Nitric oxide: A review of its role in retinal function and disease

Vision Research

Volumn 36, Issue 18, 1996, Pages 2979-2994

  Goldstein, Ira M ^a   Ostwald, Philipp ^a   Roth, Steven ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

cGMP; Circulation; Ischemia; Nitric oxide; Photoreceptor; Retinal; Transduction; Visual

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CYCLIC GMP; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE;

AUTOREGULATION; CAT; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; ELECTRORETINOGRAM; HUMAN; MUELLER CELL; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PHOTORECEPTOR; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA BLOOD FLOW; RETINA ISCHEMIA; RETINA ROD; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION;

EID: 0030249944     PISSN: 00426989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(96)00017-X     Document Type: Short Survey

References (173)

1. Ahmad I., Barnstable C.J. Differential laminar expression of particulate and soluble guanylate cyclase genes in rat retina. Experimental Eye Research. 56:1993;51-62.
2. Ahmad I., Leinders-Zufall T., Kocsis J.D., Shepherd G.M., Zufall F., Barnstable C.J. Retinal ganglion cells express a cGMP-gated cation conductance activatable by nitric oxide donors. Neuron. 12:1994;155-165.
3. Alm, A., & Bill, A. (1987). Ocular circulation. In Moses, A. & Hart, C. (Eds), Adler's physiology of the eye (pp. 183-203). St Louis: C.V. Mosby.
4. Anderson D.R., Davis E.B. Sensitivities of ocular tissues to acute pressure-induced ischemia. Archives of Ophthalmology. 93:1975;267-274.
5. Barnstable C.J. Glutamate and GABA in retinal circuitry. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 3:1993;520-525.
6. Beckman J.S. The double-edged role of nitric oxide in brain function and superoxide-mediated injury. Journal of Developmental Physiology. 15:1991;53-59.
7. Beckman J.S., Beckman T.W., Chen J., Marshall P.A., Freeman B.A. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 87:1990;1620-1624.
8. Becquet F., Courtois Y., Goureau O. Nitric oxide decreases in vitro phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by bovine retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Journal of Cell Physiology. 159:1994;256-262.
9. Benedito S., Prieto D., Nielsen P.J., Nyborg N.C. Histamine induces endothelium-dependent relaxation of bovine retinal arteries. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 32:1991;32-38.
10. Berkelmans H.S., Schipper J., Hudson L., Steinbusch H.W.M., Vente J.D. cGMP immunocytochemistry in aorta, kidney, retina and brain tissues of the rat after perfusion with nitroprusside. Histochemistry. 93:1989;143-148.
11. Billiar T.R. Nitric oxide: Novel biology with clinical relevance. Annals of Surgery. 221:1995;339-349.
12. Blough N.V., Zafiriou O.C. Reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite in alkaline aqueous solution. Inorganic Chemistry. 24:1985;3504-3505.
13. Bredt D.S., Hwang P.M., Snyder S.H. Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide. Nature. 347:1990;768-770.
14. Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-linked enhancement of cGMP levels in the cerebellum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 86:1989;9030-9033.
15. Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide: A novel neuronal messenger. Neuron. 8:1992;3-11.
16. Brüne B., Lapetina E.G. Properties of a novel nitric oxide-stimulated ADP-ribosyltransferase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 279:1990;286-290.
17. Buechler W.A., Nakane M., Murad F. Expression of soluble guanylate cyclase activity requires both enzyme subunits. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 174:1991;351-357.
18. Bugnon O., Schaad N.C., Schorderet M. Nitric oxide modulates endogenous dopamine release in bovine retina. Neuroreport. 5:1994;401-404.
19. G-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and other alkyl esters of arginine are muscarinic receptor antagonists. Circulation Research. 72:1993;387-395.
20. Choi D.W. Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity. Journal of Neuroscience. 7:1987;369-379.
21. Choi, D.W. (1990). Glutamate neurotoxicity: A three-stage process. In Guidotti, A. (Ed.), Neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids. FIDIA Research Foundation Symposium Series (pp. 235-242). New York: Raven Press.
22. Coccia V.J., Cote R.H. Regulation of intracellular cyclic GMP concentration by light and calcium in electropermeabilized rod photoreceptors. Journal of General Physiology. 103:1994;67-86.
23. Dawson D.A. Nitric oxide and focal cerebral ischemia: Multiplicity of actions and diverse outcomes. Cerebrovascular, Brain and Metabolism Reviews. 6:1994;299-324.
