Prospects for development of genetic markers for resistance to gastrointestinal parasite infection in sheep

International Journal for Parasitology

Volumn 26, Issue 8-9, 1996, Pages 879-897

  Beh, K J ^a   Maddox, J F ^b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

genetic markers; host resistance; linkage analysis

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA;

CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE RESISTANCE; DNA DETERMINATION; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC MARKER; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PARASITOSIS; SHEEP; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

OVIS ARIES;

EID: 0030221590     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(96)80060-9     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (149)

1. Adams D. B. 1988. Infestation with Haemonchus contortus in sheep and the role of adaptive immunity in selection of the parasite. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 1071-1075.
2. Albers G. A. A. & Burgess S. K. 1988. Serial passage of Haemonchus contortus in resistant and susceptible sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 28: 303-306.
3. Albers G. A. A., Gray G. D., Piper L. R., Barker J. S. F., Le Jambre L. F. & Barger I. A. 1987. The genetics of resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus infestation in young Merino sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 17: 1355-1363.
4. Al-Khshali M. N. & Altaif K. I. 1979. The response of Awassi and Merino sheep to primary infestation with Haemonchus contortus. Tropical Animal Health and Production 11: 164-170.
5. Andersson L., Haley C. S., Ellegren H., Knott S. A., Johansson M., Andersson K., Andersson-Eklund L., Edfors-Lilja I., Fredholm M., Hansson I., Hakansson J. & Lundstrom K. 1994. Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for growth and fatness in pigs. Science 263: 1771-1774.
6. Baker R. L., Watson T. G., Bisset S. A., Vlassoff A. & Douch P. G. C. 1991. Breeding sheep in New Zealand for resistance to internal parasites: research results and commercial application. In: Breeding for Disease Resistance in Sheep (Edited by Gray G. D. & Woolaston R. R.), pp. 19-32. Wool Research and Development Corporation, Melbourne.
7. Baker R. L., Watson T. G., Bisset S. A. & Vlassoff A. 1990. Breeding Romney sheep which are resistant to gastrointestinal parasites. Proceedings of the Australian Association of Animal Breeding and Genetics 8: 173-178.
8. Barger I. A. 1988. Resistance of young lambs to Haemonchus contortus infestation and its loss following anthelmintic treatment. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 1107-1109.
9. Barnes E. H., Dobson R. J., Donald A. D. & Waller P. J. 1988. Predicting populations of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae on pasture from meteorological data. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 767-774.
10. Beck A., Moir B. & Meppen T. 1985. The cost of parasites to the Australian sheep industry. Quarterly Review Rural Economics 7: 336-343.
11. Bishop M. D., Kappes S. M., Keele J. W., Stone R. T., Sunden S. L. F., Hawkins G. A., Solinas Toldo S., Fries R., Grosz M. D., Yoo J. & Beattie C. W. 1994. A genetic linkage map for cattle. Genetics 136: 619-639.
12. Bisset S. A. & Morris C. A. 1996. Feasibility and implications of breeding sheep for resilience to nematode challenge. In: Novel Approaches to the Control of Helminth Parasites of Livestock Conference Abstracts, pp. 22. University of New England, Armidale.
13. Bisset S. A., Vlassoff A., Morris C. A., Southey B. R., Baker R. L. & Parker A. G. H. 1992. Heritability of and genetic correlations among faecal egg counts and productivity traits in Romney sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35: 51-58.
14. Blattman A. N. & Beh K. J. 1994. T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene polymorphisms and resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Animal Breeding and Genetics 110: 65-74.
15. Blattman A. N. & Beh K. J. 1995. Genetic Markers in Breeding for Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Small Ruminants (Edited by Gray G. D., Woolaston R. R. & Eaton B. T.), pp. 237-257. ACIAR Monograph Series No. 34, Canberra.
16. Blattman A. N., Hulme D. J., Kinghorn B. P., Woolaston R. R., Gray G. D. & Beh K. J. 1993. A search for associations between major histocompatibility complex restriction fragment length polymorphism bands and resistance to Haemonchus contortus infestation in sheep. Animal Genetics 24: 277-282.
