Christianity, commerce and the canon: Josiah Tucker and Richard Woodward on political economy

History of European Ideas

Volumn 22, Issue 5-6, 1996, Pages 385-400

  Young, B W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0030240012     PISSN: 01916599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-6599(96)00014-9     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. 1. F.M. Mayor, The Rector's Daughter (London, 1924), pp. 16-17. This is a revised version of a paper read at the first of the 'Religion and Wealth' sessions presented at the 1996 Anglo-American Conference of Historians held at the Institute of Historical Research in London. I am grateful to Patrick O'Brien and David Jeremy for inviting me to speak on that occasion, and to Boyd Hilton for commenting on the paper. Mishtooni Bose, Jane Garnett and Donald Winch have also kindly read and commented on the original typescript. I am particularly grateful to Clare Griffiths for making me think about Woodward.
2. 2. Secondary literature on Paley is surprisingly inadequate. In the meantime see, M.L. Clarke, Paley: Evidences for the Man (London, 1974); D.L. Le Mahieu, The Mind of William Paley: A Philosopher and His Age (London, 1975); Robert Hole, Pulpits, Politics and Public Order 1760-1832 (Cambridge, 1989), Chap. 5. On Tucker, George Shelton, Dean Tucker and Eighteenth-Century Economic and Political Thought (London, 1981) is basic.
3. 2. Secondary literature on Paley is surprisingly inadequate. In the meantime see, M.L. Clarke, Paley: Evidences for the Man (London, 1974); D.L. Le Mahieu, The Mind of William Paley: A Philosopher and His Age (London, 1975); Robert Hole, Pulpits, Politics and Public Order 1760-1832 (Cambridge, 1989), Chap. 5. On Tucker, George Shelton, Dean Tucker and Eighteenth-Century Economic and Political Thought (London, 1981) is basic.
4. 2. Secondary literature on Paley is surprisingly inadequate. In the meantime see, M.L. Clarke, Paley: Evidences for the Man (London, 1974); D.L. Le Mahieu, The Mind of William Paley: A Philosopher and His Age (London, 1975); Robert Hole, Pulpits, Politics and Public Order 1760-1832 (Cambridge, 1989), Chap. 5. On Tucker, George Shelton, Dean Tucker and Eighteenth-Century Economic and Political Thought (London, 1981) is basic.
5. 2. Secondary literature on Paley is surprisingly inadequate. In the meantime see, M.L. Clarke, Paley: Evidences for the Man (London, 1974); D.L. Le Mahieu, The Mind of William Paley: A Philosopher and His Age (London, 1975); Robert Hole, Pulpits, Politics and Public Order 1760-1832 (Cambridge, 1989), Chap. 5. On Tucker, George Shelton, Dean Tucker and Eighteenth-Century Economic and Political Thought (London, 1981) is basic.
6. 3. Michael S.J. Suarez, 'Trafficking in the Muse: Dodsley's Collection of Poems and the Question of the Canon' in Alvaro Ribiero, S.J. and James G. Basker (eds), Tradition in Transition: Women Writers, Marginal Texts and the Eighteenth-Century Canon (Oxford, 1996), pp. 297-313; Jan Gorak, The Making of the Modem Canon: Genesis and Crisis of a Literary Idea (London, 1991), pp. 46-48, 57-59.
7. 3. Michael S.J. Suarez, 'Trafficking in the Muse: Dodsley's Collection of Poems and the Question of the Canon' in Alvaro Ribiero, S.J. and James G. Basker (eds), Tradition in Transition: Women Writers, Marginal Texts and the Eighteenth-Century Canon (Oxford, 1996), pp. 297-313; Jan Gorak, The Making of the Modem Canon: Genesis and Crisis of a Literary Idea (London, 1991), pp. 46-48, 57-59.
8. 4. Donald Winch, Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in England 1750-1834 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 53.
9. 5. Cf. A.M.C. Waterman, Revolution, Economics and Religion: Christian Political Economy 1798-1833 (Cambridge, 1991), and 'The Ideological Alliance of Political Economy and Christian Theology, 1798-1833', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 34 (1983) 231-244.
10. 5. Cf. A.M.C. Waterman, Revolution, Economics and Religion: Christian Political Economy 1798-1833 (Cambridge, 1991), and 'The Ideological Alliance of Political Economy and Christian Theology, 1798-1833', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 34 (1983) 231-244.
11. 6. For a stimulating study of such developments, see Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought 1785-1865 (Oxford, 1988).
12. 7. F.A. Hayek, 'Dr. Bernard Mandeville', Proceedings of the British Academy 52 (1966) 125-141; cf. Dario Castiglione, 'Excess, Frugality and the Spirit of Capitalism: Readings of Mandeville on Commercial Society' in Joseph Melling and Jonathan Barry (eds), Culture in History: Production, Consumption and Values in Historical Perspective (Exeter, 1992), pp. 155-179.
13. 7. F.A. Hayek, 'Dr. Bernard Mandeville', Proceedings of the British Academy 52 (1966) 125-141; cf. Dario Castiglione, 'Excess, Frugality and the Spirit of Capitalism: Readings of Mandeville on Commercial Society' in Joseph Melling and Jonathan Barry (eds), Culture in History: Production, Consumption and Values in Historical Perspective (Exeter, 1992), pp. 155-179.
