The genotype of the human cancer cell: Implications for risk analysis

Mutation Research - Reviews in Genetic Toxicology

Volumn 365, Issue 1-3, 1996, Pages 17-42

  Williams, Jerry R ^a   Russell, James ^a   Dicello, John F ^a   Mabry, Mack H ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

carcinogenesis; DNA fidelity; mutation; risk assessment

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGEN;

CANCER CELL; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; INHERITANCE; MUTAGENESIS; ONCOGENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0030250222     PISSN: 01651110     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-1110(96)90010-X     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Akagi T., Hiromatsu K., Iyehara-Ogawa H., Kimura H., Kato T. Specificity of mutations induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in a cDNA of the hprt gene. Carcinogenesis. 14:1993;725-729.
2. Alvi N.K., Williams G.M. Restriction fragment pattern analysis of HPRT mutations induced in rat-liver epithelial cells by alkylating and arylating agents. Mutation Res. 265:1992;283-295.
3. Armitage P., Doll R. The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenesis. Br. J. Cancer. 8:1954;1-12.
4. Bao C.Y., Ma A.H., Evans H.H., Horng M.F., Mencl J., Hui T.E., Sedgwick W.D. Molecular analysis of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene deletions induced by alpha- and X-radiation in human lymphoblastoid cells. Mutation Res. 326:1995;1-15.
5. Barbacid M. Ras genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:1987;779-827.
6. Baskaran K., Laconi S., Reddy M.K. Transformation of hamster pancreatic duct cells by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in vitro. Carcinogenesis. 15:1994;2461-2466.
7. Beir V. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. 1990;National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
8. Birch J.M., Hartley A.L., Tricker K.J., Prosser J., Condie A., Kelsey A.M., Harris M., Jones P.H., Binchy A., Crowther D., Craft A.W., Eden O.B., Evans G.R., Thompson E., Mann J.R., Martin J., Mitchell E.L.D., Santibanez-Koref M.F. Prevalence and diversity of constitutional mutations in the p53 gene among 21 Li-Fraumeni families. Cancer Res. 54:1994;1298-1304.
9. Boothman D.A., Majmudar G., Johnson T. Immediate X-ray-inducible responses from mammalian cells. Radiat. Res. 138:1994;S44-S46.
10. Boring C.A., Squires T.S., Tong T. Cancer statistics, 1992. CA Cancer J. Clin. 42:1992;19-38.
11. Bronner C.E., Baker S.M., Morrison P.T., Warren G., Smith L.G., Lescoe M.K., Kane M., Earabino C., Lipford J., Lindblom A., Tannergard P., Bollag R.J., Godwon A.R., Ward D.C., Nordenskjold M., Fishel R., Kolodner R., Liskay R.M. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene is associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature. 368:1994;258-261.
12. Burks R.T., Kessis T.D., Cho K.R., Hedrick L. Microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Oncogene. 9:1994;1163-1166.
13. Burnstein M.J. Dietary factors related to colorectal neoplasms. Surg. Clin. North Am. 73:1993;13-29.
14. Cairns J. Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer. Nature. 255:(5505):1975;197-200.
15. Cannistia S.A. Chronic myelogenous leukemia as a model for the genetic basis of cancer. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 4:1990;337-357.
16. Cavenee W.K., Hanse M.F., Nordenskjold M., Kock E., Maumenee I., Squire J.A., Phillips R.A., Gallie B.L. Genetic origin of mutations predisposing to retroblastoma. Science. 228:1985;501-503.
17. Cleaver J.E., Kraemer K.H. Xeroderma pigmentosum. Scriver C.R., Beaudet A.L., Sly W.S., Valle D D. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. 6th Edn. 1989;2949-2971 McGraw Hill, New York.
18. Clifford C., Kramer B. Diet as risk and therapy for cancer. Med. Clin. North Am. 77:1993;725-744.
19. Cohen S.M., Ellwein L.B. Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. Science. 249:1990;1007-1011.
20. Cole J., Arlett C.F. Cloning efficiency and spontaneous mutant frequency in circulating T-lymphocytes in ataxia-telangiectasia patients. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 66:1994;S123-S131.
