An ambivalent revolution: The public and the private in the construction of liberal Spain

Journal of Social History

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 5-27

  Cruz, Jesús ^a  

^a Department of History ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0030240859     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh/30.1.5     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. On early nineteenth-century street life in Madrid, see Ramón de Mesonero Romanos, Escenas Matritenses (Madrid, 1851). On the 1835 revolutionary uprising see Peter Janke, Mendizabal y la instauración de la monarquía constitucional en España (1790-1853) (Madrid, 1974), pp. 144f.; J. S. Pérez Garzón, Milicia national y revolución burguesa. El prototipo madrileño, 1808-1874 (Madrid, 1978), pp.397-399; Angel Bahamonde and Jésus A. Martínez, Historia de España, Siglo XIX (Madrid, 1994), pp. 199-202.
2. On early nineteenth-century street life in Madrid, see Ramón de Mesonero Romanos, Escenas Matritenses (Madrid, 1851). On the 1835 revolutionary uprising see Peter Janke, Mendizabal y la instauración de la monarquía constitucional en España (1790-1853) (Madrid, 1974), pp. 144f.; J. S. Pérez Garzón, Milicia national y revolución burguesa. El prototipo madrileño, 1808-1874 (Madrid, 1978), pp.397-399; Angel Bahamonde and Jésus A. Martínez, Historia de España, Siglo XIX (Madrid, 1994), pp. 199-202.
3. On early nineteenth-century street life in Madrid, see Ramón de Mesonero Romanos, Escenas Matritenses (Madrid, 1851). On the 1835 revolutionary uprising see Peter Janke, Mendizabal y la instauración de la monarquía constitucional en España (1790-1853) (Madrid, 1974), pp. 144f.; J. S. Pérez Garzón, Milicia national y revolución burguesa. El prototipo madrileño, 1808-1874 (Madrid, 1978), pp.397-399; Angel Bahamonde and Jésus A. Martínez, Historia de España, Siglo XIX (Madrid, 1994), pp. 199-202.
4. On early nineteenth-century street life in Madrid, see Ramón de Mesonero Romanos, Escenas Matritenses (Madrid, 1851). On the 1835 revolutionary uprising see Peter Janke, Mendizabal y la instauración de la monarquía constitucional en España (1790-1853) (Madrid, 1974), pp. 144f.; J. S. Pérez Garzón, Milicia national y revolución burguesa. El prototipo madrileño, 1808-1874 (Madrid, 1978), pp.397-399; Angel Bahamonde and Jésus A. Martínez, Historia de España, Siglo XIX (Madrid, 1994), pp. 199-202.
5. R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolutions: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800 (Princeton, 1959).
6. In this school of thought one can include, besides R. R. Palmer's model of "democratic revolution," the Jerome Blum studies on the liberation of rural life, Jacques Godechot's pattern of the "Atlantic revolutions," and, to some extent, the most recent approaches, made by F. Furet, Lynn Hunt, and Simon Schama regarding the interpretation of the French Revolution.
7. James Lockhart, "The Social History of Colonial Spanish America: Evolution and Potential," Latin America Research Review 7 (1972): 16-45.
8. In Money and Liberty in Europe: A Critique of Historical Understanding (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 1-23, William Reddy provides an excellent summary and discussion of the debate about the nature and transcendence of historical changes in Europe during late 18th century and early 19th century. See also David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1984).
9. In Money and Liberty in Europe: A Critique of Historical Understanding (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 1-23, William Reddy provides an excellent summary and discussion of the debate about the nature and transcendence of historical changes in Europe during late 18th century and early 19th century. See also David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Oxford, 1984).