14. 8. E.J. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society (Cambridge, 1994); M.M. Goldsmith, Private Vices Public Benefits: Bernard Mandeville's Social and Political Thought (Cambridge, 1985); Goldsmith, 'Liberty, luxury, and the pursuit of happiness' in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 225-251; Dario Castiglione, 'Considering Things Minutely: Reflections on Mandeville and the Eighteenth-Century Science of Man', History of Political Thought 7 (1986) 463-488; Castiglione, 'Mandeville moralized', Annali Delia Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 17 (1983) 239-290.
15. 8. E.J. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society (Cambridge, 1994); M.M. Goldsmith, Private Vices Public Benefits: Bernard Mandeville's Social and Political Thought (Cambridge, 1985); Goldsmith, 'Liberty, luxury, and the pursuit of happiness' in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 225-251; Dario Castiglione, 'Considering Things Minutely: Reflections on Mandeville and the Eighteenth-Century Science of Man', History of Political Thought 7 (1986) 463-488; Castiglione, 'Mandeville moralized', Annali Delia Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 17 (1983) 239-290.
16. 8. E.J. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society (Cambridge, 1994); M.M. Goldsmith, Private Vices Public Benefits: Bernard Mandeville's Social and Political Thought (Cambridge, 1985); Goldsmith, 'Liberty, luxury, and the pursuit of happiness' in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 225-251; Dario Castiglione, 'Considering Things Minutely: Reflections on Mandeville and the Eighteenth-Century Science of Man', History of Political Thought 7 (1986) 463-488; Castiglione, 'Mandeville moralized', Annali Delia Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 17 (1983) 239-290.
17. 8. E.J. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society (Cambridge, 1994); M.M. Goldsmith, Private Vices Public Benefits: Bernard Mandeville's Social and Political Thought (Cambridge, 1985); Goldsmith, 'Liberty, luxury, and the pursuit of happiness' in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 225-251; Dario Castiglione, 'Considering Things Minutely: Reflections on Mandeville and the Eighteenth-Century Science of Man', History of Political Thought 7 (1986) 463-488; Castiglione, 'Mandeville moralized', Annali Delia Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 17 (1983) 239-290.
18. 8. E.J. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable: Bernard Mandeville and the Discovery of Society (Cambridge, 1994); M.M. Goldsmith, Private Vices Public Benefits: Bernard Mandeville's Social and Political Thought (Cambridge, 1985); Goldsmith, 'Liberty, luxury, and the pursuit of happiness' in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 225-251; Dario Castiglione, 'Considering Things Minutely: Reflections on Mandeville and the Eighteenth-Century Science of Man', History of Political Thought 7 (1986) 463-488; Castiglione, 'Mandeville moralized', Annali Delia Fondazione Luigi Einaudi 17 (1983) 239-290.
19. 9. Cf. E.P. Thompson, 'The "Moral Economy" of the English Crowd', Past and Present 50 (1971) 76-136. On Southey and economics, see David Eastwood, 'Robert Southey and the Intellectual Origins of Romantic Conservatism', English Historical Review 104 (1989) 308-331.
20. 9. Cf. E.P. Thompson, 'The "Moral Economy" of the English Crowd', Past and Present 50 (1971) 76-136. On Southey and economics, see David Eastwood, 'Robert Southey and the Intellectual Origins of Romantic Conservatism', English Historical Review 104 (1989) 308-331.
21. 10. William Law, Remarks upon a Late Book, Entituled the Fable of the Bees, or, Private Vices, Public Benefits (London, 1724); John Dennis, Vice and Luxury Publick Mischiefs (London, 1724); Lawrence E. Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994); Klein, 'Shaftesbury, politeness and the politics of religion' in Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 283-301; Nicholas Phillipson, 'Politics and politeness in the reigns of Anne and the early Hanoverians', in J.G.A. Pocock ed., The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 211-245.
22. 10. William Law, Remarks upon a Late Book, Entituled the Fable of the Bees, or, Private Vices, Public Benefits (London, 1724); John Dennis, Vice and Luxury Publick Mischiefs (London, 1724); Lawrence E. Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994); Klein, 'Shaftesbury, politeness and the politics of religion' in Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 283-301; Nicholas Phillipson, 'Politics and politeness in the reigns of Anne and the early Hanoverians', in J.G.A. Pocock ed., The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 211-245.
23. 10. William Law, Remarks upon a Late Book, Entituled the Fable of the Bees, or, Private Vices, Public Benefits (London, 1724); John Dennis, Vice and Luxury Publick Mischiefs (London, 1724); Lawrence E. Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994); Klein, 'Shaftesbury, politeness and the politics of religion' in Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 283-301; Nicholas Phillipson, 'Politics and politeness in the reigns of Anne and the early Hanoverians', in J.G.A. Pocock ed., The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 211-245.
24. 10. William Law, Remarks upon a Late Book, Entituled the Fable of the Bees, or, Private Vices, Public Benefits (London, 1724); John Dennis, Vice and Luxury Publick Mischiefs (London, 1724); Lawrence E. Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994); Klein, 'Shaftesbury, politeness and the politics of religion' in Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 283-301; Nicholas Phillipson, 'Politics and politeness in the reigns of Anne and the early Hanoverians', in J.G.A. Pocock ed., The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 211-245.
25. 10. William Law, Remarks upon a Late Book, Entituled the Fable of the Bees, or, Private Vices, Public Benefits (London, 1724); John Dennis, Vice and Luxury Publick Mischiefs (London, 1724); Lawrence E. Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1994); Klein, 'Shaftesbury, politeness and the politics of religion' in Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (eds), Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 283-301; Nicholas Phillipson, 'Politics and politeness in the reigns of Anne and the early Hanoverians', in J.G.A. Pocock ed., The Varieties of British Political Thought 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 211-245.
