Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control

Clinics in Dermatology

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 523-532

  Ashford, Richard W ^a  

^a LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOG; GERBIL; HOST; HYRAX; LEISHMANIASIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RODENT; SLOTH; VECTOR CONTROL;

EID: 0030249846     PISSN: 0738081X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0738-081X(96)00041-7     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. 1. World Health Organization. The leishmaniases, technical report series 701. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1984:140 pp.
2. 2. Margolis L, Esch GW, Holmes JC, et al. The use of ecological terms in parasitology. J Parasitol 1982;68:131-3.
3. 3. Disney RHL. Observations on a zoonosis: Leishmaniasis in British Honduras. J Appl Ecol 1968;5:1-59.
4. 4. Pavlovsky EN. Natural nidality of transmissible diseases. Moscow: Peace Publishers, undated:249
5. 5. Montgomery GG, Sunquist ME. Habitat selection and use by two-toed and three-toed sloths. In: Montgomery GG editor. Ecology of arboreal folivores. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press 1978;329-59.
6. 6. Montgomery GG, editor. The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths and vermilinguas. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985:450.
7. 7. Dedet JP. Leishmania et Leishmanioses du continent american. Ann Inst Pasteur 1992;4:13-25.
8. 8. Walker EP. Mammals of the world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1968:1500 pp.
9. 9. Tesh RB. Control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis: Is it time to change strategies? Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;52: 287-92.
10. 10. Wang C-T. Leishmaniasis in China: Epidemiology and control program. In: Leishmaniasis. Chang KP, Bray RS editors. Amsterdam: Elseiver, 1985:469-78.
11. 11. Kingdon J. East African mammals, vol 1. London: Academic press, 1971:445 pp.
12. 12. Maloiy GMO, Eley RM. The hyrax. Nairobi: RM Eley, 1992:122 pp.
13. 13. Fall PL, Lindquist CH, Falconer SE. Fossil hyrax middens from the Middle East. A record of palaeovegetation and human disturbance. In: Betancourt JL, Van Devender TR, Martin PS, editors. Packrat middens: The last 40,000 years of biotic change. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990:408-427.
14. 14. Ashford RW, Bray RS, Hutchinson MP, et al. The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1973;67:568-601.
15. 15. Sang DK, Pratlong F, Ashford RW. The identity of Leishmania tropica in Kenya Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86:621-2.
16. 16. World Health Organization. Control of the Leishmaniases, technical report series 793. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990:158 pp.
17. 17. Kerr SF, McHugh CP, Dronen NO. Leishmaniasis in Texas: Prevalence and seasonal transmission of Leishmania mexicana in Neotoma micropus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; 53:73-7.
18. 18. Rioux J-A, Ashford RW, Khiami A. Ecoepidemiology of leishmaniasis in Syria. 3. L. major infection in Psammomys obesus provides clues to life history of the rodent and possible control measures. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1992; 67:163-5.
19. 19. Ben Ismail R. Rapport de fonctionnement: Laboratoire d'epidemiologie et d'ecologie medicale. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 1994;71:86-107.
20. 20. Kamhawi S, Arbagi A, Adwan S, et al. Environmental manipulation in the control of a zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 1993;70:383-90.
21. 21. Dubrovsky YA. Gerbillinae and the natural focality of dermal leishmaniasis (in Russian). Moscow: 1978:184 pp.
22. 22. Eliseev LN, Strelkova MV, Zherikhina II. Features of epidemic activation of natural foci of zoonotic skin leishmaniasis in places of L. major, L. turanica and L. gerbilli sympatric distribution. Med Parazitol 1991;3:24-8.
23. 23. Blanc GR. Leishmaniose visceral generalisée observée chez un ecureuil Xerus getulus au Maroc. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1939;32:756-61.
24. 24. Laveran A, Franchini G. Sur un Herpetomonas du loir. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1921;14:278-80.
25. 25. Pande PG. A natural case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a bullock in Assam. Indian J Vet Sci Anim Husb 1941;11: 98-104.
26. 26. Desjeux P. Information on the epidemiology and control of the leishmaniases by country and territory. WHO/ LEISH/91.30. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1991:47.
27. 27. Corbet GB, Hill JE. A world list of mammalian species. London: British Museum (Natural History), 1980:266 pp.
28. 28. Conroy JD, Levine ND, Small E. Visceral leishmaniasis in a fennec fox. Pathol Vet 1970;7:163-70.
29. 29. Corredor AA, Gallego JF, Tesh RB, et al. Didelphis marsupialis: An apparent wild reservoir of Leishmania donovani chagasi in South America. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989;83:195.
30. 30. Travi BL, Jaramillo C, Montoya J, et al. Didelphys marsupialis, an important reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 50:557-65.
31. 31. Sherlock IA, Miranda JC, Sadigursky M, Grimaldi G. Natural infection of the opossum Didelphis albirentris with Leishmania donovani in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1984;79:511.
32. 32. Rioux JA, Petter F, Akalay O, et al. Meriones shawi reservoir de Leishmania major dans le Sud marocain. C R Acad Sci 1982;294:515-7.
33. 33. Lainson R, Dye C, Shaw JJ, et al. Amazonian visceral leishmaniasis - distribution of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis in relation to the fox Cerdocyon thous and the efficiency of this reservoir host as a source of infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1990;85:135-7.
34. 34. Courtenay O, Macdonald DW, Lainson R, et al. Epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis: A comparative serological study of dogs and foxes in Amazon Brazil. Parasitology 1994;109:273-9.
35. 35. Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Pova M. The importance of edentates (sloths and anteaters) as primary reservoirs of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis in north Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981;75:611-2.
36. 36. Hoogstraal H, Heyneman D. Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic 30. Final epidemiologic report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1969;18:1089-210.
37. 37. Haile TT, Lemma H. Isolation of Leishmania parasites from Arvicanthis in Ethiopa. Trans R Sco Trop Med Hyg 1977; 71:180-1.
38. 38. Yamasaki H, Agatsuma T, Pavon B, et al. Leishmania major-like parasites, a pathogenic agent of cutaneous leishmaniais in Paraguay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;51:749-57.
39. 39. Magill AJ, Grogl M, Johnson SC, et al. Visceral infection due to L. tropica in a veteran of Operation Desert Storm who presented 2 years after leaving Saudi Arabia. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:805-6.
40. 40. Noble D. Back into storm. Reanalysing health effects of the Gulf War. Anal Chem 1994;66:805A-8A.
41. 41. Sacks DL, Kenney RT, Kreutzer RD, et al. Indian kala-azar caused by Leishmania tropica. Lancet 1995;345:959-61.