10. The best sample can be found in Miguel Artola, Antiguo Régimen y revolución liberal (Barcelona, 1978).
11. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
12. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
13. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
14. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
15. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
16. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
17. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
18. J.S. Pérez Garzón, "La revolución burguesa en España: los inicios de un debate científico, 1966-1979," in Tuñón de Lara (ed.), Historiografía española contemporánea (Madrid, 1980), pp. 91-138, summarizes the origin and development of the model in Spanish historiography. About the conflicting application of the general model of bourgeois revolution to the Spanish case see Bartolomé Clavero and Pedro Ruiz Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España (Madrid, 1979); José Alvarez Junco, "Sobre el concepto de Revolución burguesa," in Iglesias, Ma (ed.), Homenaje a José Antonio Maravall (Madrid, 1985), pp. 135-149; Alberto Gil Novales (ed.), La revolución burguesa en España. Actas del coloquio hispano-alemán celebrado en Leipzig los días 17 y 18 de 1983 (Madrid, 1985); David Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución burguesa: Madrid, del siglo XVIII al XIX," in A. Bahamonde and L.E. Otero Carvajal (ed.), Madrid en la sociedad del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1986), vol. I, pp. 302-323; Manuel Pérez Ledesma, "Las Cortes de Cádiz y la sociedad española," Ayer 1 (1991): 167-206. New revisionist approaches to the nature of 19th-century revolutions and the role of the bourgeoisie can be found in J.M. Jover Zamora, La civilización española a mediados del siglo XIX (Madrid, 1992); and the above cited Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX.
19. See J. Nadal, El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814-1913 (Barcelona, 1987).
20. Historians have been obligated to give an explanation for the contradiction between persistent socio-economic slowness and the alleged bourgeois revolution in Spain, as in other southern European countries. In Italy and Spain, some scholars have resolved this paradox by blaming the bourgeoisie for lacking capitalistic spirit and capitulating to the interests of the old landed aristocracy. See R. Romanelli, "A propósito de la burguesía. El problema de la élite terrateniente en la Italia del Ochocientos," Ayer 2 (1991): 29-48.
21. See A. Gil Novales, "Las contradicciones de la revolución burguesa española," in La Revolucion Burguesa en España (Madrid, 1985), pp. 45-58. This author's thesis resembles arguments of some German scholars to explain the failure of liberalism in modern Germany. See in particular Reinhart Koselleck, Preussen zwischen Reform und Revolution: Allgemeines Landrecht, Verwaltung, und soziale Bewegung von 1791 bis 1848 (Stuttgart, 1975), pp. 620-621.
22. See A. Gil Novales, "Las contradicciones de la revolución burguesa española," in La Revolucion Burguesa en España (Madrid, 1985), pp. 45-58. This author's thesis resembles arguments of some German scholars to explain the failure of liberalism in modern Germany. See in particular Reinhart Koselleck, Preussen zwischen Reform und Revolution: Allgemeines Landrecht, Verwaltung, und soziale Bewegung von 1791 bis 1848 (Stuttgart, 1975), pp. 620-621.
23. See, for instance: Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX, chap. 21; Isabel Burdiel, La político de los notables. Moderados y avanzados durante el Régimen del Estatuto Real (Valencia, 1987), p. 164 ; Marc Baldó Lacomba, "Fernando VII," in A. Domínguez Ortiz (ed.), Historia de España (Barcelona, 1988), pp. 214-218.
24. See, for instance: Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX, chap. 21; Isabel Burdiel, La político de los notables. Moderados y avanzados durante el Régimen del Estatuto Real (Valencia, 1987), p. 164 ; Marc Baldó Lacomba, "Fernando VII," in A. Domínguez Ortiz (ed.), Historia de España (Barcelona, 1988), pp. 214-218.
25. See, for instance: Bahamonde and Martínez, Historia de España, siglo XIX, chap. 21; Isabel Burdiel, La político de los notables. Moderados y avanzados durante el Régimen del Estatuto Real (Valencia, 1987), p. 164 ; Marc Baldó Lacomba, "Fernando VII," in A. Domínguez Ortiz (ed.), Historia de España (Barcelona, 1988), pp. 214-218.