17. Brook J. D., McCurrach M. E., Harley H. G., Buckler A. J., Church A., Aburatani H., Hunter K., Stanton V. P., Thirion J.-P., Hudson T., Sohn R., Zemelman B., Snell R. G., Rundle S. A., Crow S., Davies J., Shelbourne P., Buxton J., Jones C., Juvonen V., Johnson K., Harper P. S., Shaw D. J. & Housman D. E. 1992. Molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy: expansion of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat at the 3′ end of a transcript encoding a protein kinase family member. Cell 68: 799-808.
18. Buddle B. M., Jowett G., Green R. S., Douch P. G. C. & Risdon P. L. 1992. Association of blood eosinophilia with the expression of resistance in Romney lambs to nematodes. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 955-960.
19. Buitkamp J., Gostomski D., Schwaiger F.-W., Stear M. J. & Epplen J. T. 1994. Association between the ovine Major Histocompatibility Complex DRB1 gene and resistance to Ostertagia circumcincta infestation. Animal Genetics 25: 59-60.
20. Butler M. G., Meany F. J. & Palmer C. G. 1986. Clinical and cytogenetic survey of 39 individuals with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics 23: 793-809.
21. Callard D., Lescure B. & Mazzolini L. 1994. A method for the elimination of false positives generated by the mRNA differential display technique. Biotechniques 16: 1096-1101.
22. Cattanach B. M. & Jones J. 1994. Genetic imprinting in the mouse: implications for gene regulation. Journal of Interited Metabolic Disease 17: 403-420.
23. Chapman H. M. & Bruere A. 1977. Chromosome morphology during meiosis of normal and Robertsonian translocation-carrying rams (Ovis aries). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 19: 93-102.
24. Cockett N. E., Jackson S. P., Shay T. L., Nielsen D., Moore S. S., Steele M. R., Barendse W., Green R. D. & Georges M. 1994. Chromosomal localization of the callipyge gene in sheep (Ovis aries) using bovine DNA markers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 91: 3019-3023.
25. Cooper D. W., Van Oorschot R. A. H., Piper L. R. & Le Jambre L. F. 1989. No association between the ovine leucocyte antigen (OLA) system in the Australian Merino and susceptibility to Haemonchus contortus infestation. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 695-697.
26. Courtney C. H., Parker C. I., McClure K. E. & Herd R. P. 1985. Resistance of exotic and domestic lambs to experimental infestation with Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology 15: 101-109.
27. Crawford A. M., Dodds K. G., Ede A. J., Pierson C. A., Garmonsway H. G., Beattie A. E., Montgomery G. W., Nguyen T. C., Davies K., Maddox J. F., Lord E. A., Matthews J. M., Beh K. J., McGraw R. A. & Beattie C. W. 1994. A genetic linkage map of the sheep genome. Animal Genetics 25 Suppl. 2: 46.
28. Crawford A. M., Dodds K. G., Pierson C. A., Ede A. J., Montgomery G. W., Garmonsway H. G., Beattie A. E., Davies K., Maddox J. F., Kappes S. W., Stone R. T., Nguyen T. C., Penty J. M., Lord E. A., Broom J. E., Buitkamp J., Schwaiger W., Epplen J. T., Matthew P., Matthews M. E., Hulme D. J., Beh K. J., Mcgraw R. A. & Beattie C. W. 1995. An autosomal genetic linkage map of the sheep genome. Genetics 140: 703-724.
29. Cummins L. J., Thompson R. L., Yong W. K., Riffkin G. G., Goddard M. E., Callinan A. P. L. & Saunders M. J. 1991. Genetics of Ostertagia selection lines. In: Breeding for Disease Resistance (Edited by Gray G. D. & Woolaston R. R.), pp. 11-18. Wool Research and Development Corporation, Melbourne.
30. Dash K. M. 1986. Control of helminthosis in lambs by strategic treatment with closantel and broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Australian Veterinary Journal 63: 4-8.
31. Dawkins H. J. S., Windon R. G. & Eagleson G. K. 1989. Eosinophil responses in sheep selected for high and low responsiveness to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 199-205.
32. Dennis J. A., Healy P. J., Beaudet A. L. & O'Brien W. E. 1989. Molecular definition of bovine arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 86: 7947-7951.
