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Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 54-78

The not-so-golden twenties: Everyday life and communist agitprop in Weimar-era Berlin

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Indexed keywords


EID: 0030243391     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/30.1.55     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (143)
  • 1
    • 84883318511 scopus 로고
    • Die erwerbslosigkeit junger arbeiter in der weltwirtschaftskrise in Deutschland 1929-1933
    • For the dimensions of the problem of youth unemployment, see Detlev Peukert, "Die Erwerbslosigkeit junger Arbeiter in der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Deutschland 1929-1933," Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 3 (1985): 305-328. A very important collection which features several articles on youth unemployment in Weimar is Richard J. Evans and Dick Geary (eds), The German Unemployed: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unemployment from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich (New York, 1987). Also of interest are the essays in Peter Stachura (ed), Unemployment and the Great Depression in Germany 1929-1933 (Houndmills, 1986).
    • (1985) Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte , vol.3 , pp. 305-328
    • Peukert, D.1
  • 2
    • 0011537508 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • For the dimensions of the problem of youth unemployment, see Detlev Peukert, "Die Erwerbslosigkeit junger Arbeiter in der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Deutschland 1929-1933," Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 3 (1985): 305-328. A very important collection which features several articles on youth unemployment in Weimar is Richard J. Evans and Dick Geary (eds), The German Unemployed: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unemployment from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich (New York, 1987). Also of interest are the essays in Peter Stachura (ed), Unemployment and the Great Depression in Germany 1929-1933 (Houndmills, 1986).
    • (1987) The German Unemployed: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unemployment from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich
    • Evans, R.J.1    Geary, D.2
  • 3
    • 84909332132 scopus 로고
    • Houndmills
    • For the dimensions of the problem of youth unemployment, see Detlev Peukert, "Die Erwerbslosigkeit junger Arbeiter in der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Deutschland 1929-1933," Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 3 (1985): 305-328. A very important collection which features several articles on youth unemployment in Weimar is Richard J. Evans and Dick Geary (eds), The German Unemployed: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unemployment from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich (New York, 1987). Also of interest are the essays in Peter Stachura (ed), Unemployment and the Great Depression in Germany 1929-1933 (Houndmills, 1986).
    • (1986) Unemployment and the Great Depression in Germany 1929-1933
    • Stachura, P.1
  • 4
    • 0011603364 scopus 로고
    • Milieu, radikalismus und lokale gesellschaft: Zur sozialgeschichte des kommunismus in der Weimarer Republik
    • As noted by Klaus-Michael Mallmann, "Milieu, Radikalismus und lokale Gesellschaft: Zur Sozialgeschichte des Kommunismus in der Weimarer Republik," Geschichte und Gesellschaft 21 (1995): 5-31. While there has been an abundance of valuable studies investigating everyday life and politics in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Third Reich, there has been quite little on the Weimar era. An exception to this is the work of Eve Rosenhaft, especially, Beating the Fascists? The German Communists & Political Violence 1929-1933 (London, 1983). Among the most important studies of working-class life in the Kaiserreich is Franz Josef Brüggemeier, Leben vor Ort. Ruhrbergleute und Ruhrbergbau 1889-1919 (Munich, 1983). For a good, general introduction to the issues, see Josef Mooser, Arbeiterleben in Deutschland 1900-1970. Klassenlagen, Kultur und Politik (Frankfurt am Main, 1984).
    • (1995) Geschichte und Gesellschaft , vol.21 , pp. 5-31
    • Mallmann, K.-M.1
  • 5
    • 0003698773 scopus 로고
    • London
    • As noted by Klaus-Michael Mallmann, "Milieu, Radikalismus und lokale Gesellschaft: Zur Sozialgeschichte des Kommunismus in der Weimarer Republik," Geschichte und Gesellschaft 21 (1995): 5-31. While there has been an abundance of valuable studies investigating everyday life and politics in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Third Reich, there has been quite little on the Weimar era. An exception to this is the work of Eve Rosenhaft, especially, Beating the Fascists? The German Communists & Political Violence 1929-1933 (London, 1983). Among the most important studies of working-class life in the Kaiserreich is Franz Josef Brüggemeier, Leben vor Ort. Ruhrbergleute und Ruhrbergbau 1889-1919 (Munich, 1983). For a good, general introduction to the issues, see Josef Mooser, Arbeiterleben in Deutschland 1900-1970. Klassenlagen, Kultur und Politik (Frankfurt am Main, 1984).
    • (1983) Beating the Fascists? The German Communists & Political Violence 1929-1933
    • Rosenhaft, E.1
  • 6
    • 0004096654 scopus 로고
    • Munich
    • As noted by Klaus-Michael Mallmann, "Milieu, Radikalismus und lokale Gesellschaft: Zur Sozialgeschichte des Kommunismus in der Weimarer Republik," Geschichte und Gesellschaft 21 (1995): 5-31. While there has been an abundance of valuable studies investigating everyday life and politics in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Third Reich, there has been quite little on the Weimar era. An exception to this is the work of Eve Rosenhaft, especially, Beating the Fascists? The German Communists & Political Violence 1929-1933 (London, 1983). Among the most important studies of working-class life in the Kaiserreich is Franz Josef Brüggemeier, Leben vor Ort. Ruhrbergleute und Ruhrbergbau 1889-1919 (Munich, 1983). For a good, general introduction to the issues, see Josef Mooser, Arbeiterleben in Deutschland 1900-1970. Klassenlagen, Kultur und Politik (Frankfurt am Main, 1984).
    • (1983) Leben vor Ort. Ruhrbergleute und Ruhrbergbau 1889-1919
    • Brüggemeier, F.J.1
  • 7
    • 0003454301 scopus 로고
    • Frankfurt am Main
    • As noted by Klaus-Michael Mallmann, "Milieu, Radikalismus und lokale Gesellschaft: Zur Sozialgeschichte des Kommunismus in der Weimarer Republik," Geschichte und Gesellschaft 21 (1995): 5-31. While there has been an abundance of valuable studies investigating everyday life and politics in Germany during the Kaiserreich and the Third Reich, there has been quite little on the Weimar era. An exception to this is the work of Eve Rosenhaft, especially, Beating the Fascists? The German Communists & Political Violence 1929-1933 (London, 1983). Among the most important studies of working-class life in the Kaiserreich is Franz Josef Brüggemeier, Leben vor Ort. Ruhrbergleute und Ruhrbergbau 1889-1919 (Munich, 1983). For a good, general introduction to the issues, see Josef Mooser, Arbeiterleben in Deutschland 1900-1970. Klassenlagen, Kultur und Politik (Frankfurt am Main, 1984).
    • (1984) Arbeiterleben in Deutschland 1900-1970. Klassenlagen, Kultur und Politik
    • Mooser, J.1
  • 9
    • 0011532986 scopus 로고
    • Berlin, Table 14, "Personenstandsaufnahmen 1927 und 1928,"
    • Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Berlin, 1930 (Berlin, 1930), Table 14, "Personenstandsaufnahmen 1927 und 1928," p.22.
    • (1930) Statistisches Jahrbuch Der Stadt Berlin, 1930 , pp. 22
  • 10
    • 0011594255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grzywatz, p. 130
    • Grzywatz, p. 130.
  • 11
    • 0011668970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 31
    • Ibid., p. 31.
  • 12
    • 0011656741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 31
    • Ibid.
  • 13
    • 0011603366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., table 12, "Betriebe und Unternehmer einzelner Gewerbegruppen nach der Gewerbeaufsichtsstatistik in Berlin und Deutschland von 1928 bis 1934," p. 58
    • Ibid., table 12, "Betriebe und Unternehmer einzelner Gewerbegruppen nach der Gewerbeaufsichtsstatistik in Berlin und Deutschland von 1928 bis 1934," p. 58.
  • 14
    • 0011670658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peukert, p. 314
    • Peukert, p. 314.
  • 15
    • 0011532986 scopus 로고
    • Berlin, table 280, "Theater, Varietés und Kinos am 1. Mai 1928," and table 279, "Städtische Volksbüchereien und und Lesehallen im Rechnungsjahr 1928,"
    • Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Berlin, 1930 (Berlin, 1930), table 280, "Theater, Varietés und Kinos am 1. Mai 1928," and table 279, "Städtische Volksbüchereien und und Lesehallen im Rechnungsjahr 1928," both on p. 210.
    • (1930) Statistisches Jahrbuch Der Stadt Berlin, 1930 , pp. 210
  • 17
    • 0011537115 scopus 로고
    • Berliner höfe
    • 26 November
    • The description in this paragraph is based on the following three articles: Anon., "Berliner Höfe," Vorwärts (morning), 26 November 1925; ess., "Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 2 November 1929; and Anon., "Auf dem Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 30 July 1926, as well as my own observations of the district.
    • (1925) Vorwärts (Morning)
  • 18
    • 0011605675 scopus 로고
    • Wedding
    • 2 November
    • The description in this paragraph is based on the following three articles: Anon., "Berliner Höfe," Vorwärts (morning), 26 November 1925; ess., "Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 2 November 1929; and Anon., "Auf dem Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 30 July 1926, as well as my own observations of the district.
    • (1929) Die Rote Fahne
  • 19
    • 0011537116 scopus 로고
    • Auf dem wedding
    • 30 July
    • The description in this paragraph is based on the following three articles: Anon., "Berliner Höfe," Vorwärts (morning), 26 November 1925; ess., "Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 2 November 1929; and Anon., "Auf dem Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 30 July 1926, as well as my own observations of the district.