26. Clavero and Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España, pp. 42-43; Bartolomé Clavero, "Para un concepto de revolución burguesa," Sistema. Revista de ciencias sociales 13 (1976): 35-54; Carlos Petit (ed), Derecho privado y revolución burguesa (Madrid, 1990), p. 11.
27. Clavero and Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España, pp. 42-43; Bartolomé Clavero, "Para un concepto de revolución burguesa," Sistema. Revista de ciencias sociales 13 (1976): 35-54; Carlos Petit (ed), Derecho privado y revolución burguesa (Madrid, 1990), p. 11.
28. Clavero and Torres, Estudios sobre la revolución burguesa en España, pp. 42-43; Bartolomé Clavero, "Para un concepto de revolución burguesa," Sistema. Revista de ciencias sociales 13 (1976): 35-54; Carlos Petit (ed), Derecho privado y revolución burguesa (Madrid, 1990), p. 11.
29. Manuel Tuñón de Lara, Estudios de historia contemporánea (Barcelona, 1977), p. 98.
30. This objective approach comes from a classic evolutionist conception of the historical process. As the anthropologist Christopher Harris has pointed out: "One of the corollaries of this evolutionist view is the association of particular institutions with evolutionary stages or historical periods and the supposition that we are situated in the midst of a historical process which eliminates some social features and replaces them by others. Simple/primitive or pre-industrial societies, for instance, seem to be organized according to collective systems of privilege and loyalty, while complex capitalist societies are based on individual economic relations (classes)." See Christopher Harris, Kinship (Buckingham, 1990), pp. 1-2; see also J. O'Connell, "The Concept of Modernization," in CE. Black (ed.), Comparative Modernization: A Reader (London, 1976), p. 20.
31. This objective approach comes from a classic evolutionist conception of the historical process. As the anthropologist Christopher Harris has pointed out: "One of the corollaries of this evolutionist view is the association of particular institutions with evolutionary stages or historical periods and the supposition that we are situated in the midst of a historical process which eliminates some social features and replaces them by others. Simple/primitive or pre-industrial societies, for instance, seem to be organized according to collective systems of privilege and loyalty, while complex capitalist societies are based on individual economic relations (classes)." See Christopher Harris, Kinship (Buckingham, 1990), pp. 1-2; see also J. O'Connell, "The Concept of Modernization," in CE. Black (ed.), Comparative Modernization: A Reader (London, 1976), p. 20.
32. On new develoments in social and cultural history see Lynn Hunt (ed.), The New Cultural History (Berkeley, 1989), pp 5-9; Peter N. Stearns, Meaning over Memory: Recasting the Teaching of Culture and History (Chapel Hill, 1993), pp. 40f.
33. On new develoments in social and cultural history see Lynn Hunt (ed.), The New Cultural History (Berkeley, 1989), pp 5-9; Peter N. Stearns, Meaning over Memory: Recasting the Teaching of Culture and History (Chapel Hill, 1993), pp. 40f.
34. Marqués de Miraflores, Apuntes histórico-críticos para escribir la historiade la revolución de España, desde el año 1820 hasta el año 1823 (Londres, 1834), pp. 4-10; F. Botrel and J. Le Bouil, "Sur le concept de 'clase media' dans la pensée bourgeoise en Espagne au XIXe siècle," in Colloque International de l'Université' de Bordeaux. La question de la 'bourgeoisie' dans le monde hispanique au XIXe siècle (Bordeaux, 1973), pp. 137-160.
35. Marqués de Miraflores, Apuntes histórico-críticos para escribir la historiade la revolución de España, desde el año 1820 hasta el año 1823 (Londres, 1834), pp. 4-10; F. Botrel and J. Le Bouil, "Sur le concept de 'clase media' dans la pensée bourgeoise en Espagne au XIXe siècle," in Colloque International de l'Université' de Bordeaux. La question de la 'bourgeoisie' dans le monde hispanique au XIXe siècle (Bordeaux, 1973), pp. 137-160.
