Resistance to crack growth in human cortical bone is greater in shear than in tension

Journal of Biomechanics

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 1023-1031

  Norman, Timothy L ^a   Nivargikar, Srinivas V ^a   Burr, David B ^b  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Crack propagation; Fracture toughness; Human bone; Microdamage; Shear stress

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; CRACK PROPAGATION; FRACTURE TESTING; FRACTURE TOUGHNESS; GERIATRICS; LOADS (FORCES); MICROCRACKS; SHEAR STRESS; STRAIN; STRESS ANALYSIS; TENSILE PROPERTIES;

AVERAGE SHEAR FRACTURE TOUGHNESS; BONE MICRODAMAGE; COMPACT TENSION SPECIMENS; HUMAN CORTICAL BONE; SHEAR LOADING; TENSILE LOADING; THREE POINT BENDING TEST;

BONE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BONE STRENGTH; CORTICAL BONE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHEAR STRESS; TENSILE STRENGTH;

EID: 0030221853     PISSN: 00219290     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(96)00009-7     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Alto A, Pope M. H. (1979) On the fracture toughness of equine metacarpi. J. Biomechanics 12, 415-421.
2. ASTM (1985) Standard Test Method for Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of Metallic Metals.
3. ASTM annual Book of Standards, Section 2 Designation E399-83:898-933. Anderson, T. L. (1991) Fracture Mechanics CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
4. Atkinson, P. J. (1965) Changes in Resorption spaces in Femoral Cortical Bone with Age. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 89, 173-178.
5. Barth, R. W., Williams, J. L. and Kaplan, F. S. (1993) Osteon morphometry in females and femoral neck fractures. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. (283), 178-186.
6. Beardmore, P., Harwood, J. J., Kinsman, K. R. and Robertson, R. E. (1980) Fiber-reinforced composites: engineering structural materials. Science 208, 833-840.
7. Behiri, J. C. and Bonfield, W. (1989) Orientation dependence of the fracture mechanics of bone. J. Biomechanics 22, 863-872.
8. Behiri, J. C. and Bonfield, W. (1984) Fracture mechanics of bone - the effects of density, specimen thickness and crack velocity on longitudinal fracture. J. Biomechanics 17, 25-34.
9. Behiri, J. C. and Bonfield, W. (1980) Crack velocity dependence of longitudinal fracture in bone. J Mater. Sci. 15, 1841-1849.
10. Bonfield, W., Behiri, J. C. and Charalambides, B. (1985) Orientation and age-related dependence of fracture toughness of cortical bone. In Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research (Edited by Perren, S. M. and Schnsider, E.), pp. 185-189. Martinus N1ijhoff, Dordrecht.
11. Bonfield, W., Grynpas, M. D. and Young, R. J. (1978) Crack velocity and the fracture of bone. J. Biomechanics 1, 473-479.
12. Bradley, W. L. (1989) Understanding the translation of neat resin toughness into delamination toughness in composites. Key Engng Mater. 37, 115-130.
13. Burr, D. B. (1980) The relationships among physical, geometrical and mechanical properties of bone, with a note on the properties of nonhuman primate bone. Yearbook Phys. Anthropology 23, 109-146.
14. Burr, D. B., Schaffler, M. B. and Frederickson, R. G. (1988) Composition of the cement line and its possible mechanical role as a local interface in human compact bone. J. Biomechanics 21, 939-945.
15. Burr, D. B. and Martin, R. B. (1993) Calculating the probability that microcracks initiate resorption spaces. J. Biomechanics 26, 613-616.
16. Buzzard, R. J., Ghosn, L. and Succop, G. (1991) Mode II fracture specimen and holder. NASA Technical Brief, April, pp. 80-83.
17. Carlsson, A. and Pipes, R. B. (1987) Experimental Characterization of Advanced Composite Materials. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
18. Carter, D. R. and Hayes W. C. (1976a) Fatigue life of compact bone I - effect of stress amplitude, temperature and density. J. Biomechanics 9, 27-34.
19. Carter, D. R., Hayes, W. C. and Schurman, D. J. (1976) Fatigue life of compact bone II - effect of microstructure and density. J. Biomechanics 9, 211-218.
20. Charalambides, B. (1984) M.Phil thesis, University of London.
21. Cooke, F. W., Zeidman, H. and Scheifele, S. J. (1973) The fracture mechanics of bone - another look at composite modeling. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Symp. 4, 383-399.
22. Cowin, S. C. (1989) Bone Mechanics, pp. 111-112. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
23. Corondan, G. and Haworth, W. L. (1986) A fractographic study of human long bone. J. Biomechanics 19, 207-218.