21. Cox R. A cellular description of the repair defect in ataxia-telangiectasia. Bridges B.A., Harnden D.G. Ataxia-Telangiectasia: A Cellular and Molecular Link between Cancer, Neuropathology and Immune Deficiency. 1982;141-153 Chichester, Wiley.
22. deVries A., van Oostrom C.T., Hofhuis F.M., Dortant P.M., Berg R.J., de Gruitl F.R., Wester P.W., van Kreijl C.F., Capel P.J., van Steeg H., VerBeek S.J. Increased susceptibility to ultraviolet B and carcinogens of mice lacking the DNA excision gene XPA. Nature. 377:1995;169-173.
23. deWind N., Dekker M., Berns A., Radman M., teRiele H. Inactivation of the mouse Msh2 gene results in mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperrecombination and predisposition to cancer. Cell. 82:1995;321-330.
24. Donehower L.A., Harvey M., Slagle B.L., McArthur M.J., Montgomery C.A., Butel J.S., Bradley A. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumors. Nature. 356:1992;215-221.
25. Eliyahu D., Michalouvitch D., Oren M. Overproduction of p53 antigen makes established cells tumourigenic. Nature. 316:1985;158-160.
26. Eshleman J.R., Lang E.Z., Bowerfind G.K., Parsons R., Vogelstein B., Willson J.K., Veigl M.L., Sedwick W.D., Markowitz S.D. Increased mutation rate at the hprt locus accompanies microsatellite instability in colon cancer. Oncogene. 10:1995;33-37.
27. Fearson E.R., Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 61:1990;759-767.
28. Finlay C.A., Hinds P.W., Levine A.J. The p53 protooncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation. Cell. 57:1989;1083-1089.
29. Fong K.M., Zimmerman P.V., Smith P.J. Microsatellite instability and other molecular abnormalities in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 55:1995;28-30.
30. Frebourg T., Barbier N., Yan Y.X., Garber G.E., Dreyfus M., Fraumeni J. Jr., Li F.P., Friend S.H. Germline p53 mutations in 15 families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56:1995;608-615.
31. Friend S. p53: A glimpse at the puppet behind the shadow play. Science. 265:1994;334-335.
32. Ghoshal A., Preisegger K.H., Takayama S., Snyderwine E.G. Induction of mammary tumors by the food derived carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [ 4,5-b]pyridine and effect of dietary fat. Carcinogenesis. 15:1994;2429-2433.
33. Giver C.R., Nelson S.L. Jr., Cha M.Y., Pongsaensook P., Grosovsky A.J. Mutational spectrum of X-ray induced TK-human cell mutants. Carcinogenesis. 16:1995;267-275.
34. Goustin A.S., Leof E.B., Shipley G.D., Moses H.L. Growth factors and cancer. Cancer Res. 46:1986;1015-1029.
35. Guerrero I., Corces V., Pellicer A. Activation of c-K-ras oncogene by somatic mutation in mouse lymphomas induced by gamma radiation. Science. 225:1984;1159-1162.
36. Hampton G.M., Penny L.A., Baergen R.N., Larson A., Brewer C., Liao S., Busby-Earle R.M., Williams A.W., Steel C.M., Bird C.C., Stanbridge E.J., Evans G.A. Loss of heterozygosity in cervical carcinoma: subchromosomal localization of a putative tumor-suppressor gene to chromosome 11q22-24. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;6953-6957.
37. Han H.-J., Yanagisawa A., Kato Y., Park J.-G., Nakamura Y. Genetic instability in pancreatic cancer and poorly differentiated type of gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 53:1993;5087-5089.
38. Hankin J.H. Role of nutrition in womens health: diet and breast cancer. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 93:1993;994-999.
39. Harris H. The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion: the position in 1988. Cancer Res. 48:1988;3302-3306.