24. Dawson T.M., Bredt D.S., Fotuhi M., Hwang P.M., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 88:1991;7797-7801.
25. Dawson T.M., Snyder S.H. Gases as biological messengers: Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the brain. Journal of Neuroscience. 14:1994;5147-5159.
26. Dawson V.L., Dawson T.M., Bartley D.A., Uhl G.R., Snyder S.H. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. Journal of Neuroscience. 13:1993;2651-2661.
27. Dawson V.L., Dawson T.M., London E.D., Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 88:1991;6368-6371.
28. Deussen A., Sonntag M., Vogel R. L-arginine-derived nitric oxide: A major determinant of uveal blood flow. Experimental Eye Research. 57:1993;129-134.
29. DeVries S.H., Schwartz E.A. Modulation of an electrical synapse between solitary pairs of catfish horizontal cells by dopamine and second messengers. Journal of Physiology. 414:1988;351-375.
30. Dighiero P., Reux I., Hauw J.J., Fillet A.M., Courtois Y., Goureau O. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cytomegalovirus-infected glial cells of retinas from AIDS patients. Neuroscience Letters. 166:1994;31-34.
31. Dizhoor A.M., Lowe D.G., Olshevskaya E.V., Laura R.P., Hurley J.B. The human photoreceptor membrane guanylyl cyclase, RetGC, is present in outer segments and is regulated by calcium and a soluble activator. Neuron. 12:1994;1345-1352.
32. Donati G., Pournaras C.J., Munoz J.L., Tsacopoulos M. The role of nitric oxide in retinal vasomotor regulation (French). Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde. 204:1994;424-426.
33. G-nitroarginine in brain in vitro and in vivo. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 176:1991;1136-1141.
34. Ehret-Hilberer S., Nullans G., Aunis D., Virmaux N. Mono ADP-ribosylation of transducin catalyzed by rod outer segment extract. Federation of European Biochemical Societies. 309:1992;394-398.
35. Endoh M., Maiese K., Wagner J. Expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase by reactive astrocytes after transient global ischemia. Brain Research. 651:1994;92-100.
36. Faraci F.M., Breese K.R. Nitric oxide mediates vasodilatation in response to activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in brain. Circulation Research. 72:1993;476-480.
37. Faraci F.M., Brian J.E. Nitric oxide and the cerebral circulation. Stroke. 25:1994;692-703.
38. Ferrendelli J.A., Vries G.W.D. Cyclic GMP systems in the retina. Federation Proceedings. 42:1983;3103-3106.
39. Flügel C., Tamm E.R., Mayer B., Lütjen-Drecoll E. Species differences in choroidal vasodilative innervation: Evidence for specific intrinsic nitrergic and VIP-positive neurons in the human eye. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;592-599.
40. Furchgott R.F., Zawadzki J.V. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 228:1980;373-376.
41. Garthwaite J., Charles S.L., Chess-Williams R. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain. Nature. 336:1988;385-388.
42. Garthwaite J., Garthwaite G., Palmer R.M.J., Moncada S. NMDA receptor activation induces nitric oxide synthesis from arginine in rat brain slices. European Journal of Pharmacology. 172:1989;413-416.
43. Geyer O., Almog J., Lupu-Meiri M., Lazar M., Oron Y. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors protect the retina against ischemic injury. FEBS Letters. 374:1995;399-402.
44. Gidday J.M., Park T.S. Adenosine-mediated autoregulation of retinal arteriolar tone in the piglet. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 34:1993;2713-2719.
45. Gidday J.M., Zhu Y. Nitric oxide does not mediate autoregulation of retinal blood flow in newborn pig. American Journal of Physiology. 269:1995;H1065-H1072.
46. Gorczyca W.A., Hooser J.P.V., Palczewski K. Nucleotide inhibitors and activators of retinal guanylyl cyclase. Biochemistry. 33:1994;3217-3222.
47. Goureau D., Hicks D., Courtois Y., Kozak Y.D. Induction and regulation of nitric oxide synthase in retinal Müller glial cells. Journal of Neurochemistry. 63:1994;310-317.
48. Goureau O., Hicks D., Courtois Y. Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells produce nitric oxide in response to cytokines. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 198:1994;120-126.
49. Goureau O., Jeanny J.C., Becquet F., Hartmann M.P., Courtois Y. Protection against light-induced degeneration by an inhibitor of NO synthase. Neuroreport. 5:1993;233-236.
