. Quaternary Research, 12: 83-118.
304. Street-Perrott, F.A. & Harrison, S.P. (1985). Lake levels and climate reconstruction. In: Hecht, A. (Ed.), Palaeoclimate Analysis and Modelling, pp. 291-340. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
305. Street-Perrott, F.A. & Perrott, R.A. (1990). Abrupt climate fluctuations in the tropics: the influence of the Atlantic circulation. Nature, 343: 607-612.
306. Tejwani, K.G. (1994). Agroforestry in India. New-Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publ. 233 pp.
307. Thornthwaite, C.W. (1948). An approach toward a rational classification of climate. The Geography Review, 38: 55-94.
308. Till, C. & Guiot, J. (1990). Reconstruction of precipitation in Morocco since AD 1100, based on Cedrus atlantica tree-ring widths. Quaternary Research, 33: 337-351.
309. Trabalka, J.R. & Reichle, D.E. (Eds) (1986). The Changing Carbon Cycle Global Analysis. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 592 pp.
310. Tyson, P.D. (1978). Rainfall changes over South Africa during the period of meteorological record. In: Werger, M.J.A. (Ed.), Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, Vol. 1, pp. 55-69. The Hague: Junk Publisher. 659 pp.
311. Tyson, P.D. (1980). Temporal and spatial variation of rainfall anomalies in Africa south of latitude 22° during the period of meteorological record. Climatic Change, 2: 363-371.
312. Tyson, P.D. (1987). Climate Change and Variability in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. 220 pp.
313. Tyson, P.D. (1990). Modelling climatic change in Southern Africa a review of available methods. South Africa Journal of Science, 86: 318-330.
314. Tyson, P.D. & Lindesay, J.A. (1992). The climate of the last 2000 years in southern Africa. The Holocene, 2 (3): 271-278.
315. UNCOD (1977). Proceedings of the Desertification Conference. Nairobi: UNEP, and New York: Pergamon Press. 448 pp.
316. UNEP (1992). World Atlas of Desertification. Nairobi: UNEP, and London: Edward Arnold. 69 plates.
317. UNESCO (1977). World Map of Arid Zones 1/25,000,000, Explanatory notes. MAB Technical Notes no.7. Paris: UNESCO. 55 pp.
318. Valentin, Ch. (1985). Organisations pelliculaires superficielles de quelques sols subdésertiques à Agadez, Niger. Collection Etudes et Thèses. Paris: ORSTOM. 259 pp.
319. Van Zinderen Bakker, E.M. (1978). Quaternary vegetation changes in Southern Africa. In: Werger, M.J.A. (Ed.), Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa, Vol. 1, pp. 131-143. The Hague: Junk Publisher. 659 pp.
320. Verrecchia, E., Yair, A., Kidron, G.J. & Verrecchia, K. (1995). Physical properties of the psammophile cryptogamic crust and their consequences to the water regime of sandy soils, north-western Negev Desert, Israel. Journal of Arid Environments, 29: 427-438.
321. Vinogradov, B.V. & Kulin, K.N. (1987). Aero-space monitoring of desertification dynamics of Black Lands in Kalmykia, according to repeated surveys. Problemy Osvoenia Pustyn, 4: 45-53.
322. Waisel, Y. & Liphschitz, N. (1968). Dendrochronological studies in Israel: Juniperus phoenicea of north and central Sinaï. La Yaaran, 18: 1-22 (Hebrew, with English abstract).
323. Walter, H. & Leith, H. (1960). Klimadiagramm Weltatlas. Jena: Fisher-Verlag. 200 Plates.
324. Wang Lixian & Ci Long-Jun (1994). The impact of global change on desertification in China. 6 Figs. 2 tabs. Report to IPED/INCD. 10 pp. (unpublished).
325. Wang Shao-Wu & Mearns, L.O. (1987). The impact of the 1982-83 El Niño event on crop yields in China. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 43-49. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
326. Warren, A. & Agnew, C. (1988). An assessment of desertification and land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas. International Institute for Environment and Development, Dryland Paper no.2. London: IIED. 72 pp.
327. Warren, A. & Khogali, M. (1992). Assessment of Desertification and Drought in the Sudano-Sahelian Region 1985-1991. New York: United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office (UNSO), UNDP. 102 pp.
328. Williams, M.A.J. & Balling Jr, R.C. (1994). Interactions of Desertification and Climate. Geneva: WMO, and Nairobi: UNEP. 230 pp.
329. Wilson, R.T. (1978). The 'Gizzu' winter grazing in the Southern Libyan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 1: 325-342.
330. WMO (1975). Drought in Agriculture (Prepared by: Hounam, C.E., Burgos, J.J., Kalik, M.D., Palmer, C.W. & Rodda, J.) Technical note no.138, WMO no.392. Geneva: WMO. 127 pp.
331. WMO (1983). Meteorological aspects of certain processes affecting soil degradation - especially erosion. Technical note no.178, WMO no.591. Geneva: WMO. 149 pp.
332. Yatagai, A. & Yasunari, T. (1994). Trends and decadal-scale fluctuations of surface air temperature and precipitation over China during the recent 40 years period (1951-1990). Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan (in press).
333. Yoshino, M. (1992). Wind and rain in the desert region of Xin-Jiang, Northwest China. Erkunde, 46: 203-216.
334. Yoshino, M. (1994a). Trends and decadal-scale fluctuations of surface air temperature and precipitation over China and Mongolia during the recent 40 year period (1951-1990). Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan (in press).
335. Yoshino, M. (1994b). Desert and desertification in China. Report to IPCC. 46 pp. (unpublished).
336. Yoshino, M. (1994c). Atmospheric circulation in the arid and semi-arid regions of China. Proceedings of the International Symposium on HEIFF, pp. 39-50. Kyoto, 8-11 March, 1993.
337. Yoshino, M. & Yasunari, T. (1987). Climatic anomalies of El Niño years and their socioeconomic impacts in Japan. In: Glantz, M., Katz, R. & Krenz, M. (Eds), The Societal Impacts Associated with the 1982-83 Worldwide Climate Anomalies, pp. 50-54. Boulder, Co: National Center for Atmospheric Research, and Nairobi: UNEP. 105 pp.
338. Zhao Songqiao (see also Chao Sung Chiao) (1985). The sandy deserts and the Gobis in China, their origin and evolution. In: Zhao Sonqiao (Eds), Physical Geography of China's Arid Lands, pp. 1-17. Beijing: Scientific Publications. 209 pp.
339. Zhu Zhenda (1984). Aeolian land forms in the Taklimakan desert. In: El Baz, F. (Ed.), Deserts and Arid Lands, pp. 133-142. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 222 pp.
340. Zhu Zhenda & Liu Shu (1983). Combating desertification in arid semi-arid zones in China. Lanzhou: Institute of Desert Research, Academia Sinica. 69 pp.
341. Zhu Zenda, Liu Shu & Di Xinmin (1988). Desertification and Rehabilitation in China. Lanzhou: Institute of Desert Research, Academia Sinica. 222 pp.
342. Zhu Zenda & Yang Youlin (Eds) (1988). Desertification and Rehabilitation. Case study in Horqin sandy land. Lanzhou: Institute of Desert Research, Academia Sinica. 113 pp.