40. Hartwell L., Weinert T. Genetic control of mitotic fidelity in yeast and its relation to cancer. Brugge J., Curran T., Harlow E., McCormic F. Origins of Human Cancer. 1991;Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
41. 2 cell cycle checkpoint. Cancer Res. 55:1995;3721-3725.
42. Hochwalt A.E., Wirgin I., Currie D.D., Garte S.G. Detection of non-ras oncogenes in rat nasal squamous cell carcinomas. Mol. Carcinogen. 1:1988;4-6.
43. Hollywood D., Sikora K., Porter J. Oncogenes. Peckham M., Pinedo H., Veronesi U. Oxford Textbook of Oncology. 1995;54-73 Oxford University Press.
44. Horii A., Han H.-J., Shimada M., Yanagisawa A., Kato Y., Ohta H., Yasui W., Tahara E., Nakamura Y. Frequent replication errors at microsatellite loci in tumors of patients with multiple primary cancers. Cancer Res. 54:1994;3373-3375.
45. Horowitz J.M., Yandell D.W., Park S.H., Canning S., Whyte P., Buchkovich K., Harlow E., Weinberg R.A., Dryija T.P. Point mutational Inactivation of the retinoblastoma anlioncogene. Science. 243:1989;937-940.
46. Ionov Y.M., Peinado A., Malkhosyan S., Shibata D., Perucho M. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature. 363:1993;558-561.
47. Jansen J.G., Mohn G.R., Vrieling H., van Teijlingen C.M., Lohman P.H., van Zeeland A.A. Molecular analysis of hprt gene mutations in skin fibroblasts of rats exposed in vivo to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea . Cancer Res. 54:1994;2478-2485.
48. Jin X., Nguyen D., Zhang W.W., Kyritsis A.P., Roth J.A. Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by the p16INK4 gene mediated by an adenovirus vector. Cancer Res. 55:(15):1995;3250-3253.
49. Kastan M.B., Zhan Q., El-Deiry W.S., Carrier F., Jacks T., Walsh W.V., Plunkett B.S., Vogelstein B., Fornace A.J. Jr. A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint utilizing p53 and gadd45 is defective in ataxia telangiectasia. Cell. 71:1992;587-597.
50. Khan S.M., Klein M.G., Jiang W., Xing W.Q., Xu D.B., Perucho M., Weinstein I.B. Design of a selectable reporter for the detection of mutations in mammalian simple repeat sequences. Carcinogenesis. 16:1995;1223-1228.
51. Knudsen A.G. Mutation and cancer: a statistical study of retroblastoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 68:1971;820-823.
52. Kraemer K.H., Lee M.M., Sotto J. DNA repair protects against cutaneous and internal neoplasia: evidence from xeroderma pigmentosum. Carcinogenesis. 5:1984;511-514.
53. Kraemer K.H., Lee M.M., Scotto J. Xeroderma pigmentosum: cutaneous, ocular and neurologic abnormalities in 830 published cases. Arch. Dermatol. 123:1987;241-250.
54. Kraemer K.H., Parris C.N., Gozukara E.N., Levy D.D., Adelberg S., Seidman M.M. Human DNA repair-deficient diseases: clinical disorders and molecular defects. Bohr V.A., Wasserman K., Kraemer K.H. DNA Repair Mechanisms. 1993;15-22 Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
55. Kraemer K.H., Levy D.D., Parris C.N., Gozukara E.M., Moriwaki S., Adelberg S., Seidman M.M. Xeroderma Pigmentosum and related disorders: examining the linkage between defective DNA repair and cancer. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103:(5):1994;96S-101S.
56. Kuick R.D., Neel J.V., Strahler J.R., Chu E.H., Bargal C.R., Fox D.A. Similarity of spontaneous germinal and in vivo somatic cell mutation rates in humans: implications for carcinogenesis and for the role of exogenous factors in spontaneous germinal mutagenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;7036-7040.