26. 11. B.W. Young, 'William Law and the Christian Economy of Salvation', English Historical Review 109 (1994) 308-322; Katherine C. Balderston, 'Doctor Johnson and William Law', Publications of the Modem Language Association 75 (1960), 382-394; Nicholas Hudson, Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-85.
27. 11. B.W. Young, 'William Law and the Christian Economy of Salvation', English Historical Review 109 (1994) 308-322; Katherine C. Balderston, 'Doctor Johnson and William Law', Publications of the Modem Language Association 75 (1960), 382-394; Nicholas Hudson, Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-85.
28. 11. B.W. Young, 'William Law and the Christian Economy of Salvation', English Historical Review 109 (1994) 308-322; Katherine C. Balderston, 'Doctor Johnson and William Law', Publications of the Modem Language Association 75 (1960), 382-394; Nicholas Hudson, Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-85.
29. 12. Cf. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds), The Birth of a Consumer Society: the Commercialisation of Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1982); John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds), Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993).
30. 12. Cf. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds), The Birth of a Consumer Society: the Commercialisation of Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1982); John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds), Consumption and the World of Goods (London, 1993).
31. 13. John Sekora, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett (Baltimore and London, 1977); Christopher J. Berry, The Idea of Luxury: A Conceptual and Historical Investigation (Cambridge, 1994), Chap. 6.
32. 13. John Sekora, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett (Baltimore and London, 1977); Christopher J. Berry, The Idea of Luxury: A Conceptual and Historical Investigation (Cambridge, 1994), Chap. 6.
33. 14. Cf. Hundert, The Enlightenment's Fable, Chap. 5.
34. 15. For a valuable discussion, see J.G.A. Pocock, 'Josiah Tucker on Burke, Locke and Price: A Study in the Varieties of Eighteenth-Century Conservatism', in Virtue, Commerce and History (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 157-191.
35. 16. Josiah Tucker, A Brief Essay On the Advantages and Disadvantages Which Respectively Attend France and Great Britain, with Regard to Trade, 2nd edn (London, 1750), pp. ix, xi.
36. 17. Ibid., pp. 50-53.
37. 18. Ibid., pp. 85, 123-124.
38. 19. Ibid., pp. 127-128.
39. 20. Ibid., pp. 130-131, 133, 134. The medic-turned-cleric William Stukeley was a particularly keen sabbaltarian, as revealed in his 30th of January sermon preached before the Commons, National Judgments the Consequence of a National Profanation of the Sabbath (London, 1742).
40. 20. Ibid., pp. 130-131, 133, 134. The medic-turned-cleric William Stukeley was a particularly keen sabbaltarian, as revealed in his 30th of January sermon preached before the Commons, National Judgments the Consequence of a National Profanation of the Sabbath (London, 1742).
41. 21. John Spurr, 'The Church, the societies and the moral revolution of 1688' in John Walsh, Colin Haydon and Stephen Taylor (eds), The Church of England c.1689-c.1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 127-142; Tina Isaacs, 'The Anglican Hierarchy and the Reformation of Manners 1688-1738', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 33 (1982) 391-411; Joanna Innes, 'Politics and Morals: The Reformation of Manners Movement in Later Eighteenth-Century England', in Eckhart Hellmuth (ed.), The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1990), pp. 57-118; Shelley Burtt, 'The Societies for the Reformation of Manners: between John Locke and the devil in Augustan England' in Roger D. Lund (ed.), The Margins of Orthodoxy: Heterodox Writing and Cultural Response 1660-1750 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 149-169.
42. 21. John Spurr, 'The Church, the societies and the moral revolution of 1688' in John Walsh, Colin Haydon and Stephen Taylor (eds), The Church of England c.1689-c.1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 127-142; Tina Isaacs, 'The Anglican Hierarchy and the Reformation of Manners 1688-1738', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 33 (1982) 391-411; Joanna Innes, 'Politics and Morals: The Reformation of Manners Movement in Later Eighteenth-Century England', in Eckhart Hellmuth (ed.), The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1990), pp. 57-118; Shelley Burtt, 'The Societies for the Reformation of Manners: between John Locke and the devil in Augustan England' in Roger D. Lund (ed.), The Margins of Orthodoxy: Heterodox Writing and Cultural Response 1660-1750 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 149-169.
43. 21. John Spurr, 'The Church, the societies and the moral revolution of 1688' in John Walsh, Colin Haydon and Stephen Taylor (eds), The Church of England c.1689-c.1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 127-142; Tina Isaacs, 'The Anglican Hierarchy and the Reformation of Manners 1688-1738', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 33 (1982) 391-411; Joanna Innes, 'Politics and Morals: The Reformation of Manners Movement in Later Eighteenth-Century England', in Eckhart Hellmuth (ed.), The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1990), pp. 57-118; Shelley Burtt, 'The Societies for the Reformation of Manners: between John Locke and the devil in Augustan England' in Roger D. Lund (ed.), The Margins of Orthodoxy: Heterodox Writing and Cultural Response 1660-1750 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 149-169.
44. 21. John Spurr, 'The Church, the societies and the moral revolution of 1688' in John Walsh, Colin Haydon and Stephen Taylor (eds), The Church of England c.1689-c.1833: From Toleration to Tractarianism (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 127-142; Tina Isaacs, 'The Anglican Hierarchy and the Reformation of Manners 1688-1738', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 33 (1982) 391-411; Joanna Innes, 'Politics and Morals: The Reformation of Manners Movement in Later Eighteenth-Century England', in Eckhart Hellmuth (ed.), The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1990), pp. 57-118; Shelley Burtt, 'The Societies for the Reformation of Manners: between John Locke and the devil in Augustan England' in Roger D. Lund (ed.), The Margins of Orthodoxy: Heterodox Writing and Cultural Response 1660-1750 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 149-169.