36. This figure reveals the existence of some economic mobility within the Madrid business groups. Nevertheless, this mobility appears more limited when one explores the mechanisms that characterized the formation and reproduction of these groups. Access to mercantile and financial communities was controlled by networks of kin, friends, and patrons who selected the newcomers. Although money was not indispensable, it was impossible to secure an opportunity for ascent without the help of already-established members within the group. The Madrid business community was a closed society that reproduced itself through a system of co-optation founded on the practice of familism, friendship, and patronage.
37. On the role of material transmission as a means to the maintenance of status see Grant McCraken, Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities (Bloomington, IN, 1990), pp. 32-43.
38. Jesus Cruz, Gentlemen, Bourgeois, and Revolutionaries: Political Change and Cultural Persistence among the Spanish Dominant Groups, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1996).
39. Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Sociedod y estado en el siglo XVIII español (Barcelona, 1976); Roberto Fernández (ed.), España en el siglo XVIII. Homenaje a Pierre Vilar (Barcelona, 1985), p. 7f.
40. Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Sociedod y estado en el siglo XVIII español (Barcelona, 1976); Roberto Fernández (ed.), España en el siglo XVIII. Homenaje a Pierre Vilar (Barcelona, 1985), p. 7f.
41. In this, my research validates the hypothesis formulated by David Ringrose several years ago regarding the social composition of the groups that spearheaded the bourgeois revolution in Spain. See D. Ringrose, "Ciudad, país y revolución," pp. 306f.
42. It was a concession made by the Crown to the only Spanish people whose Christian blood was believed nevet to have been polluted by the Moors or the Jews since those groups did not settle in the north of Spain.
43. David A. Brading, Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763-1810 (Cambridge, 1971), p. 107. Similar patterns of social behavior have been described by Susan M. Socolow for the merchants of Buenos Aires and by John Kicza for Mexico. See Susan M. Socolow, The Merchants of Buenos Aires : Family and Commerce (Cambridge, 1978); John E. Kicza, Colonial Entrepreneurs: Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City (Albuquerque, 1983), p. 277f.
44. David A. Brading, Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763-1810 (Cambridge, 1971), p. 107. Similar patterns of social behavior have been described by Susan M. Socolow for the merchants of Buenos Aires and by John Kicza for Mexico. See Susan M. Socolow, The Merchants of Buenos Aires : Family and Commerce (Cambridge, 1978); John E. Kicza, Colonial Entrepreneurs: Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City (Albuquerque, 1983), p. 277f.
45. David A. Brading, Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763-1810 (Cambridge, 1971), p. 107. Similar patterns of social behavior have been described by Susan M. Socolow for the merchants of Buenos Aires and by John Kicza for Mexico. See Susan M. Socolow, The Merchants of Buenos Aires : Family and Commerce (Cambridge, 1978); John E. Kicza, Colonial Entrepreneurs: Families and Business in Bourbon Mexico City (Albuquerque, 1983), p. 277f.
46. Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978), pp. 418 and 440; R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolutions, p. 5; I.A.A. Thompson, "Hidalgo and pechero : the Language of 'Estates' in Early-Modern Castile," in P. J. Corfield (ed.), Language, History and Class (Cambridge, 1991), p. 53.
47. Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978), pp. 418 and 440; R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolutions, p. 5; I.A.A. Thompson, "Hidalgo and pechero : the Language of 'Estates' in Early-Modern Castile," in P. J. Corfield (ed.), Language, History and Class (Cambridge, 1991), p. 53.
48. Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978), pp. 418 and 440; R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolutions, p. 5; I.A.A. Thompson, "Hidalgo and pechero : the Language of 'Estates' in Early-Modern Castile," in P. J. Corfield (ed.), Language, History and Class (Cambridge, 1991), p. 53.
49. I understand habitus as defined by P. Bourdieu: "a series of internal structures of perception, of thought and action, which have a relative autonomy and which change more slowly than economic structures." These internal structures of perception, thought, and action, are deeply rooted in the human conscience through custom and norm. Even where historians have perceived revolutionary changes, this habitus is barely altered. See Pierre Bourdieu, La distinción. Criterios y bases sociales del gusto (Madrid, 1988), pp. 127 and 128.