    • (1926) Die Rote Fahne
  • 20
    • 0011665072 scopus 로고
    • Wedding
    • 2 November
    • ess., "Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 2 November 1929.
    • (1929) Die Rote Fahne
  • 21
    • 4244088275 scopus 로고
    • Die strafexpedition in der kösliner straße: Arbeiter verhindern exmission: Ein erfolg der 'roten fahne' - Weitere ausquartierungen verschoben
    • 27 November
    • For descriptions of this, see; Anon. "Die Strafexpedition in der Kösliner Straße: Arbeiter verhindern Exmission: Ein Erfolg der 'Roten Fahne' - Weitere Ausquartierungen verschoben," Die Rote Fahne, 27 November 1929 and Anon., "Neue Exmissionsklagen in der Kösliner Straße: Kampfleitung verbreitet die Abwehrfront," Die Rote Fahne, 30 November 1929.
    • (1929) Die Rote Fahne
  • 22
    • 4243968429 scopus 로고
    • Neue exmissionsklagen in der kösliner straße: Kampfleitung verbreitet die abwehrfront
    • 30 November
    • For descriptions of this, see; Anon. "Die Strafexpedition in der Kösliner Straße: Arbeiter verhindern Exmission: Ein Erfolg der 'Roten Fahne' - Weitere Ausquartierungen verschoben," Die Rote Fahne, 27 November 1929 and Anon., "Neue Exmissionsklagen in der Kösliner Straße: Kampfleitung verbreitet die Abwehrfront," Die Rote Fahne, 30 November 1929.
    • (1929) Die Rote Fahne
  • 23
    • 0011600773 scopus 로고
    • Notizen über den wedding
    • 28 November
    • Fritz Köhler, "Notizen über den Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 28 November 1928. Additionally, Willy Römer's Ambulantes Gewerbe Berlin 1904-1932 (West Berlin, 1983)(Volume three in the series, Edition Photothek published by Diethart Kerbs) a book of photographs depicting street hawkers is certainly worth looking at.
    • (1928) Die Rote Fahne
    • Köhler, F.1
  • 24
    • 0011657016 scopus 로고
    • West Berlin, in the series, Edition Photothek published by Diethart Kerbs a book of photographs depicting street hawkers is certainly worth looking at
    • Fritz Köhler, "Notizen über den Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 28 November 1928. Additionally, Willy Römer's Ambulantes Gewerbe Berlin 1904-1932 (West Berlin, 1983)(Volume three in the series, Edition Photothek published by Diethart Kerbs) a book of photographs depicting street hawkers is certainly worth looking at.
    • (1983) Ambulantes Gewerbe Berlin 1904-1932 , vol.3
    • Römer, W.1
  • 25
    • 0011606394 scopus 로고
    • West Berlin, in the series, Edition Photothek published by Diethart Kerbs
    • For a photographic record, see, Willy Römer, Leierkästen in Berlin 1912-1932 (West Berlin, 1982). Volume one in the series, Edition Photothek published by Diethart Kerbs.
    • (1982) Leierkästen in Berlin 1912-1932 , vol.1
    • Römer, W.1
  • 26
    • 0011606395 scopus 로고
    • Die vorletzte station
    • 29 November
    • The discussion of singers is based upon Anon. ̈Die vorletzte Station,̈ Vorwärts (Sunday), 29 November 1931.
    • (1931) Vorwärts (Sunday)
  • 27
    • 0011536386 scopus 로고
    • Machen vier ihr glück? Die vier wedding-boys
    • 21 June
    • For a slightly different view, see the anonymous article, "Machen vier ihr Glück? Die vier Wedding-Boys," Die Welt am Abend, 21 June 1932 which details one such group's (as of then yet uncertain) accession from singing in working-class courtyards to performing in some of the night clubs in the more fashionable parts of Berlin.
    • (1932) Die Welt Am Abend
  • 28
    • 0011669697 scopus 로고
    • Berlin ist und bleibt rot, die kunst der straße, transparente für liste 4
    • 14 September
    • Durus, "Berlin ist und bleibt rot, Die Kunst der Straße, Transparente für Liste 4," Die Rote Fahne, 14 September 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
    • Durus1
  • 29
    • 0011537510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In German these slogans read as follows: Kösliner Straße 2 - Ob Brüning oder Frick, sie brechen dir das Genick, darum raten wir dir: wähle Liste 4! Kösliner Straße 3 - In der SPD. es kracht, da sie Brünings Politik gemacht. Prolet wir raten dir Wähle KPD., Liste 4! Kösliner Straße 5 - Für ein Sowjetdeutschland kämpfen nur wir, darum wählt Kommunisten, Liste 4! Kösliner Straße 7 - Denkt an die 33 Toten vom 1. Mai! Wählt KPD., die Liste 4! Kösliner Straße 21 - Wer mit Thälmann geht, KPD., Liste 4 nur wählt!
  • 30
    • 0011601544 scopus 로고
    • Berlin/Bonn, For the story up to and including the second vote, which brought down Brüning's cabinet in July, 1930, see pp. 158-173
    • In fact the SPD's Reichstag fraction had (with the exception of a few deputies) voted against seating Brüning's cabinet in the first place and had unanimously supported a vote of no confidence against the cabinet in July, 1930. See Heinrich August Winkler, Der Weg in die Katastrophe: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1930 bis 1933 (Berlin/Bonn, 1987). For the initial vote see pp. 125-127. For the story up to and including the second vote, which brought down Brüning's cabinet in July, 1930, see pp. 158-173.
    • (1987) Der Weg in Die Katastrophe: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in Der Weimarer Republik 1930 bis 1933 , pp. 125-127
    • Winkler, H.A.1
  • 33
    • 0011537117 scopus 로고
    • "In Kellern, Dachhöhlen und Ställen hausen 142571 Berliner. Aber der sozialdemokratische Magistrat macht eine 'Festspielwoche'," Die Rote Fahne, 6 April
    • Kl. N-Z. (Probably Klaus Neukrantz, author of the novel, Barrikaden in Wedding), "In Kellern, Dachhöhlen und Ställen hausen 142571 Berliner. Aber der sozialdemokratische Magistrat macht eine 'Festspielwoche'," Die Rote Fahne, 6 April 1929.
    • (1929) Barrikaden in Wedding
    • Neukrantz, K.1
  • 34
    • 0011594258 scopus 로고
    • 61020 Berliner wohnungen ohne licht. Ueber eine million einwohner haben keinen abort
    • 8 August
    • P. Lang, "61020 Berliner Wohnungen ohne Licht. Ueber eine Million Einwohner haben keinen Abort," Die Rote Fahne, 8 August 1928.
    • (1928) Die Rote Fahne
    • Lang, P.1
  • 38
    • 0011535001 scopus 로고
    • Wie die Berliner proletarier wohnen
    • 6 February
    • Waldemar, writing in the Rote Fahne, denied even the will-o-the-wisp statement that poverty was hidden, commenting on the monotonous sameness of the tenements' facades which faced onto the streets. He added that the farther one got into the courtyards, the worse the situation became. See Waldemar, "Wie die Berliner Proletarier wohnen," Die Rote Fahne (morning), 6 February 1921.
    • (1921) Die Rote Fahne (Morning)
    • Waldemar1
  • 39
    • 0011663708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noack, p. 8
    • Noack, p. 8.
  • 40
    • 0011595959 scopus 로고
    • Berliner arbeiterwohnungen. Stätten des grauens
    • 13 April
    • Dr. E. Danelius, "Berliner Arbeiterwohnungen. Stätten des Grauens," Die Vossische Zeitung, 13 April 1929.
    • (1929) Die Vossische Zeitung
    • Danelius, E.1
  • 41
    • 52849120591 scopus 로고
    • Berlin, probably date in the preface
    • Robert Dinse, Dos Freizeitleben der Großstadtjugend: 5000 Jungen und Mädchen berichten (Berlin, probably 1932 - date in the preface). Dinse's discussion of reading can be found on pages 45-61. The most important study on the reading habits of German workers during the Kaiserreich is Dieter Langewiesche and Klaus Schönhoven, "Arbeiterbibliotheken und Arbeiterlektüre im Wilhelminischen Deutschland," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte (1976): 135-204. Also of interest are Hans-Josef Steinberg, (Nicholas Jacobs, translator) "Workers' Libraries in Germany before 1914," History Workshop (Spring, 1976): 166-180 and Wilhelm Leo Guttsman, The German Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933: From Ghetto to Government (London, 1981), pp. 209-211 .
    • (1932) Dos Freizeitleben Der Großstadtjugend: 5000 Jungen und Mädchen Berichten , pp. 45-61
    • Dinse, R.1
  • 42
    • 0001290033 scopus 로고
    • Arbeiterbibliotheken und arbeiterlektüre im wilhelminischen Deutschland
    • Robert Dinse, Dos Freizeitleben der Großstadtjugend: 5000 Jungen und Mädchen berichten (Berlin, probably 1932 - date in the preface). Dinse's discussion of reading can be found on pages 45-61. The most important study on the reading habits of German workers during the Kaiserreich is Dieter Langewiesche and Klaus Schönhoven, "Arbeiterbibliotheken und Arbeiterlektüre im Wilhelminischen Deutschland," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte (1976): 135-204. Also of interest are Hans-Josef Steinberg, (Nicholas Jacobs, translator) "Workers' Libraries in Germany before 1914," History Workshop (Spring, 1976): 166-180 and Wilhelm Leo Guttsman, The German Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933: From Ghetto to Government (London, 1981), pp. 209-211 .
