Appendicitis, appendectomy, and the surgeon

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 414-441

  Smith, Dale C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPENDECTOMY; APPENDICITIS; ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; SURGERY; UNITED STATES;

APPENDECTOMY; APPENDICITIS; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; SURGERY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0030237647     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.1996.0127     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. William Osler, Principles and Practice of Medicine (New York: Appleton, 1892), p. 405.
2. William Osler, Principles and Practice of Medicine Ibid., pp. 410-11.
3. W. W. Keen, "The Indications for Early Laparotomy in Appendicitis," Trans. NY State Med. Soc., 1891, pp. 227-235, quotation on p. 235.
4. On the understanding of "shock" in the late nineteenth century, see Peter C. English, Shock, Physiological Surgery and George Washington Crile: Medical Innovation in the Progressive Era (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1980).
5. On the efforts of surgeons to encourage early operation and "exploratory surgery," see the standard histories of surgery: for example, Owen H. Wangensteen and Sarah D. Wangensteen, The Rise of Surgery: From Empiric Craft to Scientific Discipline (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1978);
6. R. H. Meade, An Introduction to the History of General Surgery (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1968);
7. Frederick F. Cartwright, The Development of Modern Surgery (London: Arthur Barker, 1967).
8. Dale C. Smith, "A Historical Overview of the Recognition of Appendicitis," New York State J. Med., 1986, 86: 571-83, 639-47.
9. Charles McBumey, "Experience with Early Operative Interferences in Cases of Disease of the Vermiform Appendix," New York Med. J., 1889, 50: 676-84, quotation on p. 679.
10. Keen, "Indications" (n. 3), p. 228.
11. Keen, Indications Ibid., p. 229.
12. Robert Weir, "On the Resection of the Appendix in the Quiescent Stage of Chronic Relapsing Appendicitis," Ann. Surg., 1891, 13: 362-68.
13. An obvious case of progressive development through all three tiers would be the Mayo practice in Rochester, Minnesota. Consider them as a family practice group, father and two sons, in the mid- to late 1880s: the father acquired, at least in gynecologic surgery, a three-state reputation as a referral surgeon; the sons, to some degree, inherited this mantle by the end of the decade. During the 1890s, through their publications and their reputations in the state medical society's surgical section, William and Charles Mayo moved into the second tier. When their father retired, they associated with other practitioners who did the medical work in the practice, and they devoted themselves, full-time, to surgery. By the early twentieth century, the two Mayos had moved into the elite circle of research-oriented, academic surgeons with international reputations. See Helen Clapesattle, The Doctors Mayo (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1941).
14. Osler, Principles (n. 1), pp. 406, 411.
15. Osler, Principles Ibid., p. 412.
16. Robert T. Morris, Lectures on Appendicitis (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899).
17. Robert T. Morris, "Notes on a Series of One Hundred Consecutive Operations for Appendicitis," Amer. Med. Surg. Bull., 1896, 9: 243-44, quotation on p. 244.
18. John B. Deaver, "Treatment of Appendicitis," Trans. Amer. Surg. Assoc., 1893, 11: 253-63, quotation on p. 256.
19. John B. Deaver, "Treatment of Appendicitis," Trans. Amer. Surg. Assoc., Ibid. 1893, 11: 253-63.
20. For the discussions at the American Surgical Association meetings, see Mark Ravitch, A Century of Surgery, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1981), 1, passim, quotation on p. 228.
21. Mark Ravitch, A Century of Surgery, Ibid., p. 228.
22. Specialization and the training of surgeons are discussed by Gert H. Brieger, "Surgery," in The Education of American Physicians: Historical Essays, ed. Ronald L. Numbers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), pp. 175-204.
23. See also Rosemary Stevens, American Medicine and the Public Interest (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
24. A. Vander Veer, "Discussion of Appendicitis: The Relation of the Physician and the Surgeon in the Care of Cases," Trans. New York State Med. Soc., 1891, pp. 258-61, quotation on p. 259.
25. C. McBurney, "Discussion of Appendicitis: The Indications for Early Laparotomy," Trans. New York State Med. Soc., 1891, pp. 208-27, quotation on p. 216.
