FDA regulations restricting the sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents (executive summary)

Tobacco Control

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 236-246

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; INFANT; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SMOKING; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; LEGISLATION; MARKETING OF HEALTH SERVICES; SMOKING; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0030229013     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tc.5.3.236     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Lynch, Barbara S., and Bonnie, Richard J., eds., Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1994, p.3. (Hereafter referred to as IOM.)
2. "Cigarette Smoking - Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost - United States, 1990," in MMWR, CDC, DHHS, 42(33):645-649.
3. IOM, op. cit., p. 3.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1994. p. 5. (Hereafter referred to as SGR 1994.)
5. IOM Report, op. cit., p. 8.
6. Memorandum from Michael P. Ericksen (CDC) to Catherine Lorraine (PDA) August 7, 1995, and CDC Fact Sheet; citing Pierce, J. P., M. C. Fiore, T. E. Novotny, E. J. Hatziandreu, and R. M. Davis, "Trends in Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Projections to the Year 2000", JAMA, 261:61-65, 1989; Unpublished data from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, CDC, OSH; Peto, R., A. D. Lopez, J. Boreham, M. Thun, and C. Health, Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries, 1950-2000: Indirect Estimates from national Vita Statistics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994.
7. Memorandum from Michael P. Ericksen (CDC) to Catherine Lorraine (PDA) August 7, 1995, and CDC Fact Sheet; citing Pierce, J. P., M. C. Fiore, T. E. Novotny, E. J. Hatziandreu, and R. M. Davis, "Trends in Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Projections to the Year 2000", JAMA, 261:61-65, 1989; Unpublished data from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, CDC, OSH; Peto, R., A. D. Lopez, J. Boreham, M. Thun, and C. Health, Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries, 1950-2000: Indirect Estimates from national Vita Statistics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994.
8. 1994 SGR, op. cit., p. 65.
9. The George H. Gallup International Institute, Teenage Attitudes and Behavior Concerning Tobacco, September 1992. p. 54.
10. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 1991, MMWR, DHHS, CDC, vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 230-233, 1993; Johnston, L. D., P. M. O'Malley, and J. G. Bachman, National Survey Results on Drug USE from the Monitoring the Future Study 1975-1993, vol. I: Secondary School Students, Rockville, MD, DHHS, PHS, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH Pub. No. 94-3809, pp. 9 and 19, 79, 80, 101, 1994; Smoking Rates Climb Among American Teen-agers, Who Find Smoking Increasingly Acceptable and Seriously Underestimate the Risks, The University of Michigan News and Information Service, Table 1., July 17, 1995; Results from the 1995 Monitoring the Future Survey, National Institute on Drug Abuse Briefing for Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services, December 13, 1995.
11. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 1991, MMWR, DHHS, CDC, vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 230-233, 1993; Johnston, L. D., P. M. O'Malley, and J. G. Bachman, National Survey Results on Drug USE from the Monitoring the Future Study 1975-1993, vol. I: Secondary School Students, Rockville, MD, DHHS, PHS, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH Pub. No. 94-3809, pp. 9 and 19, 79, 80, 101, 1994; Smoking Rates Climb Among American Teen-agers, Who Find Smoking Increasingly Acceptable and Seriously Underestimate the Risks, The University of Michigan News and Information Service, Table 1., July 17, 1995; Results from the 1995 Monitoring the Future Survey, National Institute on Drug Abuse Briefing for Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services, December 13, 1995.
12. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 1991, MMWR, DHHS, CDC, vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 230-233, 1993; Johnston, L. D., P. M. O'Malley, and J. G. Bachman, National Survey Results on Drug USE from the Monitoring the Future Study 1975-1993, vol. I: Secondary School Students, Rockville, MD, DHHS, PHS, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH Pub. No. 94-3809, pp. 9 and 19, 79, 80, 101, 1994; Smoking Rates Climb Among American Teen-agers, Who Find Smoking Increasingly Acceptable and Seriously Underestimate the Risks, The University of Michigan News and Information Service, Table 1., July 17, 1995; Results from the 1995 Monitoring the Future Survey, National Institute on Drug Abuse Briefing for Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services, December 13, 1995.
13. Johnston, O'Malley, and Bachman, ibid.; Monitoring the Future Survey, 1995, ibid.
14. Johnston, O'Malley, and Bachman, ibid.; Monitoring the Future Survey, 1995, ibid.
15. Kann, L. et al., Results from the National School-Based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and Progress Toward Achieving Related Youth Objectives for the Nation, Public Health Reports, vol. 108, (Supp.1), 1993. p. 47-54.
16. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimate 1993, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Substance and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies, Rockville, MD, Pub. No. (SMA) 94-3017, pp. 89 and 95, 1994.
17. Hughes JR, Gust SW, Pechacek TF. Prevalence of tobacco dependence and withdrawal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1987; 144(2):205-8. ; Woody GE, Cottler LB, Cacciola J. Severity of dependence: data from the DSM-IV field trials. Addiction, 1993; 881573-9.; Cottler L. Comparing DSM-III-R and ICD-10 substance use disorders. Addiction, 1993;88:689-96.
18. Hughes JR, Gust SW, Pechacek TF. Prevalence of tobacco dependence and withdrawal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1987; 144(2):205-8. ; Woody GE, Cottler LB, Cacciola J. Severity of dependence: data from the DSM-IV field trials. Addiction, 1993; 881573-9.; Cottler L. Comparing DSM-III-R and ICD-10 substance use disorders. Addiction, 1993;88:689-96.
19. Hughes JR, Gust SW, Pechacek TF. Prevalence of tobacco dependence and withdrawal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1987; 144(2):205-8. ; Woody GE, Cottler LB, Cacciola J. Severity of dependence: data from the DSM-IV field trials. Addiction, 1993; 881573-9.; Cottler L. Comparing DSM-III-R and ICD-10 substance use disorders. Addiction, 1993;88:689-96.
20. 21 U.S.C. 201 et seq.
21. Nicotine in Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Is a Drug and These Products Are Nicotine Delivery Devices Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Jurisdictional Determination (the 1996 Jurisdictional Determination).
22. DiFranza, J. R., and J. B. Tye, Who Profits from Tobacco Sales to Children? JAMA, 263(20): 2784-2787, 1990.
23. 1994 SGR, op. cit. p. 249.
24. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Youth Use of Smokeless Tobacco: More Than A Pinch of Trouble. USDHHS, Office of Inspector General. Control No. P-06-86-0058, 1986.
25. Jason, L.A., et al., Active Enforcement of Cigarette Control Laws in the Prevention of Cigarette Sales to Minors, JAMA, 266(22):3159-3161, 1991.