57. Laquerbe A., Moustacchi E., Fuscoe J.C., Papadopoulo D. The molecular mechanism underlying formation of deletions in Faconi anemia cells may involve site-specific recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;831-835.
58. Leach F.S., Nicolaides N.C., Papadopoulos N., Liu B., Jen J., Parsons R., Peltomaki P., Sistonen P., Aaltonen L.A., Nystrom-Lahti M., Guan X.Y., Zhang L., Metzler P.S., Yu J.W., Kao F.T., Chen D.J., Cerosaletti K.M., Fournier R.E.K., Todd S., Lewis T., Leach R.J., Naylor S.L., Weissenbach J., Mecklin J.P., Jarvinen H., Petersen G.M., Hamilton S.R., Green J., Jass J., Watson P., Lynch H.T., Trent J.M., de la Chapelle A., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell. 75:1993;1215-1225.
59. Lee W.H., Bookstine R., Hong F., Young L.J., Shew J.Y., Lee E.V. Human retroblastoma susceptibility gene: cloning, identification and sequence. Science. 235:1987;1394-1399.
60. Levine A.J., Perry M.E., Chang A., Silver A., Dittmer D., Wu M. The 1993 Walter Hubert Lecture: the role of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene in tumorigensis. Br. J. Cancer. 69:(3):1994;409-416.
61. Levy D.D., Groopman J.D., Lim S.E., Seidman M.M., Kraemer K.H. Sequence specificity of aflatoxin B1 induced mutations in a plasmid replicated in xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Cancer Res. 52:1992;5668-5673.
62. Little J.B. Radiation-genetic interactions in the development of cancer. Forther J.G., Rhoads J.E. Accomplishments in Cancer Research 1994. 1994;237-246 General Motors Cancer Research Foundation.
63. Liu B., Farrington S.M., Petersen B.M., Hamilton S.R., Parsons R., Papadopoulos N., Fujiwara T., Jen J., Kinzler K.W., Wyllie A.H., Vogelstein B., Dunlop M.G. Genetic instability occurs in the majority of young patients with colorectal cancer. Nature Med. 1:(4):1995a;348-352.
64. Liu B., Nicolaides N.C., Markowitz S., Willson J.K., Parsons R.E., Jen J., Papadopolous N., Peltomaki P., de la Chapelle A., Hamilton S.R., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Mismatch repair gene defects in sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Nature Genet. 9:1995b;48-55.
65. Loeb L.A. Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 51:1991;3075-3079.
66. Loeb L. Microsatellite instability: marker of a mutator phenotype in cancer. Cancer Res. 54:1994;5059-5063.
67. Mamada A., Miura K., Tsunoda K., Furuya M., Kondo S. Xeroderma pigmentosum variant associated with multiple skin cancers and a lung cancer. Dermatology. 184:1992;177-181.
68. Mangold K.A., Hubchak S., Mangino M.M., Laconi S., Scarpelli D.G. In vitro carcinogenesis of hamster pancreatic duct cells: cellular and molecular alterations. Carcinogenesis. 15:1994;1979-1984.
69. Mao L., Lee D.J., Tockman M.S., Erozan Y.S., Askin F., Sidransky D. Microsatellite alterations as clonal markers for the detection of human cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91(21):1994;9871-9875.
70. McLaughlin W.P., Schea R., McKeever P.E., Boothman D.A. Radiobiological effects and changes in gene expression in the central nervous system in response to ionizing radiation. Levine A.J., Schmidek H.H. Molecular Genetics of Nervous System Tumors. 1993;163-177 Wiley-Liss, New York.
71. Mecklin J.P. Frequency of hereditary colorectal carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 93:(5):1987;1021-1025.
72. Merlo A., Mabry M., Gabrielson E., Vollmer R., Baylin S.B., Sidransky D. Frequent microsatellite instability in primary small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 54:1994;2098-2101.
73. Metzger A.K., Sheffield V.C., Duyk G., Danshevar L., Edwards M.S.B., Cogen P.H. Germline mutation in the p53 gene in a patient with an intracranial ependymoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1991;4207-4209.