33. Dixon S. C., Miller N. G., Carter N. P. & Tucker E. M. 1992. Bivariate flow cytometry of farm animal chromosomes: a potential tool for gene mapping. Animal Genetics 23: 203-210.
34. Douch P. G. C. & Outteridge P. M. 1989. The relationship between ovine lymphocyte antigens and parasitological and production parameters in Romney sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 19: 35-41.
35. Douch P. G. C., Green R. S. & Risdon P. L. 1994. Antibody responses of sheep to challenge with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and the effect of dexamethasone treatment. International Journal for Parasitology 24: 921-928.
36. Douch P. G. C., Harrison G. B. L., Elliott D. C., Buchanan L. L. & Greer K. S. 1986. Relationship of gastrointestinal histology and mucus antiparasite activity with the development of resistance to trichostrongyle infestations in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 20: 315-331.
37. Douch P. G. C., Green R. S., Morris C. A., Bisset S. A., Vlassoff A., Baker R. L., Watson T. G., Hurford A. P. & Wheeler M. 1995. Genetic and phenotypic relationships among anti-Trichostrongylus colubriformis antibody level, faecal egg count and body weight traits in grazing Romney sheep. Livestock Production Science 41: 121-132.
38. Eady S. J. & Woolaston R. R. 1992. A guide to selection of Merino sheep for worm resistance. Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the Australian Association of Animal Breeding & Genetics 10: 139-142.
39. Echard G., Broad T. E., Hill D. F. & Pearce P. 1994. Present status of the ovine gene map (Ovis aries), comparison with the bovine map (Bos taurus). Mammalian Genome 5: 324-332.
40. Elston R. C. 1992. Segregation and linkage analysis. Animal Genetics 23: 59-62.
41. van den Engh G. J., Trusk B. J., Gray J. W., Langlors R. G. & Yu L. C. 1985. Preparation and bivariate analysis of suspensions of human chromosomes. Cytometry 6: 92-100.
42. Georges M., Drinkwater R., King T., Mishra A., Moore S. S., Nielsen D., Sargeant L. S., Sorensen A., Steele M. R., Zhao X., Womack J. E. & Hetzel J. 1993. Microsatellite mapping of a gene affecting horn development in Bos taurus. Nature Genetics 4: 206-210.
43. Georges M., Dietz A. B., Mishra A., Nielsen D., Sargeant L. S., Sorensen A., Steele M. R., Zhao X., Leipold H., Womack J. & Lathrop M. 1993. Microsatellite mapping of the gene causing weaver disease in cattle will allow the study of an associated quantitative trait locus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 90: 1058-1062.
44. Georges M., Nielsen D., Mackinnon M., Mishra A., Okimoto R., Pasquino A. T., Sargeant L. S., Sorensen A., Steele M. R., Zhao X., Womack J. E. & Hoeschele I. 1995. Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling milk production in dairy cattle by exploiting progeny testing. Genetics 139: 907-920.
45. Gill H. S. 1991. Genetic control of acquired resistance to haemonchosis in Merino lambs. Parasite Immunology 13: 617-628.
46. Gill H. S., Watson D. L. & Brandon M. R. 1993. Monoclonal antibody to CD4+ T cells abrogates genetic resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Immunology 78: 43-49.
47. Gill H. S., Gray G. D., Watson D. L. & Husband A. J. 1993. Isotype-specific antibody responses to Haemonchus contortus in genetically resistant sheep. Parasite Immunology 15: 61-67.
48. Gray G. D. & Gill H. S. 1993. Host genes, parasites and parasitic infections. International Journal for Parasitology 23: 485-494.
49. Gray G. D., Barger I. A., Le Jambre L. F. & Douch P. G. C. 1992. Parasitological and immunological responses of genetically resistant Merino sheep on pastures contaminated with parasitic nematodes. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 417-425.
50. Gruner L. 1990. Breeding for helminth resistance in sheep and goats. In: Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals (Edited by Owen J. B. & Axford R. F. E.), pp. 187-200. CAB International, Oxford.