50. Goureau O., Lepoivre M., Becquet F., Courtois Y. Differential regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor β in bovine retinal pigmented epithelial cells: Inverse correlation with cellular proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 90:1993;4276-4280.
51. Goureau O., Lepoivre M., Courtois Y. Lipopolysaccharide and cytokines induce a macrophage-type of nitric oxide synthase in bovine retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 186:1992;854-859.
52. Guevara-Guzman R., Emson P.C., Kendrick K.M. Modulation of in vivo striatal transmitter release by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. Journal of Neurochemistry. 62:1994;807-810.
53. Haefliger I.O., Flammer J., Lüscher T.F. Nitric oxide and endothelin-1 are important regulators of human ophthalmic artery. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 33:1992;2340-2343.
54. Haefliger I.O., Zschauer A., Anderson D.R. Relaxation of retinal pericyte contractile tone through the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;991-997.
55. Hakki S., Sitaramayya A. Guanylate cyclase from bovine rod outer segments: Solubilization, partial purification, and regulation by inorganic pyrophosphate. Biochemistry. 29:1990;1088-1094.
56. Haley J.E., Wilcox G.L., Chapman P.F. The role of nitric oxide in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Neuron. 8:1992;211-216.
57. Hangai M., Yoshimura N., Mandai M., Honda Y. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene expression after retinal ischemia in rats (abstract). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;1642.
58. +2 and nitro compounds. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266:1991;3411-3415.
59. Huang P.L., Dawson T.M., Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H., Fishman M.C. Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene. Cell. 75:1993;1273-1286.
60. Huang Z., Huang P.L., Panahian N., Dalkara T., Fishman M.C., Moskowitz M.A. Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science. 265:1994;1883-1885.
61. Hughes W.F. Quantitation of ischemic damage in the rat retina. Experimental Eye Research. 53:1991;573-582.
62. Iadecola C. Regulation of the cerebral microcirculation during neural activity: Is nitric oxide the missing link? Trends in Neurosciences. 16:1993;206-214.
63. Iadecola C., Beitz A.J., Renno W., Xu X., Mayer B., Zhang F. Nitric oxide synthase-containing neural processes on large cerebral arteries and cerebral microvessels. Brain Research. 606:1993;148-155.
64. Iadecola C., Pelligrino D.A., Moskowitz M.A., Lassen N.A. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and cerebrovascular regulation. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 14:1994;175-192.
65. Iadecola C., Xu X. Nitro-L-arginine attenuates hypercapnic cerebrovasodilation without affecting cerebral metabolism. American Journal of Physiology. 26:1994;R518-R525.
66. Iadecola C., Xu X., Zhang F., El-Fakahany E.E., Ross M.E. Marked induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity after focal cerebral ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 15:1994;52-59.
67. Iadecola C., Zhang F., Xu S., Casey R., Ross M.E. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following cerebral ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 15:1994;378-384.
68. Ignarro L.J. Haem-dependent activation of guanylate cyclase and cyclic GMP formation by endogenous nitric oxide: A unique transduction mechanism for transcellular signalling. Pharmacology and Toxicology. 67:1990;1-7.
69. Jacot J.L., O'Neill J.T., Scandling D.M., West S.D., McKenzie J.E. Role of nitric oxide in modulating retinal, choroidal and anterior uveal blood flows in piglets (abstract). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;161.
70. Johnson N.F., Foulds W.S. The effects of total acute ischaemia on the structure of the rabbit retina. Experimental Eye Research. 27:1978;45-59.
71. G-nitro-L-arginine, and aminoguanidine on constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat aorta. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 199:1994;147-154.
72. Kashii S., Mandai M., Takahashi M., Kikuchi M., Honda Y., Akaike A. Involvement of nitric oxide in glutamate neurotoxicity in cultured retinal neurons (abstract). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;164.
73. Kawamura S., Murakami M. Calcium-dependent regulation of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase by a protein from frog retinal rods. Nature. 349:1991;420-423.
74. Kiechle F.L., Malinski T. Nitric oxide: Biochemistry, pathophysiology, and detection. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 100:1993;567-575.
75. Kitakaze M., Hori M., Takashima S., Morioka T., Minamino T., Sato H., Okazaki Y., Inoue M., Kamada T. Superoxide dismutase enhances both adenosine release and coronary hyperemic flow through protection of 5′-nucleotidase against its degradation during reperfusion following ischemia in dogs. Biorheology. 30:1993;359-370.