74. Mirzayans R., Patterson M.C. Differential repair of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine detectable sites in DNA of human fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet light and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Mutation Res. 255:1991;57-65.
75. Moriwaki S., Nshigori C., Teramoto T., Tanaka T., Kore-eda S., Takabe H., Imamura S. Absence of repair deficiency in the confirmed heterozygotes of xeroderma pigmentosum group A. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101:1993;69-72.
76. Musse R. The actuation of cellular oncogenes by retrovisual insertion sites. Trends Genet. 2:1986;244-247.
77. Nakane H., Takeuchi S., Yuba S., Saijo M., Nakatsu Y., Murai H., Nakatsuru Y., Ishikawa T., Hirota S., Kitamura Y., Kato Y., Miyauchi H., Horio T., Tokunaga T., Matsunaga T., Nikaido O., Mishimure Y., Okada Y., Tanaka T. High incidence of ultraviolet or chemical carcinogen induced skin tumours in mice lacking the xeroderma pigmentosum group A gene. Nature. 377:1995;165-168.
78. Nau M.M., Brooks B.J., Battey J., Saurville E., Gazdar A.F., Kirsch J.R., McBride O.W., Bertrees V., Hollis G.F., Minna J.D. L-myc, a new myc related gene amplified and expressed in human small cell lung cancer. Nature. 318:1985;69-73.
79. Negrini M., Rasio D., Hampton G., Sabbioni S., Rattan S., Carter S.L., Rosenberg H.L., Schwartz G.F., Shiloh Y., Cavenese W.T., Croce C.M. Definition and refinement of chromosome 11 regions of loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer: identification of a new region of 11q23.3. Cancer Res. 55:1995;3003-3007.
80. Orth K., et al. Genetic instability in human ovarian cancer cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;9495-9499.
81. Palombo F., Gallinari P., Iaccarino I., Lettieri T., Hughes M., D'Arrigo A., Truong O., Hsuan J.J., Jiricny J. GTBP a 160 kilodalton protein essential for mismatch binding in human cells. Science. 268:1995;1912-1914.
82. Panzer S., Kuhl D.P.A., Caskey C.T. Unstable triplet repeat sequences: a source of cancer mutations? Stem Cells. 13:1995;146-157.
83. Papadopoulos N., Nicolaides N.C., Wei Y.F., Ruben S.M., Carter K.C., Rosen C.A., Haseltine W.A., Fleischmann R.D., Fraser C.M., Adams M.D., Venter J.C., Hamilton S.R., Petersen G.M., Watson P., Lynch H.T., Peltomaki P., Mceklin J.P., de la Chapelle A., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science. 263:1994;1625-1629.
84. Papadopoulos N., Nicolaides N.C., Liu B., Parsons R., Lengauer C., Palombo F., D'Arrigo A., Markowitz S., Willson J.K.V., Kinzler K.W., Jiricny J., Vogelstein B. Mutations of GTBP in genetically unstable cells. Science. 268:1995;1915-1917.
85. Parsons R., Li G.M., Longley M., Modrich P., Liu B., Berk T., Hamilton S.R., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Mismatch repair deficiency in phenotypically normal human cells. Science. 268:1993;738-740.
86. Peltomaki P., et al. Microsatellite instability is associated with tumors that characterize the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma syndrome. Cancer Res. 53:1993;5853-5855.
87. Phillips E.N., Xia F., Kelslet K.T., Liber H.L. Spectra of spontaneous and X-ray induced mutations at the HPRT locus in related human lymphoblastoid cell lines that express wild-type or mutant p53. Radiat. Res. 143:1995;255-262.
88. Raycroft L., Schmidt J.R., Yoas K., Hao M.M., Lozano G. Analysis of p53 mutants for transcriptional activity. Med. Cell Biol. 11:1991;6067-6074.
89. Renan M.J. Cancer genes: current status, future prospects and applications in radiotherapy/oncology. Radiother. Oncol. 19:1990;197-218.