    • (1976) Archiv für Sozialgeschichte , pp. 135-204
    • Langewiesche, D.1    Schönhoven, K.2
  • 43
    • 77958413921 scopus 로고
    • Workers' libraries in Germany before 1914
    • Nicholas Jacobs, translator Spring
    • Robert Dinse, Dos Freizeitleben der Großstadtjugend: 5000 Jungen und Mädchen berichten (Berlin, probably 1932 - date in the preface). Dinse's discussion of reading can be found on pages 45-61. The most important study on the reading habits of German workers during the Kaiserreich is Dieter Langewiesche and Klaus Schönhoven, "Arbeiterbibliotheken und Arbeiterlektüre im Wilhelminischen Deutschland," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte (1976): 135-204. Also of interest are Hans-Josef Steinberg, (Nicholas Jacobs, translator) "Workers' Libraries in Germany before 1914," History Workshop (Spring, 1976): 166-180 and Wilhelm Leo Guttsman, The German Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933: From Ghetto to Government (London, 1981), pp. 209-211 .
    • (1976) History Workshop , pp. 166-180
    • Steinberg, H.-J.1
  • 44
    • 0004209670 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Robert Dinse, Dos Freizeitleben der Großstadtjugend: 5000 Jungen und Mädchen berichten (Berlin, probably 1932 - date in the preface). Dinse's discussion of reading can be found on pages 45-61. The most important study on the reading habits of German workers during the Kaiserreich is Dieter Langewiesche and Klaus Schönhoven, "Arbeiterbibliotheken und Arbeiterlektüre im Wilhelminischen Deutschland," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte (1976): 135-204. Also of interest are Hans-Josef Steinberg, (Nicholas Jacobs, translator) "Workers' Libraries in Germany before 1914," History Workshop (Spring, 1976): 166-180 and Wilhelm Leo Guttsman, The German Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933: From Ghetto to Government (London, 1981), pp. 209-211 .
    • (1981) The German Social Democratic Party, 1875-1933: From Ghetto to Government , pp. 209-211
    • Guttsman, W.L.1
  • 45
    • 0011535317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinse, p. 45
    • Dinse, p. 45.
  • 46
    • 0011604717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 46
    • Ibid., p. 46.
  • 47
    • 0011604718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., pp. 46-47
    • Ibid., pp. 46-47.
  • 48
    • 0011535318 scopus 로고
    • Leihbibliothek am wedding
    • July
    • Fritz Erpenbeck, "Leihbibliothek am Wedding," Die Linkskurve (July, 1930): 14-15.
    • (1930) Die Linkskurve , pp. 14-15
    • Erpenbeck, F.1
  • 49
    • 0011604719 scopus 로고
    • Teenage consumers? Young wage-earners and leisure in Manchester, 1919-1939
    • Andrew Davies and Steven Fielding (eds.), Manchester
    • This was also true in the cases of Manchester and Vienna. See David Fowler, "Teenage Consumers? Young Wage-Earners And Leisure In Manchester, 1919-1939," in Andrew Davies and Steven Fielding (eds.), Workers' Worlds: Cultures and Communities in Manchester and Salford, 1880-1939 (Manchester, 1992), pp. 137-140; and J. Robert Wegs, Growing Up Working Class: Continuity and Change Among Viennese Youth, 1890-1938 (University Park, PA, 1989), p. 121.
    • (1992) Workers' Worlds: Cultures and Communities in Manchester and Salford, 1880-1939 , pp. 137-140
    • Fowler, D.1
  • 50
    • 0003709546 scopus 로고
    • University Park, PA
    • This was also true in the cases of Manchester and Vienna. See David Fowler, "Teenage Consumers? Young Wage-Earners And Leisure In Manchester, 1919-1939," in Andrew Davies and Steven Fielding (eds.), Workers' Worlds: Cultures and Communities in Manchester and Salford, 1880-1939 (Manchester, 1992), pp. 137-140; and J. Robert Wegs, Growing Up Working Class: Continuity and Change Among Viennese Youth, 1890-1938 (University Park, PA, 1989), p. 121.
    • (1989) Growing Up Working Class: Continuity and Change among Viennese Youth, 1890-1938 , pp. 121
    • Wegs, J.R.1
  • 52
    • 0011534651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinse, p. 71
    • Dinse, p. 71.
  • 53
    • 0011600776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Dinse includes a number of workers' descriptions of what was included in a Rummel, especially that which was attractive to young workers. See pp. 80-83.
  • 54
    • 4244094375 scopus 로고
    • Vergnügungsstätten am wedding: Witwenball-'volkskabarett' 'radiokneipe'
    • 4 March
    • Nordpark is discussed briefly in Durus, "Vergnügungsstätten am Wedding: Witwenball-'Volkskabarett' 'Radiokneipe'," Die Rote Fahne, 4 March 1927.
    • (1927) Die Rote Fahne
    • Durus1
  • 55
    • 0011668973 scopus 로고
    • Rummelplatz auf dem wedding
    • 23 March
    • Ho. "Rummelplatz auf dem Wedding," Die Rote Fahne, 23 March 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
    • Ho1
  • 57
    • 0011650052 scopus 로고
    • Bensheim
    • On the cliques see, Hellmut Lessing and Manfred Liebel, Wilde Cliquen. Szenen einer andernen Arbeiterjugendbewegung (Bensheim, 1981); Christine Fournier, "Ringvereine der Jugend," Die Weltbühne (20 January 1931): 89-95; Eve Rosenhaft, "Organising the 'Lumpenproletariat': Cliques and Communists in Berlin During the Weimar Republic," in Richard Evans (ed), The German Working Class, 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (London, 1982), pp. 174-219, Otto Voß and Herbert Schön, "Die Cliquen jugendlicher Verwahrloster als sozialpädagogisches Problem," in Erfahrungen der Jungen (Potsdam, 1930). Gertrud Staewen-Ordemann, Menschen der Unordnung. Die proletarische Wirklichkeit im Arbeitsschicksal der ungelernten Großstadtjugend (Berlin, 1933) also contains an analysis of the cliques. For a novel about clique life see Walter Schönstedt, Kämpfende Jugend (Berlin, 1932, reprinted in West Berlin, 1971).
    • (1981) Wilde Cliquen. Szenen Einer Andernen Arbeiterjugendbewegung
    • Lessing, H.1    Liebel, M.2
  • 58
    • 0011654527 scopus 로고
    • Ringvereine der jugend
    • 20 January
    • On the cliques see, Hellmut Lessing and Manfred Liebel, Wilde Cliquen. Szenen einer andernen Arbeiterjugendbewegung (Bensheim, 1981); Christine Fournier, "Ringvereine der Jugend," Die Weltbühne (20 January 1931): 89-95; Eve Rosenhaft, "Organising the 'Lumpenproletariat': Cliques and Communists in Berlin During the Weimar Republic," in Richard Evans (ed), The German Working Class, 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (London, 1982), pp. 174-219, Otto Voß and Herbert Schön, "Die Cliquen jugendlicher Verwahrloster als sozialpädagogisches Problem," in Erfahrungen der Jungen (Potsdam, 1930). Gertrud Staewen-Ordemann, Menschen der Unordnung. Die proletarische Wirklichkeit im Arbeitsschicksal der ungelernten Großstadtjugend (Berlin, 1933) also contains an analysis of the cliques. For a novel about clique life see Walter Schönstedt, Kämpfende Jugend (Berlin, 1932, reprinted in West Berlin, 1971).
    • (1931) Die Weltbühne , pp. 89-95
    • Fournier, C.1
  • 59
    • 85080989122 scopus 로고
    • Organising the 'lumpenproletariat': Cliques and communists in Berlin during the Weimar Republic
    • Richard Evans (ed), London
    • On the cliques see, Hellmut Lessing and Manfred Liebel, Wilde Cliquen. Szenen einer andernen Arbeiterjugendbewegung (Bensheim, 1981); Christine Fournier, "Ringvereine der Jugend," Die Weltbühne (20 January 1931): 89-95; Eve Rosenhaft, "Organising the 'Lumpenproletariat': Cliques and Communists in Berlin During the Weimar Republic," in Richard Evans (ed), The German Working Class, 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (London, 1982), pp. 174-219, Otto Voß and Herbert Schön, "Die Cliquen jugendlicher Verwahrloster als sozialpädagogisches Problem," in Erfahrungen der Jungen (Potsdam, 1930). Gertrud Staewen-Ordemann, Menschen der Unordnung. Die proletarische Wirklichkeit im Arbeitsschicksal der ungelernten Großstadtjugend (Berlin, 1933) also contains an analysis of the cliques. For a novel about clique life see Walter Schönstedt, Kämpfende Jugend (Berlin, 1932, reprinted in West Berlin, 1971).