50. J.A. Maravall, "Cabarrús y las ideas de reforma política y social en el siglo XVIII," in Conde de Cabarrús, Cartas sobre los obstáculos que la naturaleza, la opinión y las leyes oponen a la felicidad pública (Madrid, 1990), p.13; Antonio Elorza, La ideología liberal en la Ilustración española (Madrid, 1970); Ovidio García Reeueiro, "Cabarrús y el 'Elogio de Carlos III': el encausamiento de un 'Ilustrado'," Boletínde la Real Academia de la Historia (1987): 45-48.
51. J.A. Maravall, "Cabarrús y las ideas de reforma política y social en el siglo XVIII," in Conde de Cabarrús, Cartas sobre los obstáculos que la naturaleza, la opinión y las leyes oponen a la felicidad pública (Madrid, 1990), p.13; Antonio Elorza, La ideología liberal en la Ilustración española (Madrid, 1970); Ovidio García Reeueiro, "Cabarrús y el 'Elogio de Carlos III': el encausamiento de un 'Ilustrado'," Boletínde la Real Academia de la Historia (1987): 45-48.
52. J.A. Maravall, "Cabarrús y las ideas de reforma política y social en el siglo XVIII," in Conde de Cabarrús, Cartas sobre los obstáculos que la naturaleza, la opinión y las leyes oponen a la felicidad pública (Madrid, 1990), p.13; Antonio Elorza, La ideología liberal en la Ilustración española (Madrid, 1970); Ovidio García Reeueiro, "Cabarrús y el 'Elogio de Carlos III': el encausamiento de un 'Ilustrado'," Boletínde la Real Academia de la Historia (1987): 45-48.
53. Archivo Histórico Nacional (AHN), Diversos, Serie General, leg. 7.
54. The Count of Floridablanca who in fact shared with Cabarrús many opinions related to economic reform, wrote in 1789 that "the audacity of his [Cabarrús'] discourse and his ardent imagination, reflected in his written works as well as in his acts, disappointed many people and caused the number of his opponents to increase." Quoted by Pedro Tedde, El Banco de San Carlos (1782-1829) (Madrid, 1988), p. 37.
55. J.A. Maravall "Cabarrús y las ideas," pp. 7-8.
56. Conde de Cabarrús, Cartas, p. 127.
57. Conde de Cabarrús, Cartas, p. 133.
58. On the idea of affective individualism and its impact in social relations see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York, 1979).
59. Archivo Histórico de Protocolos de Madrid (AHPM), P. 20733, p. 653.
60. AHN, Diverses, Serie General, legs. 15, 42,43, 46, 47 and 49.
61. See Jesús Cruz, "Revolucionarios con clase. Vida, fortuna y cultura de la familia Sáinz de Baranda, 1750-1850," Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Revista de la Facultad de Geografía e Historia V, 3/1 (1990): 30-37.
62. AHPM, Protocolo (P) 19982, p. 473.
63. Modesto Lafuente, Historia de España, vol. 10 (Madrid, 1889), pp. 300f.
64. AHN, Diversos, Serie General, leg. 221.
65. AHN, Diversos, Serie General, legs. 217 and 224.
66. AHN, Diversos, Serie General, leg. 226.
67. Familism is a practice which can be defined broadly as an overall orientation toward the family and the family members, and consists of dimensions such as loyalty to family members, subjugation of self to the family, obedience to familial demand, and economic support obligations, in conjunction with a host of other related kinship factors such as locality demands and obligations to extended family members. In many societies these interaction patterns are sufficiently routinized so that from generation to generation there is little change in the extent to which individuals are oriented to familial demands, needs, and obligations. See B.W. Aldrich, F.P. Goldman and A. Lipman, "Urbanization and Familism: An Examination of the Influence of Urban Residence Upon Kinship Orientation in Two Culturally Related Developing Nations: Portugal and Brazil," in Man Singh Das and Clinton J. Jesser (eds.), The Family in Latin America (New Delhi, 1980), p. 184; N. J. Esposito, Italian Family Structure (New York, 1989), pp. 87-88.