51. Gruner L., Bouix J., Cabaret J., Boulard C., Cortet J., Sauve C., Molenat G. & Calamel M. 1992. Effect of genetic type, lactation and management on helminth infection of ewes in an intensive grazing system on irrigated pasture. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 919-925.
52. Gullard F. M. D., Albon S. D., Pemberton J. M., Moorcroft P. R. & Clutton-Brock T. H. 1993. Parasite associated polymorphism in a cyclic ungulate population. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 254: 7-13.
53. Haley C. S. & Knott S. A. 1992. A simple regression method for mapping quantitative trait loci in line crosses using flanking markers. Heredity 69: 315-324.
54. Harley H. G., Rundle S. A., Reardon W., Myring J., Crow S., Brook J. D., Harper P. S. & Shaw D. J. 1992. Unstable DNA sequence in myotonic dystrophy. Lancet 339: 1125-1128.
55. Hoeschele I. 1988. Genetic evaluation with data presenting evidence of mixed major gene and polygenic inheritance. Theoretical Applied Genetics 76: 81-92.
56. Howse S. W., Blair H. T., Garrick D. J. & Pomroy W. E. 1992. A comparison of internal parasitism in fleeceweight-selected and control Romney sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 52: 57-60.
57. Hulme D. J., Nicholas F. W., Windon R. G., Brown S. C. & Ben K. J. 1993. The MHC class II region and resistance to an intestinal parasite in sheep. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 110: 459-472.
58. Jilek A. F. & Bradley R. E. 1969. Haemoglobin types and resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research 30: 1773-1778.
59. Kehrli M. E., Schmalstieg F. C., Anderson D. C., Van Der Maaten M. J., Hughes B. J., Ackermann M. R., Wilhelmsen C. L., Brown G. B., Stevens M. G. & Whetstone C. A. 1990. Molecular definition of the bovine granulocytopathy syndrome: identification of deficiency of the Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) glycoprotein. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 1826-1836.
60. Kinghorn B. P., Kennedy B. W. & Smith C. 1993. A method of screening for genes of major effect. Genetics 134: 351-360.
61. Knott S. A., Haley C. S. & Thompson R. 1991. Methods of segregation analysis for animal breeding data: a comparison of power. Heredity 68: 299-311.
62. Lander E. S. & Green P. 1987. Construction of multi-locus genetic maps in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 84: 2363-2367.
63. Lander E. S., Green P., Abrahamson J., Barlow A., Daly M. J., Lincoln S. E. & Newburg L. 1987. MAPMAKER: an interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genomics 1: 174-181.
64. Larsen J. W. A., Vizard A. L. & Anderson N. 1995. Production losses in Merino ewes and financial penalties caused by Trichostrongylid infections during winter and spring. Australian Veterinary Journal 72: 58-63.
65. Larsen J. W. A., Vizard A. L., Webb Ware J. K. & Anderson N. 1995. Diarrhoea due to Trichostrongylid larvae in Merino sheep - repeatability and differences between bloodlines. Australian Veterinary Journal 72: 196-197.
66. LaSpada A. R., Wilson E. M., Lubahn D. B., Harding A. E. & Fishbeck H. 1991. Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and muscular atrophy. Nature 352: 77-79.
67. Lathrop G. M., Lalouel J. M., Julier C. & Ott J. 1984. Strategies for multilocus linkage analysis in human. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 81: 3443-3446.
68. Le Jambre L. F. 1993. Molecular variation in trichostrongylid nematodes from sheep and cattle. Acta Tropica 53: 331-343.
69. Liang P., Averboukh L. & Pardee A. B. 1993. Distribution and cloning of eukaryotic mRNAs by means of differential display: refinements and optimization. Nucleic Acids Research 21: 3269-3275.
70. Lisitsyn N., Lisitsyn N. & Wigler M. H. 1993. Cloning the difference between two complex genomes. Science 259: 946-951.
71. Lisitsyn N. A., Segre J. A., Kusumi K., Lisitsyn N. M., Nadeau J. H., Frankel W. N., Wigler M. H. & Lander E. S. 1994. Direct isolation of polymorphic markers linked to a trait by genetically directed representational difference analysis. Nature (Genetics) 6: 57-63.