    • (1982) The German Working Class, 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life , pp. 174-219
    • Rosenhaft, E.1
  • 60
    • 4244018631 scopus 로고
    • Die cliquen jugendlicher verwahrloster als sozialpädagogisches problem
    • Potsdam
    • On the cliques see, Hellmut Lessing and Manfred Liebel, Wilde Cliquen. Szenen einer andernen Arbeiterjugendbewegung (Bensheim, 1981); Christine Fournier, "Ringvereine der Jugend," Die Weltbühne (20 January 1931): 89-95; Eve Rosenhaft, "Organising the 'Lumpenproletariat': Cliques and Communists in Berlin During the Weimar Republic," in Richard Evans (ed), The German Working Class, 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (London, 1982), pp. 174-219, Otto Voß and Herbert Schön, "Die Cliquen jugendlicher Verwahrloster als sozialpädagogisches Problem," in Erfahrungen der Jungen (Potsdam, 1930). Gertrud Staewen-Ordemann, Menschen der Unordnung. Die proletarische Wirklichkeit im Arbeitsschicksal der ungelernten Großstadtjugend (Berlin, 1933) also contains an analysis of the cliques. For a novel about clique life see Walter Schönstedt, Kämpfende Jugend (Berlin, 1932, reprinted in West Berlin, 1971).
    • (1930) Erfahrungen Der Jungen
    • Voß, O.1    Schön, H.2
  • 61
    • 0011537866 scopus 로고
    • Berlin
    • On the cliques see, Hellmut Lessing and Manfred Liebel, Wilde Cliquen. Szenen einer andernen Arbeiterjugendbewegung (Bensheim, 1981); Christine Fournier, "Ringvereine der Jugend," Die Weltbühne (20 January 1931): 89-95; Eve Rosenhaft, "Organising the 'Lumpenproletariat': Cliques and Communists in Berlin During the Weimar Republic," in Richard Evans (ed), The German Working Class, 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (London, 1982), pp. 174-219, Otto Voß and Herbert Schön, "Die Cliquen jugendlicher Verwahrloster als sozialpädagogisches Problem," in Erfahrungen der Jungen (Potsdam, 1930). Gertrud Staewen-Ordemann, Menschen der Unordnung. Die proletarische Wirklichkeit im Arbeitsschicksal der ungelernten Großstadtjugend (Berlin, 1933) also contains an analysis of the cliques. For a novel about clique life see Walter Schönstedt, Kämpfende Jugend (Berlin, 1932, reprinted in West Berlin, 1971).
    • (1933) Menschen Der Unordnung. Die Proletarische Wirklichkeit Im Arbeitsschicksal Der Ungelernten Großstadtjugend
    • Staewen-Ordemann, G.1
  • 62
    • 0011537512 scopus 로고
    • Berlin, reprinted in West Berlin
    • On the cliques see, Hellmut Lessing and Manfred Liebel, Wilde Cliquen. Szenen einer andernen Arbeiterjugendbewegung (Bensheim, 1981); Christine Fournier, "Ringvereine der Jugend," Die Weltbühne (20 January 1931): 89-95; Eve Rosenhaft, "Organising the 'Lumpenproletariat': Cliques and Communists in Berlin During the Weimar Republic," in Richard Evans (ed), The German Working Class, 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (London, 1982), pp. 174-219, Otto Voß and Herbert Schön, "Die Cliquen jugendlicher Verwahrloster als sozialpädagogisches Problem," in Erfahrungen der Jungen (Potsdam, 1930). Gertrud Staewen-Ordemann, Menschen der Unordnung. Die proletarische Wirklichkeit im Arbeitsschicksal der ungelernten Großstadtjugend (Berlin, 1933) also contains an analysis of the cliques. For a novel about clique life see Walter Schönstedt, Kämpfende Jugend (Berlin, 1932, reprinted in West Berlin, 1971).
    • (1932) Kämpfende Jugend
    • Schönstedt, W.1
  • 63
    • 0011656745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fournier, p. 91
    • Fournier, p. 91.
  • 64
    • 0011536391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessing and Liebel, p. 20. Such uniforms were not only a German phenomenon. The Napoo Gang of interwar Manchester outfitted themselves in navy blue suits, trilbys, and pink neckerchiefs. See David Fowler, p. 144
    • Lessing and Liebel, p. 20. Such uniforms were not only a German phenomenon. The Napoo Gang of interwar Manchester outfitted themselves in navy blue suits, trilbys, and pink neckerchiefs. See David Fowler, p. 144.
  • 65
    • 0011656746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with a former clique member
    • Interview with a former clique member, in Lessing and Liebel, p. 33.
    • Lessing1    Liebel2
  • 66
    • 0011602944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with an anonymous clique observer
    • Interview with an anonymous clique observer, in Lessing and Liebel, pp. 39-40.
    • Lessing1    Liebel2
  • 67
    • 0011534652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fournier, p. 91
    • Fournier, p. 91.
  • 68
    • 0011534653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosenhaft, pp. 182-183
    • Rosenhaft, pp. 182-183.
  • 69
    • 0011670660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessing and Liebel, p. 24
    • Lessing and Liebel, p. 24.
  • 70
    • 0011668974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fournier, p. 93
    • Fournier, p. 93.
  • 71
    • 0011601546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessing and Liebel, pp. 19-22
    • Lessing and Liebel, pp. 19-22.
  • 72
    • 0011537120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • on demonstrations with the Communist Youth and with a former clique bull on fights with Nazis, p. 39
    • For example see the interview with a former member, in Lessing and Liebel, p. 34, on demonstrations with the Communist Youth and with a former clique bull on fights with Nazis, p. 39.
    • Lessing1    Liebel2
  • 73
    • 0011605678 scopus 로고
    • Der rote eine-mark-roman
    • Schönstedt's novel treats the KPD's attempts to recruit clique members to its cause. This novel was part of the KPD's "Red-One Mark" series of novels. For more about this series, see Hanno Möbius, "Der Rote Eine-Mark-Roman," Archiv für Sozialgeschicht (1974): 157-205.
    • (1974) Archiv für Sozialgeschicht , pp. 157-205
    • Möbius, H.1
  • 75
    • 0011601183 scopus 로고
    • originally printed in Berlin, reprinted in Frankfurt/M
    • All of the exhibits for which I was able to find reference were sponsored by organizations and publications controlled by Willi Münzenberg (the so-called "Red Hugenberg," after one of the principle reactionary mass media lords of the Weimar Republic). Münzenberg controlled the newspapers Berlin am Morgen, Welt am Abend (which had the largest circulation of any of the working-class dailies), Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung, Der Weg der Frau, and others. In addition, he was one of the driving forces behind such mass organizations as the Rote Hilfe and the Internationale Arbeiter Hilfe. There is some question as to Münzenberg's happiness with the KPD's ultraleft politics during the so-called Third Period and his possible wish for a more united-front style. For his own perspective see Willi Münzenberg, Die Dritte Front. Aufzeichnungen aus 15 Jahre proletarischer Jugendbewegung (originally printed in Berlin, 1930, reprinted in Frankfurt/M, 1978) which deals with the years 1906-1921, and Willi Münzenberg, Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe 1921-1931 (Berlin, 1931) Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg. Propagandist For and Against the Comintern," International Review of Social History Vol. X Part 2 (1965): 188-210; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921-1933," Journal of Modern History (September, 1966): 278-297; Rolf Suhrmann, Die Münzenberg-Legende. Zur Publizistik der revolutionären deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1921-1933 (Cologne, 1983) and Babette Gross (Marian Jackson, translator), Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography (Ann Arbor, 1974) provide important information on Münzenberg's varied projects.
    • (1930) Die Dritte Front. Aufzeichnungen aus 15 Jahre Proletarischer Jugendbewegung
    • Münzenberg, W.1
  • 76
    • 4243968539 scopus 로고
    • Berlin
    • All of the exhibits for which I was able to find reference were sponsored by organizations and publications controlled by Willi Münzenberg (the so-called "Red Hugenberg," after one of the principle reactionary mass media lords of the Weimar Republic). Münzenberg controlled the newspapers Berlin am Morgen, Welt am Abend (which had the largest circulation of any of the working-class dailies), Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung, Der Weg der Frau, and others. In addition, he was one of the driving forces behind such mass organizations as the Rote Hilfe and the Internationale Arbeiter Hilfe. There is some question as to Münzenberg's happiness with the KPD's ultraleft politics during the so-called Third Period and his possible wish for a more united-front style. For his own perspective see Willi Münzenberg, Die Dritte Front. Aufzeichnungen aus 15 Jahre proletarischer Jugendbewegung (originally printed in Berlin, 1930, reprinted in Frankfurt/M, 1978) which deals with the years 1906-1921, and Willi Münzenberg, Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe 1921-1931 (Berlin, 1931) Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg. Propagandist For and Against the Comintern," International Review of Social History Vol. X Part 2 (1965): 188-210; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921-1933," Journal of Modern History (September, 1966): 278-297; Rolf Suhrmann, Die Münzenberg-Legende. Zur Publizistik der revolutionären deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1921-1933 (Cologne, 1983) and Babette Gross (Marian Jackson, translator), Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography (Ann Arbor, 1974) provide important information on Münzenberg's varied projects.