68. Familism is a practice which can be defined broadly as an overall orientation toward the family and the family members, and consists of dimensions such as loyalty to family members, subjugation of self to the family, obedience to familial demand, and economic support obligations, in conjunction with a host of other related kinship factors such as locality demands and obligations to extended family members. In many societies these interaction patterns are sufficiently routinized so that from generation to generation there is little change in the extent to which individuals are oriented to familial demands, needs, and obligations. See B.W. Aldrich, F.P. Goldman and A. Lipman, "Urbanization and Familism: An Examination of the Influence of Urban Residence Upon Kinship Orientation in Two Culturally Related Developing Nations: Portugal and Brazil," in Man Singh Das and Clinton J. Jesser (eds.), The Family in Latin America (New Delhi, 1980), p. 184; N. J. Esposito, Italian Family Structure (New York, 1989), pp. 87-88.
69. José García de Léon y Pizarro was born in 1770 and died in 1835. See García de Léon y Pizarro, Memorias (Madrid, 1953), pp. 1-2.
70. García de Léon y Pizarro, Memorias, p. 1.
71. J.G. Peristiany, Mediterranean Family Structures (Cambridge, 1976), p. 26f.
72. Antonio Alcalá Galiano belonged to an Andalusian lineage that traced its origins to the sixteenth century. By the period of this study, the family had several generations of service in the high administration and a long list of noble credentials. In Cádiz, their place of residence, they were a part of the city elite. Economically, the family depended on a typical combination of salaries and property income.
73. All the information on Antonio Alcalá Galiano comes from his memoirs. See Antonio Alcalá Galiano, "Memorias," in Obros Completas, vol. I (Madrid, 1955), p. xi.
74. Harold Perkin, Origins of Modern English Sociery (London, 1969), chap. 2.
75. See Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981).
76. Harris, Kinship, pp. 1-2
77. Richard Herr, "Spain," in David Spring (ed.), European Landed Elites in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, 1977), pp. 98-126; Silvio Lanaro, "Genealogia di un modello," in Silvio Lanaro, Storia d'Italia. Le regiony dall'unita a oggi. Il Veneto (Torino, 1984),pp. 5-96; George Mavrogordatos, Still-Born Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922-1936 (Berkeley, 1983), p. 12.
78. Richard Herr, "Spain," in David Spring (ed.), European Landed Elites in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, 1977), pp. 98-126; Silvio Lanaro, "Genealogia di un modello," in Silvio Lanaro, Storia d'Italia. Le regiony dall'unita a oggi. Il Veneto (Torino, 1984),pp. 5-96; George Mavrogordatos, Still-Born Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922-1936 (Berkeley, 1983), p. 12.
79. Richard Herr, "Spain," in David Spring (ed.), European Landed Elites in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore, 1977), pp. 98-126; Silvio Lanaro, "Genealogia di un modello," in Silvio Lanaro, Storia d'Italia. Le regiony dall'unita a oggi. Il Veneto (Torino, 1984),pp. 5-96; George Mavrogordatos, Still-Born Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922-1936 (Berkeley, 1983), p. 12.
80. Geoff Eley, "The British Model and the German Road: Rethinking the Course of German History Before 1914," in Blackbourn and Eley, The Peculiarities of German History, p. 152.
81. Reddy, Money and Liberty, pp. 18-22. For the German case see Kevin McAleer, Dueling: The Cult of Honor in fin-de-siecle Germany (Princeton, 1994).
82. Reddy, Money and Liberty, pp. 18-22. For the German case see Kevin McAleer, Dueling: The Cult of Honor in fin-de-siecle Germany (Princeton, 1994).