26. W. Osier, Principles and Practices of Medicine, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1895), p. 437.
27. W. Osier, Principles and Practices of Medicine, 2d ed. Ibid., p. 441.
28. W. Osier, Principles and Practices of Medicine, 2d ed. Ibid., p. 442.
29. W. Osier, Principles and Practices of Medicine, 2d ed. Ibid. 442.
30. W. Osier, Principles and Practices of Medicine, 2d ed. Ibid. 442.
31. George Cleveland and Franklin Wells, "A Discussion of the Medical and Surgical Aspects of Appendicitis ...," Chicago Clin. Rev., 1896, 5: 617-44, quotation on p. 617.
32. George Cleveland Franklin Wells, Chicago Clin. Rev., Ibid., p. 621.
33. George Cleveland Franklin Wells, Chicago Clin. Rev., Ibid., p. 623.
34. George Cleveland Franklin Wells, Chicago Clin. Rev., Ibid., p. 627.
35. George Cleveland Franklin Wells, Chicago Clin. Rev., Ibid., p. 630.
36. George Cleveland Franklin Wells, Chicago Clin. Rev., Ibid., p. 633.
37. George Cleveland Franklin Wells, Chicago Clin. Rev., Ibid., p. 635.
38. William Atkinson, ed., Physicians and Surgeons of the United Slates (Philadelphia: Charles Robson, 1878), pp. 590-91.
39. J. William White, "Rules Governing the Treatment of Appendicitis," Internat. Clin., 7th ser., 1897, 1: 1-13, quotation on p. 4.
40. D[avid] White, "Appendicitis as It Is Seen by a General Practitioner," Amer. Medico-Surg. Bull., 1896, 9: 315.
41. D[avid] White, "Appendicitis as It Is Seen by a General Practitioner," Amer. Medico-Surg. Bull., Ibid. 1896, 9: 315.
42. William Harsha, "Appendicitis: Its Causes, Prevention, and Treatment," JAMA, 1899, 33: 315-19, quotation on p. 318.
43. William Harsha, "Appendicitis: Its Causes, Prevention, and Treatment," JAMA, Ibid. 1899, 33: 315-19.
44. A. J. Ochsner, A Handbook of Appendicitis (Chicago: G. P. Engelhard and Co., 1902), p. 92.
45. Albert Woods, "Appendicitis As It Affects Life Insurance Risks," Med. Rec., 1896, 50: 253-58.
46. J. B. Murphy, "A Study of 2,000 Cases of Appendicitis," Amer. J. Med. Sci., 1904, 128: 187-211, quotation on p. 206.
47. Harsha, "Appendicitis" (n. 38), pp. 317-18.
48. "Society Reports," Med. Rec., 1899, 56: 683.
49. R. T. Morris, "Opium Treatment in Appendicitis," Med. Rec., 1899, 56: 766.
50. Adolph Rupp, "Opium Treatment in Appendicitis," Med. Rec., 1899, 56: 805-6;
51. R. T. Morris, "Correspondence," Med. Rec., ibid., pp. 877-78.
52. J. S. Homer, "The Treatment of Appendicitis," Med. Rec., 1899, 56: 985-86.
53. Robert T. Morris, "The Appendicitis Question," Med. Rec., 1900, 57: 168-69.
54. Henry K. Leake, "The Appendicitis Question," Med. Rec., 1900, 57: 168.
55. Henry K. Leake, "The Appendicitis Question," Med. Rec., Ibid. 1900, 57: 168.
56. Isaac N. Love, "Appendicitis from a Medical Standpoint," Gaillard's Med. J., 1900, 73: 82-91, quotation on p. 89.
57. Isaac N. Love, "Appendicitis from a Medical Standpoint," Gaillard's Med. J., Ibid. 1900, 73: 82-91.
58. Isaac N. Love, Gaillard's Med. J., Ibid., quotation on p. 88.
59. Isaac N. Love, Gaillard's Med. J., Ibid.
60. Isaac N. Love, Gaillard's Med. J., Ibid.
61. Robert T. Morris, "A Definite Account of My Position upon Some Appendicitis Questions," Gaillard's Med. J., 1900, 73: 65-82, quotation on p. 81.
62. Osler, Principles, 2d ed. (n. 22), p. 440.
63. R. H. Nesbitt, "Operative Surgery in America," Nineteenth Century and After, 1901, 50: 598-606, quotation on p. 598.
64. Frank Foster, "Surgical Advance in the United States," World's Work, 1903, 7: 4199-4204, quotation on p. 4203.
65. "Appendicitis," Scientific American Supplement (New York Sun), 1900, 49: 20410-11;
66. reprinted in part in Current Lit., 1900, 29: 51. The original Sun article and the Supplement accounts include more detail and discussion of medical consultation patterns in New York City; the reprint provides only the therapeutic options identified as common at the time.