45. 22. Tucker, An Impartial Inquiry into the Benefits and Damages Arising to the Nation from the Present Very Great Use of Low-priced Spirituous Liquors (London, 1751), pp. 2-3.
46. 23. Tucker, The Cause of Going to War For the Sake of Procuring, Enlarging or Securing of Trade, Considered in a New Light (London, 1763), p. 11.
47. 24. Tucker to Birch, 1 Sept 1755, BL Add.Ms. 4326B, ff.64-67.
48. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
49. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
50. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
51. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
52. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
53. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
54. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
55. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
56. 25. Tucker to Birch, 15 Nov 1756, BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 159. On the vitality of the imperial vision and the wars which aided it in mid-18th-century England, see Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people: Politics, culture and imperialism in England. 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1995); Wilson, 'Empire, Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain: The Case of Admiral Vernon', Past and Present 121 (1988) 74-109; Wilson, 'Empire of Virtue: The imperial project and Hanoverian culture c. 1720-1785' in Lawrence Stone (ed.), An Imperial State at War: Britain from 1689 to 1815 (London, 1994), pp. 128-164; Wilson, 'Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c. 1720-1790', Eighteenth-Century Studies 29 (1995) 69-96; Marie Peters, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opinion During the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980); Bob Harris, ' "American Idols": Empire, War and the Middling Ranks in MidEighteenth Century Britain', Past and Present 105 (1996) 111-141. On Hume, see John Robertson, 'Universal monarchy and the liberties of Europe: David Hume's critique of an English Whig doctrine', in Phillipson and Skinner (eds), Political Discourse, pp. 349-373. On Hume and Tucker, see Istvan Hont, 'The "rich country-poor country" debate' in Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff (eds), Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 271-315. Tucker saw Hume as a 'convert' to his views on the matter, as he claimed in a letter to Birch of 19 May 1760: BL Add.Ms. 4319, f. 262.
57. 26. Tucker, The Cause of Going to War, pp. 35-36, 57.
58. 27. Tucker, An Humble Address And Earnest Appeal to those Respectable Personages in Great-Britain and Ireland. . . whether a Connection with, or a separation from The Continental Colonies of America be most for the National Advantage, and the Lasting Benefit of these Kingdoms (Gloucester, 1775), p. 61. Cf. The Respective Pleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of the Colonies Distinctly Set Forth: And the Impossibility of a Compromise of Differences, or a Mutual Concession of Rights, Plainly Demonstrated (Gloucester, 1775); Salim Rashid, ' "He Startled. . . As If He Saw A Spectre": Tucker's Proposal for American Independence', Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982) 439-60. Wilson describes Tucker as a 'conservative anti-imperialist': The sense of the people, pp. 248, 276. On commerce and the American Revolution, see three essays by T.H. Breen, 'An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776', Journal of British Studies 25 (1986) 467-499; '"Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 119 (1988) 73-104; 'The meanings of things: interpreting the consumer economy in the eighteenth century' in Brewer and Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods, pp. 249-260.
59. 27. Tucker, An Humble Address And Earnest Appeal to those Respectable Personages in Great-Britain and Ireland. . . whether a Connection with, or a separation from The Continental Colonies of America be most for the National Advantage, and the Lasting Benefit of these Kingdoms (Gloucester, 1775), p. 61. Cf. The Respective Pleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of the Colonies Distinctly Set Forth: And the Impossibility of a Compromise of Differences, or a Mutual Concession of Rights, Plainly Demonstrated (Gloucester, 1775); Salim Rashid, ' "He Startled. . . As If He Saw A Spectre": Tucker's Proposal for American Independence', Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982) 439-60. Wilson describes Tucker as a 'conservative anti-imperialist': The sense of the people, pp. 248, 276. On commerce and the American Revolution, see three essays by T.H. Breen, 'An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776', Journal of British Studies 25 (1986) 467-499; '"Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 119 (1988) 73-104; 'The meanings of things: interpreting the consumer economy in the eighteenth century' in Brewer and Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods, pp. 249-260.
60. 27. Tucker, An Humble Address And Earnest Appeal to those Respectable Personages in Great-Britain and Ireland. . . whether a Connection with, or a separation from The Continental Colonies of America be most for the National Advantage, and the Lasting Benefit of these Kingdoms (Gloucester, 1775), p. 61. Cf. The Respective Pleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of the Colonies Distinctly Set Forth: And the Impossibility of a Compromise of Differences, or a Mutual Concession of Rights, Plainly Demonstrated (Gloucester, 1775); Salim Rashid, ' "He Startled. . . As If He Saw A Spectre": Tucker's Proposal for American Independence', Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982) 439-60. Wilson describes Tucker as a 'conservative anti-imperialist': The sense of the people, pp. 248, 276. On commerce and the American Revolution, see three essays by T.H. Breen, 'An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776', Journal of British Studies 25 (1986) 467-499; '"Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 119 (1988) 73-104; 'The meanings of things: interpreting the consumer economy in the eighteenth century' in Brewer and Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods, pp. 249-260.