72. Lüdecke H. J., Senger G., Claussen U. & Horsthemke B. 1993. Cloning defined regions of the human genome by microdisscction of banded chromosomes and enzymatic amplification. Nature 338: 348-350.
73. Luffau G., Vu Tien Khang J., Bouix J., Nguyen T. C., Cullen P. & Ricordeau G. 1990. Resistance to experimental infections with Haemonchus contortus in Romanov sheep. Genetics Selection Evolution 22: 205-229.
74. MacDonald M. E., Ambrose C. M., Duyao M. P., Myers R. H., Lin C., Srinidhi L., Barnes G., Taylor S. A., James M., Groot N., MacFarlane H., Jenkins B., Anderson M. A., Wexler N. S., Gusella J. F. et al. 1993. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell 72: 971-983.
75. MacLennan D. H., Duff C., Zorzato J., Fujii J., Phillips M., Korneluk R. G., Frodis W., Britt B. A. & Worten R. G. 1990. Ryanodine receptor gene is a candidate for predisposition to malignant hyperthermia. Nature 343: 559.
76. Matise T. C., Perlin M. & Chakravarti A. 1994. Automated construction of genetic linkage maps using an expert system (MultiMap): a human genome linkage map. Nature Genetics 6: 384-390.
77. McClure S. J., Emery D. L., Wagland B. M. & Jones W. O. 1992. A serial study of rejection of Trichostrongylus colubriformis by immune sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 227-234.
78. McEwan J. C., Mason P., Baker R. L., Clarke J. N., Hickey S. M. & Turner K. 1992. Effect of selection for productive traits on internal parasite resistance in sheep. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 52: 53-56.
79. Meyer H. H., Harvey T. G. & Smeaton J. E. 1983. Genetic variation in incidence of daggy sheep - an indication of genetic resistance to parasites. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 43: 87-89.
80. Miller H. R. P. 1984. The protective response against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and laboratory animals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 6: 167-259.
81. Miller J. R., Dixon S. C., Miller N. G., Tucker E. M., Hindkjaer J. & Thomsen P. D. 1992. A chromosome 1-specific DNA library from the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). Cytogenetics Cell Genetics 61: 128-131.
82. Monaco A., Neve R., Colletti-Feener C., Bertelson L., Kurnit D. & Kunkel L. 1986. Isolation of candidate cDNAs for portion of the Durhene muscular dystrophy gene. Nature 323: 646-650.
83. Montgomery G. W., Crawford A. M., Penty J. M., Dodds K. G., Ede A. J., Henry H. M., Pierson C. A., Lord E. A., Galloway S. M., Schmack A. E., Sise J. A., Swarbrick P. A., Hanrahan V., Buchanan F. C. & Hill D. F. 1993. The ovine Booroola fecundity gene (FECB) is linked to markers from a region of human chromosome 4q. Nature Genetics 4: 410-414.
84. Morgan T. H. & Lynch C. J. 1912. The linkage of two factors in Drosophila that are not sex-linked. Biological Bulletin 23: 174-182.
85. Morton N. E. 1955. Sequential tests for the detection of linkage. American Journal of Human Genetics 7: 277-318.
86. Morton N. E. 1956. The detection and estimation of linkage between the genes for elliptocytosis and the Rh type. American Journal of Human Genetics 8: 80-96.
87. Murphy N. B. & Pelle R. 1994. The use of arbitrary primers and the RADES method for the rapid identification of developmentally regulated genes in trypanosomes. Gene 141: 53-61.
88. Nicholas F. W. & Blattman A. N. 1995. Application of genetic markers. In: Breeding for Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Small Ruminants (Edited by Gray G. D., Woolaston R. R. & Eaton B. T.), pp. 259-274. ACIAR Monograph Series No. 34, Canberra.
89. O'Brien S. J., Womack J. E., Lyons L. A., Moore K. J., Jenkins N. A. & Copeland N. G. 1993. Anchored reference loci for comparative genome mapping in mammals. Nature Genetics 3: 103-112.
90. Ott J. 1974. Estimation of the recombination fraction in human pedigrees: efficient computation of the likelihood for human linkage studies. American Journal of Human Genetics 26: 588-597.