76. Kitamura Y., Okamura T., Kani K., Toda N. Nitric oxide-mediated retinal arteriolar and arterial dilatation induced by substance P. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 34:1993;2859-2865.
77. Klatt P., Schmidt K., Brunner F., Mayer B. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269:1994;1674-1680.
78. Knowles R.G., Palacios M., Palmer R.M.S., Moncada S. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: A transduction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 86:1989;5159-5162.
79. Koch K.W. Biochemical mechanism of light adaptation in vertebrate photoreceptors. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 17:1992;307-311.
80. +2/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase and a soluble guanylyl cyclase in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. EMBO Journal. 13:1994;3312-3320.
81. Koistinaho J., Swanson R.A., Vente J.D., Sagar S.M. NADPH-diaphorase (nitric oxide synthase)-reactive amacrine cells of rabbit retina: Putative target cells and stimulation by light. Neuroscience. 57:1993;587-597.
82. Kondo M., Wang L., Bill A. Role of nitric oxide in vascular responses to flickering light in the retina and optic nerve in cats (abstract). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;163.
83. Koppenol W.H., Moreno J.J., Pryor W.A., Ischiropoulos H., Beckman J.S. Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide. Chemical Research Toxicology. 5:1992;834-842.
84. Kostic M.M., Schrader J. Role of nitric oxide in reactive hyperemia of the guinea pig heart. Circulation Research. 70:1992;208-212.
85. Kozniewska E., Oseka M., Stys T. Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on cerebral circulation during normoxia and hypoxia in the rat. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 12:1992;311-317.
86. Kuo P.C., Schroeder R.A. The emerging multifaceted roles of nitric oxide. Annals of Surgery. 221:1995;220-235.
87. Kurenny D.E., Moroz L.L., Turner R.W., Sharkey K.A., Barnes S. Modulation of ion channels in rod photoreceptors by nitric oxide. Neuron. 13:1994;315-324.
88. Lagnado L., Baylor D. Signal flow in visual transduction. Neuron. 8:1992;995-1002.
89. Lees G.J. The possible contribution of microglia and macrophages to delayed neuronal death after ischemia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 114:1993;119-122.
90. Lefer A.M., Lefer D.J. Pharmacology of the endothelium in ischemia-reperfusion and circulatory shock. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 33:1993;71-90.
91. Liepe B.A., Stone C., Koistinaho J., Copenhagen D.R. Nitric oxide synthase in Müller cells and neurons of salamander and fish retina. Journal of Neuroscience. 14:1994;7641-7654.
92. Lipton S.A., Choi Y.-B., Pan Z.-H., Lei S.Z., Chan H.-S. V., Sucher N.J., Loscalzo J., Singel D.J., Stamler J.S. A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature. 364:1993;626-632.
93. Lipton S.A., Rosenberg P.A. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. New England Journal of Medicine. 330:1994;613-622.
94. Lonart G., Wang J., Johnson K.M. Nitric oxide induces neurotransmitter release from hippocampal slices. European Journal of Pharmacology. 220:1992;271-272.
95. Lorant D.E., Patel K.D., McIntyre T.M., McEver R.P., Prescott S.M., Zimmerman G.A. Coexpression of GMP-140 and PAF by endothelium stimulated by histamine or thrombin: A juxtacrine system for adhesion and activation of neutrophils. Journal of Cell Biology. 115:1991;223-234.
96. Lowe D.G., Chang M.S., Hellmiss R., Chen E., Singh S., Garbers D.L., Goeddel D.V. Human atrial natriuretic peptide receptor defines a new paradigm for second messenger signal transductin. EMBO Journal. 8:1989;1377-1384.
97. MacMicking J.D., Nathan C., Hom G., Chartrain N., Fletcher D.S., Trumbauer M., Stevens K., Xie Q.-W., Sokol K., Hutchinson N., Chen H., Mudgett J.S. Altered responses to bacterial infection and endotoxic shock in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase. Cell. 81:1995;641-650.
98. Maguire G., Werblin F. Dopamine enhances a glutamate-gated ionic current in OFF bipolar cells of the tiger salamander retina. Journal of Neuroscience. 14:1994;6094-6101.
99. Malinski T., Bailey F., Zhang Z.G., Chopp M. Nitric oxide measured by a porphyrinic microsensor in rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 13:1993;355-358.