61. 27. Tucker, An Humble Address And Earnest Appeal to those Respectable Personages in Great-Britain and Ireland. . . whether a Connection with, or a separation from The Continental Colonies of America be most for the National Advantage, and the Lasting Benefit of these Kingdoms (Gloucester, 1775), p. 61. Cf. The Respective Pleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of the Colonies Distinctly Set Forth: And the Impossibility of a Compromise of Differences, or a Mutual Concession of Rights, Plainly Demonstrated (Gloucester, 1775); Salim Rashid, ' "He Startled. . . As If He Saw A Spectre": Tucker's Proposal for American Independence', Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982) 439-60. Wilson describes Tucker as a 'conservative anti-imperialist': The sense of the people, pp. 248, 276. On commerce and the American Revolution, see three essays by T.H. Breen, 'An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776', Journal of British Studies 25 (1986) 467-499; '"Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 119 (1988) 73-104; 'The meanings of things: interpreting the consumer economy in the eighteenth century' in Brewer and Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods, pp. 249-260.
62. 27. Tucker, An Humble Address And Earnest Appeal to those Respectable Personages in Great-Britain and Ireland. . . whether a Connection with, or a separation from The Continental Colonies of America be most for the National Advantage, and the Lasting Benefit of these Kingdoms (Gloucester, 1775), p. 61. Cf. The Respective Pleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of the Colonies Distinctly Set Forth: And the Impossibility of a Compromise of Differences, or a Mutual Concession of Rights, Plainly Demonstrated (Gloucester, 1775); Salim Rashid, ' "He Startled. . . As If He Saw A Spectre": Tucker's Proposal for American Independence', Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982) 439-60. Wilson describes Tucker as a 'conservative anti-imperialist': The sense of the people, pp. 248, 276. On commerce and the American Revolution, see three essays by T.H. Breen, 'An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776', Journal of British Studies 25 (1986) 467-499; '"Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 119 (1988) 73-104; 'The meanings of things: interpreting the consumer economy in the eighteenth century' in Brewer and Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods, pp. 249-260.
63. 27. Tucker, An Humble Address And Earnest Appeal to those Respectable Personages in Great-Britain and Ireland. . . whether a Connection with, or a separation from The Continental Colonies of America be most for the National Advantage, and the Lasting Benefit of these Kingdoms (Gloucester, 1775), p. 61. Cf. The Respective Pleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of the Colonies Distinctly Set Forth: And the Impossibility of a Compromise of Differences, or a Mutual Concession of Rights, Plainly Demonstrated (Gloucester, 1775); Salim Rashid, ' "He Startled. . . As If He Saw A Spectre": Tucker's Proposal for American Independence', Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982) 439-60. Wilson describes Tucker as a 'conservative anti-imperialist': The sense of the people, pp. 248, 276. On commerce and the American Revolution, see three essays by T.H. Breen, 'An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776', Journal of British Studies 25 (1986) 467-499; '"Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 119 (1988) 73-104; 'The meanings of things: interpreting the consumer economy in the eighteenth century' in Brewer and Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods, pp. 249-260.
64. 27. Tucker, An Humble Address And Earnest Appeal to those Respectable Personages in Great-Britain and Ireland. . . whether a Connection with, or a separation from The Continental Colonies of America be most for the National Advantage, and the Lasting Benefit of these Kingdoms (Gloucester, 1775), p. 61. Cf. The Respective Pleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of the Colonies Distinctly Set Forth: And the Impossibility of a Compromise of Differences, or a Mutual Concession of Rights, Plainly Demonstrated (Gloucester, 1775); Salim Rashid, ' "He Startled. . . As If He Saw A Spectre": Tucker's Proposal for American Independence', Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982) 439-60. Wilson describes Tucker as a 'conservative anti-imperialist': The sense of the people, pp. 248, 276. On commerce and the American Revolution, see three essays by T.H. Breen, 'An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776', Journal of British Studies 25 (1986) 467-499; '"Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present 119 (1988) 73-104; 'The meanings of things: interpreting the consumer economy in the eighteenth century' in Brewer and Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods, pp. 249-260.
65. 28. Tucker, Letter to Edmund Burke. Esq., (Gloucester, 1775), pp. 22-23. This was a response to Burke's speech of 22nd March, 1775, 'On Moving his Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies': see Ian Harris (ed.), Edmund Burke: Pre-Revolutionary Writings (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 206-269.
66. 28. Tucker, Letter to Edmund Burke. Esq., (Gloucester, 1775), pp. 22-23. This was a response to Burke's speech of 22nd March, 1775, 'On Moving his Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies': see Ian Harris (ed.), Edmund Burke: Pre-Revolutionary Writings (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 206-269.
67. 29. Tucker, The Manifold Causes of the Increase of the Poor Distinctly set forth (Gloucester, 1760), p. 8.
68. 30. Tucker, Manifold Causes, pp. 10, 16-18.
69. 31. Ibid., p.21.
70. Cf. A Treatise Concerning Civil Government (London, 1781), p. 79: 'For the Nature of Taxes is such, that they may be compared to the pruning of Fruit-Trees; an Operation, which all will allow not only to be useful, but in some Sense necessary'.
71. 32. Tucker, 'Sermon III' in Seventeen Sermons On Some Of The Most Important Points of Natural and Revealed Religion, Respecting the Happiness both of the Present, and of a Future Life (Gloucester, 1776), pp. 51-62, at pp. 61-62.
72. 33. Ibid., 'Sermon VII', pp. 131-149, at pp. 138-139.
73. 34. Hole, Pulpits, Politics and Public Order, pp. 19, 47, 84, 87, 92-93. Shelton, Dean Tucker, offers a sound portrait of Tucker as a convinced Anglican apologist.
74. 34. Hole, Pulpits, Politics and Public Order, pp. 19, 47, 84, 87, 92-93. Shelton, Dean Tucker, offers a sound portrait of Tucker as a convinced Anglican apologist.