    • (1931) Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe 1921-1931
    • Münzenberg, W.1
  • 77
    • 84971110023 scopus 로고
    • Willi Münzenberg. Propagandist for and against the comintern
    • All of the exhibits for which I was able to find reference were sponsored by organizations and publications controlled by Willi Münzenberg (the so-called "Red Hugenberg," after one of the principle reactionary mass media lords of the Weimar Republic). Münzenberg controlled the newspapers Berlin am Morgen, Welt am Abend (which had the largest circulation of any of the working-class dailies), Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung, Der Weg der Frau, and others. In addition, he was one of the driving forces behind such mass organizations as the Rote Hilfe and the Internationale Arbeiter Hilfe. There is some question as to Münzenberg's happiness with the KPD's ultraleft politics during the so-called Third Period and his possible wish for a more united-front style. For his own perspective see Willi Münzenberg, Die Dritte Front. Aufzeichnungen aus 15 Jahre proletarischer Jugendbewegung (originally printed in Berlin, 1930, reprinted in Frankfurt/M, 1978) which deals with the years 1906-1921, and Willi Münzenberg, Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe 1921-1931 (Berlin, 1931) Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg. Propagandist For and Against the Comintern," International Review of Social History Vol. X Part 2 (1965): 188-210; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921-1933," Journal of Modern History (September, 1966): 278-297; Rolf Suhrmann, Die Münzenberg-Legende. Zur Publizistik der revolutionären deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1921-1933 (Cologne, 1983) and Babette Gross (Marian Jackson, translator), Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography (Ann Arbor, 1974) provide important information on Münzenberg's varied projects.
    • (1965) International Review of Social History Vol. X Part 2 , vol.10 , pp. 188-210
    • Gruber, H.1
  • 78
    • 0011670661 scopus 로고
    • Willi Münzenberg's German communist propaganda empire 1921-1933
    • September
    • All of the exhibits for which I was able to find reference were sponsored by organizations and publications controlled by Willi Münzenberg (the so-called "Red Hugenberg," after one of the principle reactionary mass media lords of the Weimar Republic). Münzenberg controlled the newspapers Berlin am Morgen, Welt am Abend (which had the largest circulation of any of the working-class dailies), Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung, Der Weg der Frau, and others. In addition, he was one of the driving forces behind such mass organizations as the Rote Hilfe and the Internationale Arbeiter Hilfe. There is some question as to Münzenberg's happiness with the KPD's ultraleft politics during the so-called Third Period and his possible wish for a more united-front style. For his own perspective see Willi Münzenberg, Die Dritte Front. Aufzeichnungen aus 15 Jahre proletarischer Jugendbewegung (originally printed in Berlin, 1930, reprinted in Frankfurt/M, 1978) which deals with the years 1906-1921, and Willi Münzenberg, Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe 1921-1931 (Berlin, 1931) Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg. Propagandist For and Against the Comintern," International Review of Social History Vol. X Part 2 (1965): 188-210; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921-1933," Journal of Modern History (September, 1966): 278-297; Rolf Suhrmann, Die Münzenberg-Legende. Zur Publizistik der revolutionären deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1921-1933 (Cologne, 1983) and Babette Gross (Marian Jackson, translator), Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography (Ann Arbor, 1974) provide important information on Münzenberg's varied projects.
    • (1966) Journal of Modern History , pp. 278-297
    • Gruber, H.1
  • 79
    • 4244088393 scopus 로고
    • Cologne
    • All of the exhibits for which I was able to find reference were sponsored by organizations and publications controlled by Willi Münzenberg (the so-called "Red Hugenberg," after one of the principle reactionary mass media lords of the Weimar Republic). Münzenberg controlled the newspapers Berlin am Morgen, Welt am Abend (which had the largest circulation of any of the working-class dailies), Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung, Der Weg der Frau, and others. In addition, he was one of the driving forces behind such mass organizations as the Rote Hilfe and the Internationale Arbeiter Hilfe. There is some question as to Münzenberg's happiness with the KPD's ultraleft politics during the so-called Third Period and his possible wish for a more united-front style. For his own perspective see Willi Münzenberg, Die Dritte Front. Aufzeichnungen aus 15 Jahre proletarischer Jugendbewegung (originally printed in Berlin, 1930, reprinted in Frankfurt/M, 1978) which deals with the years 1906-1921, and Willi Münzenberg, Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe 1921-1931 (Berlin, 1931) Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg. Propagandist For and Against the Comintern," International Review of Social History Vol. X Part 2 (1965): 188-210; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921-1933," Journal of Modern History (September, 1966): 278-297; Rolf Suhrmann, Die Münzenberg-Legende. Zur Publizistik der revolutionären deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1921-1933 (Cologne, 1983) and Babette Gross (Marian Jackson, translator), Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography (Ann Arbor, 1974) provide important information on Münzenberg's varied projects.
    • (1983) Die Münzenberg-Legende. Zur Publizistik Der Revolutionären Deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1921-1933
    • Suhrmann, R.1
  • 80
    • 4243968427 scopus 로고
    • (Marian Jackson, translator), Ann Arbor
    • All of the exhibits for which I was able to find reference were sponsored by organizations and publications controlled by Willi Münzenberg (the so-called "Red Hugenberg," after one of the principle reactionary mass media lords of the Weimar Republic). Münzenberg controlled the newspapers Berlin am Morgen, Welt am Abend (which had the largest circulation of any of the working-class dailies), Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung, Der Weg der Frau, and others. In addition, he was one of the driving forces behind such mass organizations as the Rote Hilfe and the Internationale Arbeiter Hilfe. There is some question as to Münzenberg's happiness with the KPD's ultraleft politics during the so-called Third Period and his possible wish for a more united-front style. For his own perspective see Willi Münzenberg, Die Dritte Front. Aufzeichnungen aus 15 Jahre proletarischer Jugendbewegung (originally printed in Berlin, 1930, reprinted in Frankfurt/M, 1978) which deals with the years 1906-1921, and Willi Münzenberg, Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfe 1921-1931 (Berlin, 1931) Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg. Propagandist For and Against the Comintern," International Review of Social History Vol. X Part 2 (1965): 188-210; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire 1921-1933," Journal of Modern History (September, 1966): 278-297; Rolf Suhrmann, Die Münzenberg-Legende. Zur Publizistik der revolutionären deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 1921-1933 (Cologne, 1983) and Babette Gross (Marian Jackson, translator), Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography (Ann Arbor, 1974) provide important information on Münzenberg's varied projects.
    • (1974) Willi Münzenberg: A Political Biography
    • Gross, B.1
  • 81
    • 0011668975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A number of these exhibits are described by police reports housed in Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Hereafter, G.ST.A.). I. Ha. Rep. 219 Nr. 70.
  • 82
    • 0011663709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Two police reports described this event. The first of these was written by Krim. Ass. Kahn, 10 March 1930, "Bericht über die Grosse Presse-und Kulturausstellung im Roten Wedding, verbunden mit einem proletarischen-satyrischen Abend, veranstaltet in den Pharus-Sälen, Müllerstr. 142, am 9. März 1930." Attached to this report is a copy of the exhibition's program. G.ST.A. I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 70, pp. 3-8. The second was written by Kr. Ass. Nartig (sic?), 13 March 1930, in G.ST.A. I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 70, p 11. Kahn's report was the more detailed of the two.
  • 83
    • 0011603368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • G.ST.A. I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 70, pp. 3-8. Krim. Ass. Kahn, 10 March 1930, "Bericht über die Grosse Presse-und Kulturausstellung im Roten Wedding, verbunden mit einem proletarischen-satyrischen Abend, veranstaltet in den Pharus-Sälen, Müllerstr. 142, am 9. März 1930." Attached to this report is a copy of the exhibition's program.
  • 84
    • 0011601184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Krim. Ass. Kahn's report (G.ST.A. I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 70, p. 4.) refers to this as the J.A.Z., but in all likelihood he made a mistake.
  • 85
    • 0011535002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Here again (G.ST.A. I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 70, p. 4.) Krim. Ass. Kahn makes an error, assigning the pictures dealing with the "White Terror" to the Red Help and those on aid to dependents to the International Workers' Aid. This was not an unusual mistake, as the two organizations were often linked together or confused in the public mind.
  • 86
    • 0011657947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In the German system (contemporary as well as during the Weimar Republic) a specified percentage of people's taxes went to their denomination unless they specifically left the church.
  • 87
    • 0011537513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • G.ST.A. I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 70, p. 4.
  • 88
    • 0011663710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A copy of the program was included in Kahn's report, the list of exhibitors is found under, G.ST.A. I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 70, p. 7.
  • 91
    • 0011657018 scopus 로고
    • Von den 'blauen blusen' bis zur 'kolonne links'
    • November 5, reprinted in Ibid.
    • Felix Lange, "Von den 'Blauen Blusen' bis zur 'Kolonne Links'," Roten Aufbau, November 5, 1930, reprinted in Ibid., p. 245. Exact figures for the size of the movement are impossible to come by. For example, in March, 1930, the Rote Fahne reported that the ATBD had approxomately 300 affiliated troupes with about 4000 members. See Anon., "Arbeiter Theater Bund Deutschlands (A.T.B.D.)," Die Rote Fahne, 12 March 1930.
    • (1930) Roten Aufbau , pp. 245
    • Lange, F.1
  • 92
    • 0011537121 scopus 로고
    • Arbeiter theater bund Deutschlands (A.T.B.D.)