100. Margulis A., Sharma R.K., Sitaramayya A. Nitroprusside-sensitive and insensitive guanylate cyclases in retinal outer rod segments. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 185:1992;909-914.
101. Marletta M.A. Nitric oxide synthase: Aspects concerning structure and catalysis. Cell. 78:1994;927-930.
102. 2-adrenergic, and nitric oxide-dependent interactions on canine cerebral blood flow. American Journal of Physiology. 266:1994;H476-H482.
103. Misko T.P., Moore W.M., Kasten T.P., Nickols G.A., Corbett J.A., Tilton R.G., McDaniel M.L., Williamson J.R., Currie M.G. Selective inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase by aminoguanidine. European Journal of Pharmacology. 233:1993;119-125.
104. Miyachi E.-I., Miyakawa A., Murakami M. Modulation of electrical coupling between retinal horizontal cells by intracellular messengers. Neuroscience Research. 15(Suppl.):1991;S41-S49.
105. Moncada S. The 1991 Ulf von Euler Lecture: The L-arginine: nitric oxide pathway. Acta Physiologica Scandanavia. 2:1992;201-227.
106. Moncada S., Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. New England Journal of Medicine. 329:1993;2002-2012.
107. Moore P.K., Babbedge R.C., Wallace P., Gaffen Z.A., Hart S.L. 7-Nitro indazole, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, exhibits anti-nociceptive activity in the mouse without increasing blood pressure. British Journal of Pharmacology. 108:1993;296-297.
108. Morris S.M., Billiar T.R. New insights into the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. American Journal of Physiology. 266:1994;E829-E839.
109. Murphy S., Minor R.L., Welk G., Harrison D.G. Central nervous system astroglial cells release nitrogen oxide(s) with vasorelaxant properties. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 17:1991;S265-S268.
110. Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB Journal. 6:1992;3051-3064.
111. Nathan C., Xie Q.-W. Nitric oxide synthases: Roles, tolls, and controls. Cell. 78:1994;915-918.
112. Nathan C., Xie Q.-W. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269:1994;13725-13728.
113. Nawy S., Jahr C.E. Suppression by glutamate of cGMP-activated conductance in retinal bipolar cells. Nature. 346:1990;269-271.
114. Nawy S., Jahr C.E. cGMP-gated conductance in retinal bipolar cells is suppressed by the photoreceptor transmitter. Neuron. 7:1991;677-683.
115. Neal M.J., Cunningham J.R., Hutson P.H., Hogg J. Effects of ischaemia on neurotransmitter release from the isolated retina. Journal of Neurochemistry. 62:1994;1025-1033.
116. Nelson R.J., Demas G.E., Huang P.L., Fishman M.C., Dawson V.L., Dawson T.M., Snyder S.H. Behavioral abnormalities in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nature. 378:1995;383-386.
117. Nozaki K., Moskowitz M.A., Maynard K.I., Koketsu N., Dawson T.M., Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H. Possible origin and distribution of immunoreactive nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers in cerebral arteries. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 13:1993;70-79.
118. Ophir A., Berenshtein E., Kitrossky N., Berman E.R., Photiou S., Rothman Z., Chevion M. Hydroxyl radical generation in the cat retina during reperfusion following ischemia. Experimental Eye Research. 57:1993;351-357.
119. Ostwald P., Goldstein I.M., Pachnanda A., Roth S. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on retinal blood flow and the electroretinogram. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 36:1995;2396-2403.
120. Park C.-S., Pardhasaradhi K., Gianotti C., Villegas E., Krishna G. Human retina expresses both constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase mRNA. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 205:1994;85-91.
121. Pelligrino D.A. Saying NO to cerebral ischemia. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesia. 5:1993;221-231.
122. Peterson J.D.A., Peterson D.C., Archer S., Weir E.K. The non specificity of specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 187:1992;797-801.
123. Phillis J.W. A `radical' view of cerebral ischemic injury. Progress in Neurobiology. 42:1994;441-448.
124. Pournaras C.J., Munoz J.L., Donai G., Brazitikos P.D., Tsacopoulos M. The role of the release of nitric oxide in the regulation of retinal vasomoticity (abstract). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 34:1993;3417.
125. Pozdnyakov N., Lloyd A., Reddy V.N., Sitaramayya A. Nitric oxide-regulated endogenous ADP-ribosylation of rod outer segment proteins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 192:1993;610-615.