75. 35. Tucker, Cui Bono? Or, An Inquiry What Benefits Can Arise Either To The English or to the Americans, The French, Spaniards, or Dutch, From the Greatest Victories, or Successes in the Present War? Being a Series of Letters Addressed to Monsieur Necker, Late Controller General of the Finances of France (Gloucester, 1781), pp. 4, 5.
76. 36. This is not to deny that Tucker had some influential political patrons, on one of whom see, J.R. Raven, 'Viscount Townshend and the Cambridge Prize for Trade Theory, 1754-1756', Historical Journal 28 (1985) 535-555. On the royal essay, see 'The Elements of Commerce and Theory of Taxes' in Robert Livingston Schuyler (ed.), Josiah Tucker: A Selection from His Economic and Political Writings (New York, 1931), pp. 51-219.
77. 36. This is not to deny that Tucker had some influential political patrons, on one of whom see, J.R. Raven, 'Viscount Townshend and the Cambridge Prize for Trade Theory, 1754-1756', Historical Journal 28 (1985) 535-555. On the royal essay, see 'The Elements of Commerce and Theory of Taxes' in Robert Livingston Schuyler (ed.), Josiah Tucker: A Selection from His Economic and Political Writings (New York, 1931), pp. 51-219.
78. 37. He figures twice (and unimportantly) in Shelton's study: Dean Tucker, pp. 21, 106. There is a brief but useful discussion of Woodward in Thomas A. Home, Property Rights and Poverty: Political Argument in Britain 1605-1834 (Chapel Hill, 1990), pp. 131-134.
79. 37. He figures twice (and unimportantly) in Shelton's study: Dean Tucker, pp. 21, 106. There is a brief but useful discussion of Woodward in Thomas A. Home, Property Rights and Poverty: Political Argument in Britain 1605-1834 (Chapel Hill, 1990), pp. 131-134.
80. 38. Tucker to Birch, 13 May 1755, BL Add. Ms. 4319, f. 252. Birch aided the early publication of a piece by Woodward, for which he received Tucker's thanks: BL Add. Ms. 4319, f. 260.
81. 39. Tucker, Thoughts on the Present Posture of Affairs (n.pl., 1779), col. 3; An Humble Address, p. 44; The Manifold Causes, p. v; Union or Separation, edited by S. Clarke (London, 1799), passim. For a broader discussion of such questions, see James Kelly, 'The origins of the act of union: an examination of unionist opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800', Irish Historical Studies 25 (1987) 236-263.
82. 39. Tucker, Thoughts on the Present Posture of Affairs (n.pl., 1779), col. 3; An Humble Address, p. 44; The Manifold Causes, p. v; Union or Separation, edited by S. Clarke (London, 1799), passim. For a broader discussion of such questions, see James Kelly, 'The origins of the act of union: an examination of unionist opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800', Irish Historical Studies 25 (1987) 236-263.
83. 39. Tucker, Thoughts on the Present Posture of Affairs (n.pl., 1779), col. 3; An Humble Address, p. 44; The Manifold Causes, p. v; Union or Separation, edited by S. Clarke (London, 1799), passim. For a broader discussion of such questions, see James Kelly, 'The origins of the act of union: an examination of unionist opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800', Irish Historical Studies 25 (1987) 236-263.
84. 39. Tucker, Thoughts on the Present Posture of Affairs (n.pl., 1779), col. 3; An Humble Address, p. 44; The Manifold Causes, p. v; Union or Separation, edited by S. Clarke (London, 1799), passim. For a broader discussion of such questions, see James Kelly, 'The origins of the act of union: an examination of unionist opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800', Irish Historical Studies 25 (1987) 236-263.
85. 39. Tucker, Thoughts on the Present Posture of Affairs (n.pl., 1779), col. 3; An Humble Address, p. 44; The Manifold Causes, p. v; Union or Separation, edited by S. Clarke (London, 1799), passim. For a broader discussion of such questions, see James Kelly, 'The origins of the act of union: an examination of unionist opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650-1800', Irish Historical Studies 25 (1987) 236-263.
86. 40. Richard Woodward, An Argument In Support of the Right of the Poor in the Kingdom of Ireland to a National Provision (Dublin, 1766), p. 51 and passim.
87. 41. [Woodward], A Scheme for Establishing County Poor-houses in the Kingdom of Ireland (Dublin, 1766), p. 14.
88. 42. Ibid., pp. 15, 13.
89. 43. Woodward, A Sermon Preached at Christ Church. Dublin, On the 13th of May, 1764, Before The Incorporated Society, for promoting English Protestant Schools in Ireland (Dublin, 1764), pp. 2-3.
90. 44. Ibid., p. 12. On Burke and monasticism, see J.G.A. Pocock, 'The Political Economy of Burke's Analysis of the French Revolution', in Virtue, Commerce and History, pp. 193-212, at p. 201.
91. 44. Ibid., p. 12. On Burke and monasticism, see J.G.A. Pocock, 'The Political Economy of Burke's Analysis of the French Revolution', in Virtue, Commerce and History, pp. 193-212, at p. 201.
92. 45. A Sermon, pp. 5-6.
93. 46. William Paley, Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (London, 1785, i, 252-25. For discussion, see Thomas A. Horne, Property Rights and Poverty, pp. 131-141; Horne, '"The Poor Have A Claim Founded in the Law of Nature"': William Paley and the Rights of the Poor', Journal of the History of Philosophy 23 (1985), 51-70.