    • 12 March
    • Felix Lange, "Von den 'Blauen Blusen' bis zur 'Kolonne Links'," Roten Aufbau, November 5, 1930, reprinted in Ibid., p. 245. Exact figures for the size of the movement are impossible to come by. For example, in March, 1930, the Rote Fahne reported that the ATBD had approxomately 300 affiliated troupes with about 4000 members. See Anon., "Arbeiter Theater Bund Deutschlands (A.T.B.D.)," Die Rote Fahne, 12 March 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 93
    • 0011538182 scopus 로고
    • Der bundestag des arbeiter-theaterbundes Deutschlands E.V. Ostern 1930 in Dortmund
    • 17 May
    • Walter Hutz, "Der Bundestag des Arbeiter-Theaterbundes Deutschlands E.V. Ostern 1930 in Dortmund," Gegen den Strom, 17 May 1930, p. 321.
    • (1930) Gegen Den Strom , pp. 321
    • Hutz, W.1
  • 95
    • 0011594261 scopus 로고
    • Agitproptruppen und haus-und hofpropaganda. Vorschlag der agitproptruppe 'der rote wedding'
    • 3 December
    • Der Rote Wedding, "Agitproptruppen und Haus-und Hofpropaganda. Vorschlag der Agitproptruppe 'Der Rote Wedding'," Die Rote Fahne, 3 December 1929. A building's constituency was denoted by the flags in the windows. SPD-voters' windows flew black-red-gold. Communist windows flew red.
    • (1929) Die Rote Fahne
  • 96
    • 0011670663 scopus 로고
    • Agitproptruppen im wahlkampf. Der eroberte Meierhof. Großartige wahlarbeit der jugendgruppe der 'roten blusen'
    • 24 August
    • Jungarbeiterkorrespondenz, "Agitproptruppen im Wahlkampf. Der eroberte Meierhof. Großartige Wahlarbeit der Jugendgruppe der 'Roten Blusen'," Die Rote Fahne, 24 August 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 97
    • 0011600777 scopus 로고
    • Political report sent from the reich minister of the interior to the intelligence offices of the individual states
    • 3 November (Hereafter, BAK), R134/68/pp. 19-20
    • Anon., Political report sent from the Reich Minister of the Interior to the Intelligence Offices of the individual states. 3 November 1930, in Bundesarchiv Koblenz (Hereafter, BAK), R134/68/pp. 19-20.
    • (1930) Bundesarchiv Koblenz
  • 98
    • 0011535004 scopus 로고
    • Kampftag der arbeitertheater: Große kundgebung am nächsten sonntag
    • 13 February
    • Anon., "Kampftag der Arbeitertheater: Große Kundgebung am nächsten Sonntag," Die Welt am Abend, 13 February 1931.
    • (1931) Die Welt Am Abend
  • 99
    • 0011594263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Copy of "Reichsbericht der IFA," attached to a report from the Reichsminister des Innern an die Nachrichtenstellen der Länder, 13 April 1931. G.St.A., I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 96, no page number.
  • 101
    • 0011663711 scopus 로고
    • Links, links im hof der mietkaserne
    • 1 August
    • Anon., "Links, links im Hof der Mietkaserne," Die Rote Fahne, 1 August 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 102
    • 0011536393 scopus 로고
    • Agitproptrupe im wahlkampf. Wir haben schon einen scheinwerfer!
    • 31 August
    • Anon., "Agitproptrupe im Wahlkampf. Wir haben schon einen Scheinwerfer!," Die Rote Fahne, 31 August 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 103
    • 0011600778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The "Agitators" had thirteen members (Dur., "Die 'Wühler' für Liste 4: Wahlszene . . . Filmszene . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 22 August 1930). The "Curve Left" had ten members (unsigned report sent from Abt. I.A. to the Police President of Essen, 31 July 1930, G.ST.A., I. Ha., Rep. 219, Nr. 69, p. 166). The "Red Hammer" had between eight and twelve members (Abt. IA Report, signed Krom Assistent Schulze, 5 April 1930 in G.ST.A., I. Ha., Rep. 219, Nr. 69., P. 132). In 1928 the "Red Megaphone" had approximately twenty members (Klein, IA report, 14 December 1928, G.ST.A I. Ha., Rep. 219, Nr 160, no page). This decreased to eight in 1932. (Letterfrom the Police President of Erfurt to the Police President of Berlin dated 20 January 1932, m G.ST.A., I. Ha., Rep.) 219, Nr 69 p. 264). The "Red Rockets" had six members. (Krim. Sekr. Hamann, IA Report dated 6 October 1928, housed in G .ST.A., I. Ha., Rep 219 N, 69, p. 84). The Hamburg based-troupe, the "Riveters" had seven members (Durus, "Die Hamber 'Nieter'. Ein politisch-propagandisches Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 12 April 1928). The "Stormers" had eight members (H.N., "Die - Stürmer' - eine rote Kampftruppe" Die Rote Fahne, 17 December 1928.). "Stormtroupe Left" had seven members (Dur., "Eine entwicklungsfähige Agitpropgruppe. Sturmtrupp Links," Die Rote Fahne ,10 September 1930.). The "Young Guard" had either eight (Dur. "Wir hämmern, feilen und drehen Junge Gard: Eine knorke Jugendtruppe," bers (Peukert, I.A. Report, 17 January 1930 m G.ST.A., I. Ha., Rep. 219, Nr. 69, p. 199).
  • 104
    • 4244018627 scopus 로고
    • Über zehn meere zum mittelpunkt der welt. Erinnerungen an die
    • East Berlin
    • G.ST.A I. Ha.,Rep. 219, Nr. 69, various pages; G.ST.A., I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 73, various pages; Helmut Damerius, Über Zehn Meere zum Mittelpunkt der Welt. Erinnerungen an die "Kolonne Links" (East Berlin, 1977), Inge Lamme (ed.), Das Lied - Im Kampf Geboren! (volume 2) Lieder der Agitprop-Truppen vor 1945 (Leipzig, n.d, probably 1995) and Len Crome, Unbroken: Resistance and Survival n the Concentration Camps (New York, 1988).
    • (1977) Kolonne Links
    • Damerius, H.1
  • 105
    • 0011604722 scopus 로고
    • Leipzig, n.d, probably
    • G.ST.A I. Ha.,Rep. 219, Nr. 69, various pages; G.ST.A., I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 73, various pages; Helmut Damerius, Über Zehn Meere zum Mittelpunkt der Welt. Erinnerungen an die "Kolonne Links" (East Berlin, 1977), Inge Lamme (ed.), Das Lied - Im Kampf Geboren! (volume 2) Lieder der Agitprop-Truppen vor 1945 (Leipzig, n.d, probably 1995) and Len Crome, Unbroken: Resistance and Survival n the Concentration Camps (New York, 1988).
    • (1995) Das Lied - Im Kampf Geboren! (Volume 2) Lieder Der Agitprop-Truppen vor 1945 , vol.2
    • Lamme, I.1
  • 106
    • 0011657020 scopus 로고
    • New York
    • G.ST.A I. Ha.,Rep. 219, Nr. 69, various pages; G.ST.A., I. Ha. Rep. 219, Nr. 73, various pages; Helmut Damerius, Über Zehn Meere zum Mittelpunkt der Welt. Erinnerungen an die "Kolonne Links" (East Berlin, 1977), Inge Lamme (ed.), Das Lied - Im Kampf Geboren! (volume 2) Lieder der Agitprop-Truppen vor 1945 (Leipzig, n.d, probably 1995) and Len Crome, Unbroken: Resistance and Survival n the Concentration Camps (New York, 1988).
    • (1988) Unbroken: Resistance and Survival N the Concentration Camps
    • Crome, L.1
  • 107
    • 0011535005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • G.ST.A., I. Ha., Rep. 219, Nr. 69, various pages; G.ST.A., I. Ha., Rep. 219, Nr. 73, various pages; Damerius; Lammel; and Crome,
  • 108
    • 0011595961 scopus 로고
    • Wie kam ich zur agitprop-truppe
    • October
    • Alex Hensel, (Rote Blusen Berlin) "Wie kam ich zur Agitprop-Truppe," Arbeiterbühne und Film (October 1930): 9.
    • (1930) Arbeiterbühne und Film , pp. 9
    • Hensel, A.1
  • 109
    • 0011606397 scopus 로고
    • Agitproptruppen suchen mitarbeiter
    • 30 December
    • These addresses come from advertisements seeking new troupe members and musicians For the advertisements that list the above addresses, see Anon., "Agitproptruppen suchen Mitarbeiter," Die Rote Fahne, 30 December 1930. For similar advertisement see Anon., "Agitproptruppen suchen Mitarbeiter," Die Rote Fahne, 24 December 1930 and four other untitled advertisements in the Rote Fahne on 22 August 1930, 30 July 1930, 23 December 1930, and 14 February 1931.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 110
    • 0011606397 scopus 로고
    • Agitproptruppen suchen mitarbeiter
    • 24 December and four other untitled advertisements in the Rote Fahne on 22 August 1930, 30 July 1930, 23 December 1930, and 14 February 1931
    • These addresses come from advertisements seeking new troupe members and musicians For the advertisements that list the above addresses, see Anon., "Agitproptruppen suchen Mitarbeiter," Die Rote Fahne, 30 December 1930. For similar advertisement see Anon., "Agitproptruppen suchen Mitarbeiter," Die Rote Fahne, 24 December 1930 and four other untitled advertisements in the Rote Fahne on 22 August 1930, 30 July 1930, 23 December 1930, and 14 February 1931.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 111
    • 0011601185 scopus 로고
    • Das gesicht dem dorfe zu!' agitpproptruppen des deutschen arbeitertheaters im karnpf um das bündnis zwischen arbeitern und bauern in der weimarer republik
    • Wolfgang Jacobeit and Ute Mohrmann (eds), East Berlin
    • For an analysis of rural agitprop activity, see Daniel Hoffmann-Ostwald, "Das Gesicht dem Dorfe zu!' Agitpproptruppen des deutschen Arbeitertheaters im Karnpf um das Bündnis zwischen Arbeitern und Bauern in der Weimarer Republik," in Wolfgang Jacobeit and Ute Mohrmann (eds), Kutur und Libensweise des Proletariats. Kulturhistorischvolkskundliche Studien und Materialien (East Berlin, 1974), pp. 231-257.