90. Renan M.J. How many mutations are required for tumorigenesis? Implications from human cancer data. Mol. Carcinogen. 7:(3):1993;139-146.
91. Risinger I., et al. Genetic instability of microsatellites in endometrial carconoma. Cancer Res. 53:1993;5100-5103.
92. Ronai Z.A., Lambert M.E., Weinstein I.B. Inducible cellular responses to ultraviolet light irradiation and other mediators of DNA damage in mammalian cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 6:1990;105-126.
93. Runger T.M., Poot M., Kraemer K.H. Abnormal processing of transfected plasmid DNA in cells from patients with ataxia telangiectasia. Mutation Res. 293:1995;47-54.
94. Sala-Trepat M., Boyse J., Richard P., Papadopoulo D., Moustacchi E. Frequencies of HPRT-lymphocytes and glycophorin A variant erythrocytes in Fanconi anemia patients, their parents and control donors. Mutation Res. 289:1993;115-126.
95. Sankaranarayanan K., Chakraborty R. Cancer predisposition, radiosensitivity and the risk of radiation-induced cancers. I. Background, Radiat. Res. 143:1995;121-143.
96. Savitsky K., Bar-shira A., Gilad S., Rotman G., Ziv Y., Vanagaite L., Tagle D.A., Smith S., Uziel T., Sfez S., Ashkenazi M., Pecker I., Simmons A., Clines G.A., Sartiel A., Galti R.A., Chesra L., Sanal O., Lavin M.F., Miki T., Weissman S.M., Lovett M., Collins F.S., Shiloh Y. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science. 268:1995;1749-1753.
97. Selva E.M., New L., Crouse G.F., Lahue R.S. Mismatch correction acts as a barrier to homologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 139:1995;1175-1188.
98. Shibata D., Peinado M.A., Ionov Y., Malkhosyan S., Perucho M. Genomic instability in repeated sequences is an early somatic event in colorectal tumorigenesis that persists after transformation. Nature Genetics. 6:1994;273-281.
99. Sinclair W.K. Radiation protection recommendations on dose limits: the role of the NCRP and the ICRP and future developments. Intl. J. Radiat. Onc. Biol. Phys. 31:(2):1995;387-392.
100. Stallones R.A., Corn M., Crump K.S., Davies J.C., Dole V.P., Greenwood T.R.I., Merrill R.A., Mirer F.E., North D.W., Omenn G.S., Rodricks J.V., Slovic P., Utidjian H.M.D., Weisburger E. Risk assessment in the federal government: managing the process. Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of Risks to Public Health. 1983;Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
101. Steinsgrimsdottir H., Rowley G., Waugh A., Beare D., Ceccherini I., Cole J., Lehman A.R. Molecular analysis of mutations in the hprt gene in circulating lymphocytes from normal and DNA repair deficient donors. Mutation Res. 294:1993;29-41.
102. Strauss B.S. The origin of point mutations in human tumor cell. Cancer Res. 52:1992;249-253.
103. Swift M., Chase C. Cancer in families with xeroderma pigmentosum. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62:1979;1415-1421.
104. Swift M., Reitnauer P.J., Morrell D., Chase C.L. Breast and other cancers in families with ataxia-telangiectasia. New Eng. J. Med. 316:1987;1289-1294.
105. Swift M.R., Cohen J., Pinlchham R. Maximum likelihood method for estimating the disease predisposition of heterozygotes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 26:1974;304-317.
106. Swift M., Morrell D., Massey R.B., Chase C.L. Incidence of cancer in 161 families affected by ataxiatelangiectasia. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:1991;1831-1836.
107. Testa J.R., Siegfried J.M. Chromosome abnormalities in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 52:(9 Suppl.):1992;2706S-2790S.
108. Thibodeau S.N., Bren G., Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science. 260:1993;816-819.
109. Toguchida J., Yamaguchi T., Dayton S.H., Beauchamp R.L., Herrera G.E., Ishizaki K., Yamamuro T., Meyers P.A., Little J.B., Sasaki M.S., Weichselbaum R.R., Yandell D.W. Prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations of the p53 gene among patients with sarcomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 326:1992;1301-1308.