94. 46. William Paley, Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (London, 1785, i, 252-25. For discussion, see Thomas A. Horne, Property Rights and Poverty, pp. 131-141; Horne, '"The Poor Have A Claim Founded in the Law of Nature"': William Paley and the Rights of the Poor', Journal of the History of Philosophy 23 (1985), 51-70.
95. 46. William Paley, Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (London, 1785, i, 252-25. For discussion, see Thomas A. Horne, Property Rights and Poverty, pp. 131-141; Horne, '"The Poor Have A Claim Founded in the Law of Nature"': William Paley and the Rights of the Poor', Journal of the History of Philosophy 23 (1985), 51-70.
96. 47. Paley, Reasons for Contentment, Addressed to the Labouring Part of the British Public (Carlisle, 1793), pp. 15-16. For a sermon to the same effect, see 'Discontent', in Sermons on Various Subjects, Edmund Paley (ed) (London, 1825), i, 208-217.
97. 47. Paley, Reasons for Contentment, Addressed to the Labouring Part of the British Public (Carlisle, 1793), pp. 15-16. For a sermon to the same effect, see 'Discontent', in Sermons on Various Subjects, Edmund Paley (ed) (London, 1825), i, 208-217.
98. 48. Woodward, An Address to the Publick, on the expediency of a regular plan for the maintenance and government of the poor (Dublin, 1775), p. 12.
99. 49. Ibid., p. 47.
100. 50. Henry Home, Lord Kames, 'Public Police with respect to the Poor' in Sketches of the History of Man (Dublin, 1774-5), iii, 41-67, at p. 41.
101. 51. Ibid., iii, 44, 47, 49, 50.
102. 52. Ibid., iii, 57-8.
103. 53. Ibid., iii, 58, 60.
104. 54. Ibid., iii, 64.
105. 55. Woodward, Address to the Publick, p. 75.
106. 56. Ibid., pp. 78, 88, 91.
107. 57. Samuel Johnson, The Idler (Number 4, 6 May, 1758), W.J. Bate, J.M. Bullitt and L.F. Powell (eds), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, (New Haven, 1963), ii, 12-16, at pp. 12-13. For a good discussion of Johnson and the intricacies of Christian charity, see Hudson, Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought, Chap. 6. Cf. Deborah Valenze, 'Charity, Custom, and Humanity: Changing Attitudes Towards the Poor in the Eighteenth-Century' in Jane Garnett and Colin Matthew (eds), Revival and Religion Since 1700: Essays for John Walsh (London, 1993), pp. 59-78.
108. 57. Samuel Johnson, The Idler (Number 4, 6 May, 1758), W.J. Bate, J.M. Bullitt and L.F. Powell (eds), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, (New Haven, 1963), ii, 12-16, at pp. 12-13. For a good discussion of Johnson and the intricacies of Christian charity, see Hudson, Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought, Chap. 6. Cf. Deborah Valenze, 'Charity, Custom, and Humanity: Changing Attitudes Towards the Poor in the Eighteenth-Century' in Jane Garnett and Colin Matthew (eds), Revival and Religion Since 1700: Essays for John Walsh (London, 1993), pp. 59-78.
109. 57. Samuel Johnson, The Idler (Number 4, 6 May, 1758), W.J. Bate, J.M. Bullitt and L.F. Powell (eds), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, (New Haven, 1963), ii, 12-16, at pp. 12-13. For a good discussion of Johnson and the intricacies of Christian charity, see Hudson, Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought, Chap. 6. Cf. Deborah Valenze, 'Charity, Custom, and Humanity: Changing Attitudes Towards the Poor in the Eighteenth-Century' in Jane Garnett and Colin Matthew (eds), Revival and Religion Since 1700: Essays for John Walsh (London, 1993), pp. 59-78.
110. 57. Samuel Johnson, The Idler (Number 4, 6 May, 1758), W.J. Bate, J.M. Bullitt and L.F. Powell (eds), The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, (New Haven, 1963), ii, 12-16, at pp. 12-13. For a good discussion of Johnson and the intricacies of Christian charity, see Hudson, Samuel Johnson and Eighteenth-Century Thought, Chap. 6. Cf. Deborah Valenze, 'Charity, Custom, and Humanity: Changing Attitudes Towards the Poor in the Eighteenth-Century' in Jane Garnett and Colin Matthew (eds), Revival and Religion Since 1700: Essays for John Walsh (London, 1993), pp. 59-78.
111. 58. see An Inquiry into The Wealth of Nations, edited by R.A. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, (Indianapolis, 1981), i, pp. 26-27, and, more generally, Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, 'Needs and justice in the Wealth of Nations: an introductory essay', in Wealth and Virtue, pp. 1-44. Dugald Stewart noted that 'a large proportion of [Smith's] annual savings was alloted to offices of secret charity': Biographical Memoirs of Adam Smith, LL.D. William Robertson, D.D. Thomas Reid. D.D. (Edinburgh, 1858), p. 72.
112. 58. see An Inquiry into The Wealth of Nations, edited by R.A. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, (Indianapolis, 1981), i, pp. 26-27, and, more generally, Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, 'Needs and justice in the Wealth of Nations: an introductory essay', in Wealth and Virtue, pp. 1-44. Dugald Stewart noted that 'a large proportion of [Smith's] annual savings was alloted to offices of secret charity': Biographical Memoirs of Adam Smith, LL.D. William Robertson, D.D. Thomas Reid. D.D. (Edinburgh, 1858), p. 72.