    • (1974) Kutur und Libensweise des Proletariats. Kulturhistorischvolkskundliche Studien und Materialien , pp. 231-257
    • Hoffmann-Ostwald, D.1
  • 112
    • 0011603370 scopus 로고
    • Fünf jahre marxistische arbeiterschule
    • Dr. Joachim Schmidt, "Fünf Jahre Marxistische Arbeiterschule," Der Marxist (vol. 1/1, 1931): 28.
    • (1931) Der Marxist , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 28
    • Schmidt, J.1
  • 114
    • 0011657021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damerius, pp. 32-33
    • Damerius, pp. 32-33.
  • 115
    • 0011670664 scopus 로고
    • Wie baut man eine szene?
    • May
    • Walter Zöhler, "Wie baut man eine Szene?" Das Rote Sprachrohr (May 1929): 45.
    • (1929) Das Rote Sprachrohr , pp. 45
    • Zöhler, W.1
  • 117
    • 0001141835 scopus 로고
    • Gespräch mit Maxim Vallentin
    • "Gespräch mit Maxim Vallentin" (conducted by Gudrun Klatt), Weimarer Beiträge Vol. 6 (1976): 422.
    • (1976) Weimarer Beiträge , vol.6 , pp. 422
    • Klatt, G.1
  • 118
    • 4244153390 scopus 로고
    • 'Das sprachrohr der massen . . . ' Ein gespräch mit Prof. Maxim Vallentin
    • House organ of the Akademie der Künste der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik January/February
    • "'Das Sprachrohr der Massen . . . ' Ein Gespräch mit Prof. Maxim Vallentin" (Conducted by Daniel Hoffmann-Ostwald), Mitteilungen (House organ of the Akademie der Künste der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik) (January/February, 1976): 4-5.
    • (1976) Mitteilungen , pp. 4-5
    • Hoffmann-Ostwald, D.1
  • 119
    • 0001141835 scopus 로고
    • Gespräch mit Maxim Vallentin
    • "Gespräch mit Maxim Vallentin" (conducted by Gudrun Klatt), Weimarer Beiträge Vol. 6 (1976): 42-43.
    • (1976) Weimarer Beiträge , vol.6 , pp. 42-43
    • Klatt, G.1
  • 122
    • 0011669699 scopus 로고
    • Frankfurt a/M
    • A number of studies emphasize the Bolshevised structure of KPD. The most important of these works, and still one of the most important general histories of the KPD, is Hermann Weber, Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus. Die Stalinisierung der KPD in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt a/M, 1969). H.A. Winkler also uses this paradigm in his crucial three-volume history of the German working-class movement during the Weimar Republic. See Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1918 bis 1924 (Berlin/Bonn, 1984), Der Schein der Normalität. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1924 bis 1930 (Berlin/Bonn, 1985) and Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1930 bis 1933 (Berlin/Bonn, 1987). This line is also not unusual in the English language literature on the KPD. For example, see Ben Fowkes, Communism in Germany Under the Weimar Republic (London, 1984). Much of the newer monographic literature contests this assumption, and stresses the relative autonomy of the KPD's constituent parts. In this context, see especially the work of Eve Rosenhaft.
    • (1969) Die Wandlung des Deutschen Kommunismus. Die Stalinisierung Der KPD in Der Weimarer Republik
    • Weber, H.1
  • 123
    • 0039572937 scopus 로고
    • Berlin/Bonn
    • A number of studies emphasize the Bolshevised structure of KPD. The most important of these works, and still one of the most important general histories of the KPD, is Hermann Weber, Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus. Die Stalinisierung der KPD in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt a/M, 1969). H.A. Winkler also uses this paradigm in his crucial three-volume history of the German working-class movement during the Weimar Republic. See Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1918 bis 1924 (Berlin/Bonn, 1984), Der Schein der Normalität. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1924 bis 1930 (Berlin/Bonn, 1985) and Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1930 bis 1933 (Berlin/Bonn, 1987). This line is also not unusual in the English language literature on the KPD. For example, see Ben Fowkes, Communism in Germany Under the Weimar Republic (London, 1984). Much of the newer monographic literature contests this assumption, and stresses the relative autonomy of the KPD's constituent parts. In this context, see especially the work of Eve Rosenhaft.
    • (1984) Von Der Revolution zur Stabilisierung. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in Der Weimar Republik 1918 bis 1924
  • 124
    • 61249568286 scopus 로고
    • Berlin/Bonn
    • A number of studies emphasize the Bolshevised structure of KPD. The most important of these works, and still one of the most important general histories of the KPD, is Hermann Weber, Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus. Die Stalinisierung der KPD in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt a/M, 1969). H.A. Winkler also uses this paradigm in his crucial three-volume history of the German working-class movement during the Weimar Republic. See Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1918 bis 1924 (Berlin/Bonn, 1984), Der Schein der Normalität. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1924 bis 1930 (Berlin/Bonn, 1985) and Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1930 bis 1933 (Berlin/Bonn, 1987). This line is also not unusual in the English language literature on the KPD. For example, see Ben Fowkes, Communism in Germany Under the Weimar Republic (London, 1984). Much of the newer monographic literature contests this assumption, and stresses the relative autonomy of the KPD's constituent parts. In this context, see especially the work of Eve Rosenhaft.
    • (1985) Der Schein Der Normalität. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in Der Weimar Republik 1924 bis 1930
  • 125
    • 0039194783 scopus 로고
    • Berlin/Bonn
    • A number of studies emphasize the Bolshevised structure of KPD. The most important of these works, and still one of the most important general histories of the KPD, is Hermann Weber, Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus. Die Stalinisierung der KPD in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt a/M, 1969). H.A. Winkler also uses this paradigm in his crucial three-volume history of the German working-class movement during the Weimar Republic. See Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1918 bis 1924 (Berlin/Bonn, 1984), Der Schein der Normalität. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1924 bis 1930 (Berlin/Bonn, 1985) and Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1930 bis 1933 (Berlin/Bonn, 1987). This line is also not unusual in the English language literature on the KPD. For example, see Ben Fowkes, Communism in Germany Under the Weimar Republic (London, 1984). Much of the newer monographic literature contests this assumption, and stresses the relative autonomy of the KPD's constituent parts. In this context, see especially the work of Eve Rosenhaft.
    • (1987) Der Weg in Die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in Der Weimar Republik 1930 bis 1933
  • 126
    • 0011604723 scopus 로고
    • London
    • A number of studies emphasize the Bolshevised structure of KPD. The most important of these works, and still one of the most important general histories of the KPD, is Hermann Weber, Die Wandlung des deutschen Kommunismus. Die Stalinisierung der KPD in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt a/M, 1969). H.A. Winkler also uses this paradigm in his crucial three-volume history of the German working-class movement during the Weimar Republic. See Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1918 bis 1924 (Berlin/Bonn, 1984), Der Schein der Normalität. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1924 bis 1930 (Berlin/Bonn, 1985) and Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimar Republik 1930 bis 1933 (Berlin/Bonn, 1987). This line is also not unusual in the English language literature on the KPD. For example, see Ben Fowkes, Communism in Germany Under the Weimar Republic (London, 1984). Much of the newer monographic literature contests this assumption, and stresses the relative autonomy of the KPD's constituent parts. In this context, see especially the work of Eve Rosenhaft.
    • (1984) Communism in Germany under the Weimar Republic
    • Fowkes, B.1
  • 127
    • 0011535006 scopus 로고
    • Arbeitertheater II: 3. Reichstruppenkonferenz des KJVD. Wichtige ergebnisse - Wendung zur massenarbeit - Selbstkritik
    • 1 May
    • Anon., "Arbeitertheater II: 3. Reichstruppenkonferenz des KJVD. Wichtige Ergebnisse - Wendung zur Massenarbeit - Selbstkritik," Die Rote Fahne, 1 May 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 128
    • 0011536394 scopus 로고
    • Die agitproptruppen haben das wort
    • Nr. 1, reprinted in Hoffmann and Hoffmann-Ostwald, I
    • K.R., "Die Agitproptruppen haben das Wort" Der junge Bolschewik, 1928/29, Nr. 1, reprinted in Hoffmann and Hoffmann-Ostwald, I, p. 341.
    • (1928) Der Junge Bolschewik , pp. 341
    • R, K.1
  • 129
    • 0011601547 scopus 로고
    • Arbeitertheater II: 3. Reichstruppenkonferenz des KJVD. Wichtige errgebnisse - Wendung zur massenarbeit - Selbstkritik
    • 1 May
    • Anon., "Arbeitertheater II: 3. Reichstruppenkonferenz des KJVD. Wichtige Errgebnisse - Wendung zur Massenarbeit - Selbstkritik," Die Rote Fahne, 1 May 1930.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 130
    • 0011601547 scopus 로고
    • Arbeitertheater II: 3. Reichstruppenkonferenz des KJVD. Wichtige errgebnisse - Wendung zur massenarbeit - Selbstkritik
    • Ibid.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
  • 131
    • 0011663712 scopus 로고
    • Die auswahlsendung
    • January
    • Anon, "Die Auswahlsendung," Arbeiterbühne (January 1929): 13.