126. Pugh E.N., Lamb T.D. Amplification and kinetics of the activation steps in phototransduction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1141:1993;111-149.
127. Rengasamy A., Johns R. Regulation of nitric oxide synthase by nitric oxide. Molecular Pharmacology. 44:1993;124-128.
128. Rieke F., Schwartz E.A. A cGMP-gated current can control exocytosis at cone synapses. Neuron. 13:1994;863-873.
129. Roth S. Post-ischemic hyperemia in the retina: The effect of adenosine receptor blockade. Current Eye Research. 14:1995;323-328.
130. Roth S., Ostwald P., Goldstein I.M., Pachnanda A., Park S.S., Moshfeghi A. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition, adenosine receptor blockade, and blood flow after retinal ischemia. Neuroscience Abstracts. 21:1995;393.9.
131. Roth S., Pietrzyk Z. Blood flow after retinal ischemia in cats. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;3209-3217.
132. Rowe G.T., Eaton L.R., Hess M.L. Neutrophil-derived oxygen free radical mediated cardiovascular dysfunction. Cellular Cardiology. 6:1984;1075-1079.
133. Sakai C.M., Ball A.K. Regulation of on-bipolar cell gap junction coupling by nitric oxide in goldfish retina (abstract). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;2624.
134. Samuni A., Black C.D.V., Krishna C.M., Malech H.L., Bernstein E.F., Russo A. Hydroxyl radical production by stimulated neutrophils reappraised. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263:1988;13797-13801.
135. Schmidt H.H.H.W., Lohmann S.M., Walter U. The nitric oxide and cGMP signal transduction system: Regulation and mechanism of action. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1178:1993;153-175.
136. Schmidt H.H.H.W., Walter U. NO at work. Cell. 78:1994;919-925.
137. Schmidt K.F., Noll G.N., Yamamoto Y. Sodium nitroprusside alters dark voltage and light responses in isolated retinal rods during whole-cell recording. Visual Neuroscience. 9:1992;205-209.
138. Schousboe A. Transport and metabolism of glutamate and GABA in neurons and glial cells. International Review of Neurobiology. 22:1981;1-45.
139. G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on the cardiovascular system of the anaesthetized rabbit and on the cardiovascular response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. British Journal of Pharmacology. 109:1993;1219-1225.
140. Shakib M., Ashton N. Part II. Ultrastructural changes in focal retinal ischemia. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 50:1966;325-354.
141. Shiells R.A., Falk G. Glutamate receptors of rod bipolar cells are linked to a cyclic GMP cascade via a G-protein. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 242:1990;91-94.
142. Shiells R.A., Falk G. Retinal on-bipolar cells contain a nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate cyclase. Neuroreport. 3:1992;845-848.
143. Shiells R.A., Falk G. The glutamate-receptor linked cGMP cascade of retinal on-bipolar cells is pertussis and cholera toxin-sensitive. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 247:1992;17-20.
144. Snyder S.H., Bredt D.S. Biological roles of nitric oxide. Scientific American. 266:1992;68-77.
145. Stamler J.S. Redox signaling: Nitrosylation and related target interactions of nitric oxide. Cell. 78:1994;931-936.
146. Stamler J.S., Singel D.J., Loscalzo J. Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms. Science. 258:1992;1898-1902.
147. Stewart A.G., Phan L.H., Grigoriadis G. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of nitric oxide. Microsurgery. 15:1994;693-702.
148. Tilton R.G., Chang K., Corbett J.A., Misko T.P., Currie M.G., Bora N.S., Kaplan H.J., Williamson J.R. Endotoxin-induced uveitis in the rat is attenuated by inhibition of nitric oxide production. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;3278-3288.
149. Tilton R.G., Chang K., Hasan K.S., Smith S.R., Petrash J.M., Misko T.P., Moore W.M., Currie M.G., Corbett J.A., McDaniel M.L., Williamson J.R. Prevention of diabetic vascular dysfunction by guanidines: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase versus advanced glycation end-product formation. Diabetes. 42:1993;221-232.
150. Toda N., Kitamura Y., Okamura T. Role of nitroxidergic nerve in dog retinal arterioles in vivo and arteries in vitro. American Journal of Physiology. 266:1994;H1985-H1992.
151. Togashi H., Sakuma I., Yoshioka M., Kobayashi T., Yasuda H., Kitabatake A., Saito H., Gross S.S., Levi R. A central nervous system action of nitric oxide in blood pressure regulation. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 262:1992;343-347.