67. Current Lit., Ibid. 1900, 29: 51
68. "Surgeon and Physician Fees," World's Work, 1906, 12: 7931.
69. "Surgeon and Physician Fees," World's Work, Ibid. 1906, 12: 7931.
70. J. A. Rigby, "The Surgeon's Power of Life and Death," Living Age, 1907, 252: 74-79, quotation on p. 75.
71. Chauncey D. Leake, "Medical Caricature in the United States," Bull. Soc. Med. Hist. Chicago, 1928, 4: 1-29.
72. Samuel Hopkins Adams, "Modern Surgery," McClures, 1905, 24: 482-92, quotation on p. 484.
73. Samuel Hopkins Adams, McClures, Ibid., p. 492.
74. W. W. Keen, "The New Surgery," Harper's Mag., 1910, 121: 257-68.
75. Earl Mayo, "Big Battles against Disease," Outlook, 1910, 96: 979-87, quotation on p. 986.
76. W. Osler, Principles and Practice of Medicine, 6th ed. (New York: Appleton, 1905), p. 518.
77. Franklin H. Martin, Fifty Years of Medicine and Surgery: An Autobiographical Sketch (Chicago: Surgical Publications, Surgical Publishing Co., 1934).
78. See Charles E. Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System (New York: Basic Books, 1987);
79. Edward C. Atwater, "Women, Surgeons and a Worthy Enterprise: The General Hospital Comes to Upper New York State," in The, American General Hospital: Communities and Social Contexts, ed. Diana E. Long and Janet Golden (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989), pp. 40-66.
80. George W. Shinn, "The Founding of Small Hospitals," New England Mag., 1900, 22: 255-68, quotation on p. 268.
81. Willis E. Ford, "Some Advantages of a Small Hospital," New York State J. Med., 1909, 9: 410-13, quotation on p. 412.
82. Frank P. Vale, Has Surgical Treatment Lessened the Mortality from Appendicitis? (Providence, R.I.: Snow and Farnham Co., 1908).
83. Edward C. Atwater, "Of Grandes Dames, Surgeons, and Hospitals: Batavia, New York, 1900-1940," J. Hist. Med., 1990, 45: 414-51, quotation on p. 434.
84. J. C. O'Day, "Shall the Profession or the Laity Be Responsible for the Death Rate from Appendicitis?" Lancet-Clinic, 1906, 56: 581-89, quotation on p. 582.
85. J. C. O'Day, "Shall the Profession or the Laity Be Responsible for the Death Rate from Appendicitis?" Lancet-Clinic, Ibid. 1906, 56: 581-89.
86. J. C. O'Day, Lancet-Clinic, Ibid., p. 583.
87. J. C. O'Day, Lancet-Clinic, Ibid., p. 583-84.
88. J. C. O'Day, Lancet-Clinic, Ibid., p. 584.
89. J. W. George, "Some Problems for the Country Doctor in Diseases of the Appendix," Northwest. Lancet, 1905, 25: 354-56;
90. W. J. Fernold, "Appendicitis from the Standpoint of the General Practitioner," Illinois Med. J., 1904, 5: 638-44.
91. Stephen Trombley, Sir Frederick Treves: The Extra-Ordinary Edwardian (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 52-72, 126-34.
92. John Deaver, "Appendicitis," Philadelphia Med. J., 1902, 10: 18-21, quotation on p. 21.
93. Frank D. Smythe, "Data Obtained through Correspondence with Nine Hundred General Practitioners and Surgeons Relative to ... Appendicitis," Memphis Med. Monthly, 1914, 34: 1108-22.
94. Donald Ronald, A History of American Medical Ethics, 1847-1912 (Madison: Wisconsin State Historical Society, 1962), pp. 36-42, 70-71.
95. E. L. Munson, "The Needs of Medical Education Revealed by the War," Amer. Med. Assoc. Bull., 1919, 13: 204-13.
96. J. Deaver, "Appendicitis Then and Now," Therap. Gaz., 1920, 36: 533-37, quotation on p. 537.
97. W. H. Livermore, "Status of Appendicitis Today and Fifteen Years Ago," Surg. J., 1922, 29: 198-99, quotation on p. 198.
98. W. H. Livermore, Surg. J., Ibid., p. 199.