    • (1929) Arbeiterbühne , pp. 13
  • 132
    • 0003882417 scopus 로고
    • February
    • For Zehn Jahre Komintern see Das Rote Sprachrohr (February 1929): 4-8. Himmlische Aufsichtsratssitzung (March 1929): 12-14 was completely untopical, depicting a heavenly episode populated by the impersonal characterizations of the Teacher, Justice, Policeman, and Capitalist as well as Friedrich Ebert, who had been dead since 1925.
    • (1929) Das Rote Sprachrohr , pp. 4-8
  • 133
    • 0011657950 scopus 로고
    • March
    • For Zehn Jahre Komintern see Das Rote Sprachrohr (February 1929): 4-8. Himmlische Aufsichtsratssitzung (March 1929): 12-14 was completely untopical, depicting a heavenly episode populated by the impersonal characterizations of the Teacher, Justice, Policeman, and Capitalist as well as Friedrich Ebert, who had been dead since 1925.
    • (1929) Himmlische Aufsichtsratssitzung , pp. 12-14
  • 134
    • 0011602946 scopus 로고
    • Political report sent from the reichsminister des innern to the nachrichtenstellen der länder
    • 3 Nov.
    • Anon., Political report sent from the Reichsminister des Innern to the Nachrichtenstellen der Länder, 3 Nov. 1930, in BAK, R134/68/pp. 20-21.
    • (1930) BAK , vol.R134 , Issue.68 , pp. 20-21
  • 135
    • 0003882417 scopus 로고
    • September
    • For example, see Das Rote Sprachrohr (September 1929): 27 for a complaint by the editorial staff, explaining that the reason for the journal's late appearance was that they had not received sufficient material from the troupes.
    • (1929) Das Rote Sprachrohr , pp. 27
  • 136
    • 0003882417 scopus 로고
    • November
    • See Das Rote Sprachrohr (November 1929): 40, for an editorial response to the "Riveters", who had complained that their text had been parodied and their pictures had been plagiarized. The staff countered that this was merely because the troupe had not cooperated with the central leadership as it should have.
    • (1929) Das Rote Sprachrohr , pp. 40
  • 137
    • 0011665076 scopus 로고
    • Rotes kabarett
    • 2 October
    • For examples of such critiques see the following: Anon, "Rotes Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 2 October 1927; D, "'Der rote Wedding' Eine Neue Agitproptruppe," Die Rote Fahne, 5 November 1929; Duras, "Agitproptrappen . . . 'Kolonne Links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe Neukölln . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 21 January 1930; Duras, "Arbeitertheater: 'Rote Blusen' . . . 'Ketzer' . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 15 May 1930; Durus, "Agitproptruppen politisiert das Wochenende der Massen! Agitproptruppen und Wochenende," Die Rote Fahne, 12 June 1930; Durus, "'Die Wühler'," Die Rote Fahne, 26 October 1930; and Durus, "Kritisches über die 'Grauen Blusen' : Neues Programm mit ideologischem Mangel," Die Rote Fahne, 27 February 1931.
    • (1927) Die Rote Fahne
  • 138
    • 0011537124 scopus 로고
    • 'Der rote wedding' Eine neue agitproptruppe
    • 5 November
    • For examples of such critiques see the following: Anon, "Rotes Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 2 October 1927; D, "'Der rote Wedding' Eine Neue Agitproptruppe," Die Rote Fahne, 5 November 1929; Duras, "Agitproptrappen . . . 'Kolonne Links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe Neukölln . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 21 January 1930; Duras, "Arbeitertheater: 'Rote Blusen' . . . 'Ketzer' . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 15 May 1930; Durus, "Agitproptruppen politisiert das Wochenende der Massen! Agitproptruppen und Wochenende," Die Rote Fahne, 12 June 1930; Durus, "'Die Wühler'," Die Rote Fahne, 26 October 1930; and Durus, "Kritisches über die 'Grauen Blusen' : Neues Programm mit ideologischem Mangel," Die Rote Fahne, 27 February 1931.
    • (1929) Die Rote Fahne
  • 139
    • 0011654532 scopus 로고
    • Agitproptrappen . . . 'kolonne links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe neukölln
    • 21 January
    • For examples of such critiques see the following: Anon, "Rotes Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 2 October 1927; D, "'Der rote Wedding' Eine Neue Agitproptruppe," Die Rote Fahne, 5 November 1929; Durus, "Agitproptrappen . . . 'Kolonne Links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe Neukölln . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 21 January 1930; Duras, "Arbeitertheater: 'Rote Blusen' . . . 'Ketzer' . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 15 May 1930; Durus, "Agitproptruppen politisiert das Wochenende der Massen! Agitproptruppen und Wochenende," Die Rote Fahne, 12 June 1930; Durus, "'Die Wühler'," Die Rote Fahne, 26 October 1930; and Durus, "Kritisches über die 'Grauen Blusen' : Neues Programm mit ideologischem Mangel," Die Rote Fahne, 27 February 1931.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
    • Durus1
  • 140
    • 0011602947 scopus 로고
    • Arbeitertheater: 'Rote blusen' . . . 'ketzer'
    • 15 May
    • For examples of such critiques see the following: Anon, "Rotes Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 2 October 1927; D, "'Der rote Wedding' Eine Neue Agitproptruppe," Die Rote Fahne, 5 November 1929; Durus, "Agitproptrappen . . . 'Kolonne Links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe Neukölln . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 21 January 1930; Duras, "Arbeitertheater: 'Rote Blusen' . . . 'Ketzer' . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 15 May 1930; Durus, "Agitproptruppen politisiert das Wochenende der Massen! Agitproptruppen und Wochenende," Die Rote Fahne, 12 June 1930; Durus, "'Die Wühler'," Die Rote Fahne, 26 October 1930; and Durus, "Kritisches über die 'Grauen Blusen' : Neues Programm mit ideologischem Mangel," Die Rote Fahne, 27 February 1931.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
    • Duras1
  • 141
    • 0011604724 scopus 로고
    • Agitproptruppen politisiert das wochenende der massen! Agitproptruppen und wochenende
    • 12 June
    • For examples of such critiques see the following: Anon, "Rotes Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 2 October 1927; D, "'Der rote Wedding' Eine Neue Agitproptruppe," Die Rote Fahne, 5 November 1929; Duras, "Agitproptrappen . . . 'Kolonne Links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe Neukölln . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 21 January 1930; Duras, "Arbeitertheater: 'Rote Blusen' . . . 'Ketzer' . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 15 May 1930; Durus, "Agitproptruppen politisiert das Wochenende der Massen! Agitproptruppen und Wochenende," Die Rote Fahne, 12 June 1930; Durus, "'Die Wühler'," Die Rote Fahne, 26 October 1930; and Durus, "Kritisches über die 'Grauen Blusen' : Neues Programm mit ideologischem Mangel," Die Rote Fahne, 27 February 1931.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
    • Durus1
  • 142
    • 0011535007 scopus 로고
    • Die wühler
    • 26 October
    • For examples of such critiques see the following: Anon, "Rotes Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 2 October 1927; D, "'Der rote Wedding' Eine Neue Agitproptruppe," Die Rote Fahne, 5 November 1929; Duras, "Agitproptrappen . . . 'Kolonne Links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe Neukölln . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 21 January 1930; Duras, "Arbeitertheater: 'Rote Blusen' . . . 'Ketzer' . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 15 May 1930; Durus, "Agitproptruppen politisiert das Wochenende der Massen! Agitproptruppen und Wochenende," Die Rote Fahne, 12 June 1930; Durus, "'Die Wühler'," Die Rote Fahne, 26 October 1930; and Durus, "Kritisches über die 'Grauen Blusen' : Neues Programm mit ideologischem Mangel," Die Rote Fahne, 27 February 1931.
    • (1930) Die Rote Fahne
    • Durus1
  • 143
    • 4244153450 scopus 로고
    • Kritisches über die 'grauen blusen' : Neues programm mit ideologischem mangel
    • 27 February
    • For examples of such critiques see the following: Anon, "Rotes Kabarett," Die Rote Fahne, 2 October 1927; D, "'Der rote Wedding' Eine Neue Agitproptruppe," Die Rote Fahne, 5 November 1929; Duras, "Agitproptrappen . . . 'Kolonne Links' . . . Arbeiterspieltruppe Neukölln . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 21 January 1930; Duras, "Arbeitertheater: 'Rote Blusen' . . . 'Ketzer' . . . ," Die Rote Fahne, 15 May 1930; Durus, "Agitproptruppen politisiert das Wochenende der Massen! Agitproptruppen und Wochenende," Die Rote Fahne, 12 June 1930; Durus, "'Die Wühler'," Die Rote Fahne, 26 October 1930; and Durus, "Kritisches über die 'Grauen Blusen' : Neues Programm mit ideologischem Mangel," Die Rote Fahne, 27 February 1931.
    • (1931) Die Rote Fahne
    • Durus1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.