113. 58. see An Inquiry into The Wealth of Nations, edited by R.A. Campbell and A.S. Skinner, (Indianapolis, 1981), i, pp. 26-27, and, more generally, Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, 'Needs and justice in the Wealth of Nations: an introductory essay', in Wealth and Virtue, pp. 1-44. Dugald Stewart noted that 'a large proportion of [Smith's] annual savings was alloted to offices of secret charity': Biographical Memoirs of Adam Smith, LL.D. William Robertson, D.D. Thomas Reid. D.D. (Edinburgh, 1858), p. 72.
114. 59. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of The Honourable Henry Home of Kames, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1807); William C. Lehmann, Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Study in National Character and in the History of Ideas (The Hague, 1971), and Ian Campbell Ross, Lord Kames and the Scotland of His Day (Oxford, 1972); Kames, 'Principles and Progress of Theology' in Sketches on the History of Man, iv, pp. 126-277.
115. 59. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of The Honourable Henry Home of Kames, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1807); William C. Lehmann, Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Study in National Character and in the History of Ideas (The Hague, 1971), and Ian Campbell Ross, Lord Kames and the Scotland of His Day (Oxford, 1972); Kames, 'Principles and Progress of Theology' in Sketches on the History of Man, iv, pp. 126-277.
116. 59. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of The Honourable Henry Home of Kames, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1807); William C. Lehmann, Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Study in National Character and in the History of Ideas (The Hague, 1971), and Ian Campbell Ross, Lord Kames and the Scotland of His Day (Oxford, 1972); Kames, 'Principles and Progress of Theology' in Sketches on the History of Man, iv, pp. 126-277.
117. 59. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of The Honourable Henry Home of Kames, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1807); William C. Lehmann, Henry Home, Lord Kames, and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Study in National Character and in the History of Ideas (The Hague, 1971), and Ian Campbell Ross, Lord Kames and the Scotland of His Day (Oxford, 1972); Kames, 'Principles and Progress of Theology' in Sketches on the History of Man, iv, pp. 126-277.
118. 60. The work of Donald Winch is especially important on these matters: Adam Smith's Politics: an essay in historiographic revision (Cambridge, 1978); Malthus (Oxford, 1987); Riches and Poverty.
119. 60. The work of Donald Winch is especially important on these matters: Adam Smith's Politics: an essay in historiographic revision (Cambridge, 1978); Malthus (Oxford, 1987); Riches and Poverty.
120. 61. Smith, 'Letter from Adam Smith, LL.D. to William Strahan, Esq.' [1776], reprinted in David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political and Literary, edited by Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), pp. xliii-xlix; George Horne, Letters On Infidelity; To Which is Prefixed A Letter to Dr. Adam Smith, in The Works, edited by William Jones (London, 1818), iv, 329-505, at pp. 331-348; Winch, Riches and Poverty, pp. 36-40, 44, 63, 185-191; Nigel Aston, 'Horne and Heterodoxy: The Defence of Anglican Beliefs in the Late Enlightenment', English Historical Review 108 (1993) 895-919.
121. 61. Smith, 'Letter from Adam Smith, LL.D. to William Strahan, Esq.' [1776], reprinted in David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political and Literary, edited by Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), pp. xliii-xlix; George Horne, Letters On Infidelity; To Which is Prefixed A Letter to Dr. Adam Smith, in The Works, edited by William Jones (London, 1818), iv, 329-505, at pp. 331-348; Winch, Riches and Poverty, pp. 36-40, 44, 63, 185-191; Nigel Aston, 'Horne and Heterodoxy: The Defence of Anglican Beliefs in the Late Enlightenment', English Historical Review 108 (1993) 895-919.
122. 61. Smith, 'Letter from Adam Smith, LL.D. to William Strahan, Esq.' [1776], reprinted in David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political and Literary, edited by Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), pp. xliii-xlix; George Horne, Letters On Infidelity; To Which is Prefixed A Letter to Dr. Adam Smith, in The Works, edited by William Jones (London, 1818), iv, 329-505, at pp. 331-348; Winch, Riches and Poverty, pp. 36-40, 44, 63, 185-191; Nigel Aston, 'Horne and Heterodoxy: The Defence of Anglican Beliefs in the Late Enlightenment', English Historical Review 108 (1993) 895-919.
123. 61. Smith, 'Letter from Adam Smith, LL.D. to William Strahan, Esq.' [1776], reprinted in David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political and Literary, edited by Eugene F. Miller (Indianapolis, 1985), pp. xliii-xlix; George Horne, Letters On Infidelity; To Which is Prefixed A Letter to Dr. Adam Smith, in The Works, edited by William Jones (London, 1818), iv, 329-505, at pp. 331-348; Winch, Riches and Poverty, pp. 36-40, 44, 63, 185-191; Nigel Aston, 'Horne and Heterodoxy: The Defence of Anglican Beliefs in the Late Enlightenment', English Historical Review 108 (1993) 895-919.
124. 62. Smith, Wealth of Nations, ii, pp. 788-814.
125. 63. Cf. Lawrence Dickey, 'Historicizing the Adam Smith Problem: Conceptual, Historical, and Textual Issues', Historical Journal 58 (1986) 579-609. For Woodward's engagement with Irish dissenters, see his somewhat alarmist tract, The Present State of the Church of Ireland, 7th edn (1787).
126. 63. Cf. Lawrence Dickey, 'Historicizing the Adam Smith Problem: Conceptual, Historical, and Textual Issues', Historical Journal 58 (1986) 579-609. For Woodward's engagement with Irish dissenters, see his somewhat alarmist tract, The Present State of the Church of Ireland, 7th edn (1787).
127. 64. Wealth of Nations, ii, p. 793.
128. 65. Ibid., ii, p. 796.
129. 66. Richard B. Sher, Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh (Princeton, 1985).