152. Traystman R.J., Kirsch J.R., Koehler R.C. Oxygen free radical mechanisms of brain injury following ischemia and reperfusion. Journal of Applied Physiology. 71:1991;1185-1195.
153. Tsukahara Y., Blair N.P., Spellman-Eappen D.C., Moy J.J., Takahashi A., Shah G.K., Viana M.A.G. Ketamine suppresses ischemic injury in the rabbit retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 33:1992;1822-1825.
154. Tsuyama Y., Nöll G.N., Schmidt K.-F. L-Arginine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate alter dark voltage and accelerate light response recovery in isolated retinal rods of the frog (Rana temporaria). Neuroscience Letters. 149:1993;95-98.
155. Ujihara H., Akaike A., Tamura Y., Yokota T., Sasa M., Kashii S., Honda Y. Blockade of retinal NMDA receptors by sodium nitroprusside is probably due to nitric oxide formation. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 61:1993;375-377.
156. Venturini C.M., Knowles R.G., Palmer R.M.J., Moncada S. Synthesis of nitric oxide in the bovine retina. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 180:1991;920-925.
157. Veriac S., Tissie G., Bonne C. Oxygen free radicals adversely affect the regulation of vascular tone by nitric oxide in rabbit retina under high intraocular pressure. Experimental Eye Research. 56:1993;85-88.
158. Vincent S.R., Hope B.T. Neurons that say NO. Trends in Neuroscience. 15:1992;108-113.
159. Waldman S.A., Murad F. Cyclic GMP synthesis and function. Pharmacological Reviews. 39:1987;163-196.
160. Wässle H., Grünert U., Cook N.J., Molday R.S. The cGMP-gated channel of rod outer segments is not localized in bipolar cells of the mammalian retina. Neuroscience Letters. 134:1992;199-202.
161. Watanabe S.-I., Matthews G. Regional distribution of cGMP-activated ion channels in the plasma membrane of the rod photoreceptor. Journal of Neuroscience. 8:1988;2334-2337.
162. Wiencke A.K., Nilsson H., Nielson P.J., Nyborg N.C.B.B. Nonadrenergic noncholinergic vasodilation in bovine ciliary artery involves CGRP and neurogenic nitric oxide. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 35:1994;3268-3277.
163. Williams C.V., Nordquist D., McLoon S.C. Correlation of nitric oxide synthase expression with changing patterns of axonal projections in the developing visual system. Journal of Neuroscience. 14:1994;1746-1755.
164. Wilson C.A., Hatchell D.L. Photodynamic retinal vascular thrombosis: Rate and duration of vascular occlusion. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 32:1991;2357-2365.
165. Yamamoto R., Bredt D.S., Dawson T.M., Snyder S.H., Stone R.A. Enhanced expression of nitric oxide synthase by rat retina following pterygopalatine parasympathetic denervation. Brain Research. 631:1993;83-88.
166. Yamamoto R., Bredt D.S., Snyder S.H., Stone R.A. The localization of nitric oxide synthase in the rat eye and related cranial ganglia. Neuroscience. 54:1993;189-200.
167. Yao K., Tschudi M., Flammer J., Lüscher T.F. Endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular tone of the porcine ophthalmic artery. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 32:1991;1791-1798.
168. Yoon Y.H., Marmor M.F. Dextromethorphan protects retina against ischemic injury in vivo. Archives of Opthalmology. 107:1989;409-411.
169. Zeevalk G.D., Hyndman A.G., Nicklas W.J. Excitatory amino acid-induced toxicity in chick retina: Amino acid release, histology, and the effects of chloride channel blockers. Journal of Neurochemistry. 53:1989;1610-1619.
170. Zeevalk G.D., Nicklas W.J. Chemically induced hypoglycemia and anoxia: Relationship to glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in retina. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 253:1990;1285-1292.
171. Zeevalk G.D., Nicklas W.J. Nitric oxide in retina: Relation to excitatory amino acids and excitotoxicity. Experimental Eye Research. 58:1994;343-350.
172. Zhang J., Dawson V.L., Dawson T.M., Snyder S.H. Nitric oxide activation of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase in neurotoxicity. Science. 263:1994;687-689.
173. Zhang F.Y., Iadecola C. Nitroprusside improves blood flow and reduces brain damage after focal ischemia. Neuroreport. 4:1993;559-562.