91. Outteridge P. M., Windon R. G. & Dineen J. K. 1985. An association between a lymphocyte antigen in sheep and the response to vaccination against the parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal for Parasitology 15: 121-127.
92. Outteridge P. M., Windon R. G., Dineen J. K. & Smith E. F. 1986. The relationship between ovine lymphocyte antigens and faecal egg count of sheep selected for responsiveness to vaccination against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal for Parasitology 16: 369-374.
93. Park C. A., Hines H. C., Monke D. R. & Threlfall W. T. 1993. Association between the bovine major histocompatibility complex and chronic posterior spinal paresis - a form of ankylosing spondylitis - in Holstein bulls. Animal Genetics 24: 53-58.
94. Paterson A. H., Lander E. S., Hewitt J. D., Peterson S., Lineoh S. E. & Tanksley S. D. 1988. Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature 335: 721-726.
95. Penrose L. S. 1935. The detection of autosomal linkage in data which consists of pairs of brothers and sisters of unspecified parentage. Ann Eugen 6: 133-138.
96. Pernthaner A., Stankiewicz M., Bisset S. A., Jonas W. E., Cabaj W. & Pulford H. D. 1995. The immune responsiveness of Romney sheep selected for resistance or susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematodes: lymphocyte blastogenic activity, eosinophilia and total white blood cell counts. International Journal for Parasitology 25: 523-529.
97. Piper L. R. 1987. Genetic variation in resistance to internal parasites. In: Merino Improvement Program in Australia (Edited by McQuirk B. W.), pp. 351-363. Australian Wool Corporation, Melbourne.
98. Piper L. R. & Bindon B. M. 1982. The Boorala Merino and the Performance of Medium Non-Peppin Crosses at Armidale in the Boorala Merino (Edited by Piper L. R.), pp. 9-20. CSIRO, Melbourne.
99. Piper L. R., Le Jambre L. F., Southcott W. H. & Chang T. S. 1978. Natural worm burdens in Dorset Horn, Merino and Corriedale weaners and their crosses. Proceedings of the Australian Society for Animal Production 12: 276.
100. Presson B. L., Gray G. D. & Burgess S. K. 1988. The effect of immunosuppression with dexamethasone on Haemonchus contortus infections in genetically resistant Merino sheep. Parasite Immunology 10: 675-680.
101. Ralph D., McClelland M. & Welsh J. 1993. RNA fingerprinting using arbitrarily primed PCR identifies differentially regulated RNAs in mink lung (My1Lu) cells growth arrested by transforming growth factor b1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 90: 10710-10714.
102. Ricketts M. H., Simons M. J., Parma J., Mercken L., Dong Q. & Vassart G. 1987. A nonsense mutation causes hereditary goitre in the Afrikander cattle and unmasks alterative splicing of thyroglobulin transcripts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 84: 3181-3184.
103. Riordan J. R., Rommens J. M., Kerem B., Alen N., Rozmahel R., Grzelczk Z., Zielenski J., Lok S., Plausic N., Chou J. L., Drumm M., Iannuzzi M. L., Collins E. S. & Tsui L. C. 1989. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterisation of complementary cDNA. Science 245: 1066-1072.
104. Roberts J. L. & Swan R. A. 1981. Quantitative studies on ovine haemonchosis. 1. Relationship between faecal egg counts and total worm counts. Veterinary Parasitology 8: 165-171.
105. Rohrer G. A., Alexander L. J., Keele J. W., Smith T. P. & Beattie C. W. 1994. A microsatellite linkage map of the porcine genome. Genetics 136: 231-245.
106. Rothschild M. F., Jacobson L., Vaslic D. A., Tuggle C. K., Short T. H., Sasaki S., Eckardt G. R. & McLaren D. G. 1994. A major gene for litter size in pigs. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production 21: 225-228.
107. Rothwell T. L. W., Windon R. G., Horsburgh B. A. & Anderson B. H. 1993. Relationship between eosinophilia and responsiveness to infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 23: 203-211.
108. Schmitz A., Chardon P., Gainche I., Chaput B., Guilly M. N., Frelat G. & Vaiman M. 1992. Pig standard bivariate flow karyotype and peak assignment for chromosomes X, Y, 3 and 7. Genomics 14: 357-362.