110. Tokunaga M., Land C.E., Tokuoka S., Nishimori I., Soda M., Akiba S. Insidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, 1950-1985. Radiat. Res. 138:1994;209-223.
111. Umar A., et al. Defective mismatch repair in extracts of colorectal and endometrial cancer cell lines exhibiting microsatellite instability. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;14367-14370.
112. Vasen H.F., Mecklin J.P., Meera Khan P., Lynch H.T. The international collaborative group on hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (ICG-HNPCC). Dis, Colon, Rectum. 34:1991;424-425.
113. Vogelstein B., Kinzler K.W. The multistep nature of cancer Trends in Genet. 9:1993;138-141.
114. Voronova A.F., Sefton B.M. Expression of a new tyrosine kinase is stimulated by a retrovirus promoter insertion. Nature. 319:(6055):1986;682-685.
115. Waldman T.A., Korsmeyer S.J., Bakhshi A., Arnold A., Kinch J.R. NIH Conference. Molecular genetic analysis of human lymphoid neoplasma: immunoglobulin genes and the c-myc oncogenes. Ann. Intern. Med. 102:1985;497-510.
116. Wang X.W., Yeh H., Schaeffer L., Roy R., Moncollin V., Egly J.M., Wang Z., Friedberg E.C., Evans M.K., Taffe B.G., Bohr V.A., Weeda G., Hoeijmakers J.H.J., Forrester K., Harris C. p53 modulation of TFIIH associated nucleotide excision repair activity. Nature Genet. 10:1995;188-195.
117. Weeks D.E., Paterson M.C., Lange K., Andrais B., Davis R.C., Yoder F., Gatti R.A. Assessment of chronic gamma radiosensitivity as an in vitro assay for heterozygote identification of ataxia telangiectasia. Radiat. Res. 128:1991;90-99.
118. Wei S.J., Chang R.L., Bhachech N., Cui X.X., Merkler K.A., Wong C.Q., Hennig E., Yagi H., Jerina D.M., Conney A.H. Dose-dependent differences in the profile of mutations induced by (+)-7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in the coding region of the hypoxanthine-(guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase gene in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Cancer Res. 53:1993;3294-3301.
119. Weinstein B.J. The origins of human cancer: molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and their implications for cancer prevention and treatment. 27th G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res. 48:1988;4135-4143.
120. White R.L. Key note address: the molecular genetics of cancer. Fortner J.G., Rhoads J.E. Accomplishments in Cancer Research 1994. 1994;88-98 General Motors Cancer Research Foundation.
121. Whittemore A., Keller J.B. Quantitative theories of carcinogenesis. Siam Rev. 20:1978;1-30.
122. Williams J.R., D'Arpa P. Epigenetic and genetic factors in the cellular response to radiations and DNA-damaging chemicals. J. Invest. Dermatol. 77:1981;125-132.
123. Williams J.R., Zhang Y.G., Dillehay L.E. Sensitization processes in human tumor cells during protracted irradiation: possible exploitation in the clinic. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 24:1991;699-704.
124. Wolf D., Harris N., Rotten V. Reconstitution of p53 expression in a nonproducer AB-MuL V-transformed cell live by transformation of a functional p53 gene. Cell. 38:1984;119-126.
125. Yang L.L., Maher V.M., McCormick J.J. Relationship between excision repair and the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the `anti'-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide of benzo[ a ]pyrene in human cells. Mutation Res. 94:1982;435-447.
126. Zambetti G.P., Levine A.J. A comparison of the biological activities of wild-type and mutant p53. FASEB J. 7:(10):1993;855-865.
127. Ziegler R.G., Hoover R.N., Pike M.C., Hildesheim A., Nomura A.M., West D.W., Wu-Williams A.H., Kolonel L.N., Horn-Ross P.L., Rosenthal J.F., et al. Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85:(22):1993;1819-1827.