24. Currey, J. D. (1984) Effects of differences in mineralization on the mechanical properties of bone. Phil. Trans. Ref. Soc. Lond. 304, 509-518.
25. Currey, J. D. (1988) The effect of porosity and mineral content on the Young's Modulus of elasticity of compact bone. J. Biomechanics 21, 131-139.
26. Fine, M. E. and Ritchie, R. O. (1978) Fatigue - crack initiation and near threshold crack growth. Fatigue and microstructure. American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH.
27. Gottesman, T. and Hashin, Z. (1980) Analysis of viscoelastic behavior of bones on the basis of microstructure. J. Biomechanics 13, 89-96.
28. Hui, S. L., Slemenda, C. W. and Johnston, C. C. Jr. (1988) Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 1804-1809.
29. Katz, J. L. (1981) Composite material models for cortical bone. In Mechanical Properties of Bone (Edited by Cowin, S. C.), Chapter 7. ASME, New York.
30. Kelly, A. and Davies, G. J. (1965) The principles of the fibre-reinforcement of metals. Metallurgical Rev. 10, 1-77.
31. Liebowitz, H. (1968) Fracture, p. 108. Academic Press, New York.
32. Lindsay, R. and Cosman, F. (1990) Estrogen in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 592, 326-345.
33. Martin, R. B. and Burr, D. B. (1989) Structure, Function and Adaptation of Compact Bone. Raven Press, New York.
34. Martin, R. B., Pickett, J. C. and Zinaich, S. (1980) Studies of skeletal remodeling in aging men. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 149, 268-282.
35. Mori, S. and Burr, D. (1993) Increased intracortical remodeling following fatigue damage. Bone 14, 103-109.
36. Moyle, D. D. and Bowden, R. W. (1984) Fracture of human femoral bone. J. Biomechanics 17, 203-213.
37. Moyle, D. D., Welbon, J. W., III and Cooke, F. W. (1978) Work to fracture of canine femoral bone. J. Biomechanics 11, 435-440.
38. IIc evaluation of toughened-resin matrix composites using the endnotched flexure test. AIAA 26th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conf., AIAA-85-0647, April 15-17, pp. 197-202.
39. Norman, T. L., Nivargikar, S. and Burr, D. B. (1993) Mode II fracture toughness of human bone. In 1993 Advances in Bioengineering (Edited by Tarbell, J. M.). BED-Vol. 26, pp. 191-194. ASME, New York.
40. Norman, T. L., Nivargikar, S. and Burr, D. B. (1994) Shear initiation fracture toughness methodology for cortical bone. In 1994 Advances in Bioengineering (Edited by Askew, M. J.) BED-Vol. 28, pp. 159. ASME, New York.
41. Norman, T. L., Nivargikar, S. and Burr, D. B. (1995a) Human bone has adapted to prevent crack growth in shear. Orthopedic Research Society, p. 536. Orlando, FL.
42. Norman, T. L., Vashishth, D. and Burr, D. B. (1995b) Fracture toughness of human bone under tension. J. Biomechanics 28, 309-320.
43. Peacock, M. (1991) Interpretation of bone mass determinations as they relate to fracture: implications for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. J. Bone Mineral Res. Suppl 2, 6, S77-S82.
44. Rubin, C. T. and Nunamaker, D. M. (1989) Synopsis of animal models of bone adaptation. Sun Valley International Workshop of Hard Tissue Biology, August.
45. Riggs, B. L. (1991) Overview of oseteoporosis. Western J. Med. 154, 63-77.
46. Schot, L. P. and Schuurs, A. H. (1990) Sex steroids and osteoporosis: effects of deficiencies and substitutive treatments. J. Steroid Biochem. Molecular Biol. 37, 167-182.
47. Sih, G. C., Paris, P. C. and Irwin, G. R. (1965) On cracks in rectilinearly anisotropic bodies. Int. J. Fracture Mech. 1, 189-203.
48. Summary of N1A Workshop on Aging and Bone Quality (1993) Calcif. Tissue Int. 53, Suppl. 1.
49. Vashishth, D., Norman, T. L., Nivargikar, S., Bonfield, W. and Behiri, J. C. (1995) Failure of longitudinal osteons under tensile and shear loads, p. 130. Orthopedic Research Society, Orland, FL.
50. Vashishth, D., Norman, T. L. Nivargikar, S., Bonfield, W. and Behiri, J. C. (1994) Microstructural response of cortical bone subjected to tensile and shear loads. Second World Congress of Biomechanics, July 10-15, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
51. Welch, D. O. (1970) The composite structure of bone and its response to mechanical stress. Recent Adv. Engng Sci. 5, 245-262.
52. Wright, T. M. and Hayes, W. C. (1977) Fracture mechanics parameters for compact bone-effects of density and specimen thickness. J. Biomechanics 10, 419-430.
53. Ziopos, P. and Currey, J. D. (1994) The extent of microcracking and the morphology of microcracks in damaged bone. J. Mater. Sci. 29, 978-986.