109. Schmutz S. M., Berryere T. G., Moker J. S., Thue T. D. & Winkelman D. C. 1994. Gene mapping from a bovine 1;29 DNA library prepared with chromosome microdissection. Mammalian Genome 5: 138-141.
110. Schwaiger F.-W., Gostomski D., Stear M. J., Duncan J. L., McKellar Q. A., Epplen J. T. & Buitkamp J. 1995. An ovine major histocompatibility complex DRB1 allele is associated with low faecal egg counts following natural, predominantly Ostertagia circumcincta infection. International Journal for Parasitology 25: 815-822.
111. Schwenger B., Schober S. & Simon D. 1993. DUMPS cattle carry a point mutation in the uridine monophosphate synthase gene. Genomics 16: 241-244.
112. Sehested E. & Mao I. L. 1992. Responses to selection on genotypic or phenotypic values in the presence of genes with major effects. Theoretical Applied Genetics 85: 403-406.
113. Shuster D. E., Kehrli M. E., Ackermann N. R. & Gilbert R. O. 1992. Identification and prevalence of a genetic defect that causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency in Holstein cattle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 89: 9225-9229.
114. Smith C. A. B. 1959. Some comments on the statistical methods used in linkage investigations. American Journal of Human Genetics 11: 289-304.
115. Smith C. & Bampton P. R. 1977. Inheritance of reaction to halothane anaesthesia in pigs. Genetical Research 29: 287-292.
116. Smith C. & Smith D. B. 1993. The need for close linkages in marker-assisted selection for economic merit in livestock. Animal Breeding Abstracts 61: 197-204.
117. Sreter T., Kassai T. & Takacs E. 1994. The heritability and specificity of responsiveness to infection with Haemonchus contortus in sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 24: 871-876.
118. Stear M. J. & Murray M. 1994. Genetic resistance to parasitic disease: particularly of resistance in ruminants to gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 54: 161-176.
119. Stear M. J., Bishop S. C., Duncan J. L., McKellar Q. A. & Murray M. 1995. The repeatability of faecal egg counts, peripheral eosinophil counts, and plasma pepsinogen concentrations during deliberate infection with Ostertagia circumcincta. International Journal for Parasitology 25: 375-380.
120. Stewart M. A., Miller R. F. & Douglas J. R. 1937. Resistance of sheep of different breeds to infestations by Ostertagia circumcincta. Journal of Agricultural Research 55: 923-930.
121. St George-Hyslop P. H., Haines J. L., Farrer L. A., Polinsky R., van Broeckhoven C., Goate A., Crapper McLachlan D. R., Orr H., Bruni A. C., Sorbi S., Rainero I., Foncin J.-F., Pollen D., Cantu J.-M., Tupler R., Voskresenskaya N., Mayeux R., Growdon J., Fried V. A., Myers R. H., Nee L., Backhovens H., Martin J.-J., Rossor M., Owen M. J., Mullan M., Percy M. E., Karlinski H., Rich S., Heston L., Montesi M., Mortilla M., Nacmias N., Gusella J. F., Hardy J. A. et al. 1987. The genetic defect causing familial Alzheimer's disease maps on chromosome 21. Science 235: 885-890.
122. Sutcliffe J. S., Nakao M., Christian S., Orstavik K. H., Tommerup N., Ledbetter D. A. & Beaudet A. L. 1994. Deletions of a differentially methylated CpG island at the SNRPN gene define a putative imprinting control region. Nature Genetics 8: 52-58.
123. Swan A. A., Woolaston R. R. & Piper L. R. 1992. Establishing a centralised database for Merino sire evaluation schemes. Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the Australian Association of Animal Breeding and Genetics 10: 490-493.
124. Templeton J. W., Smith R. & Adams L. G. 1988. Natural disease resistance in domestic animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 192: 1306-1315.
125. Thomas B. J. & Rothstein R. 1991. Sex, maps and imprinting. Cell 64: 1-3.
126. Tiwari J. L. & Terasaki P. I. 1985. HLA and Disease Associations. Springer, New York.
127. Todd J. A., Ocha-Orbea H., Bell J. I., Chao N., Fronek Z., Jacob C. O., McDermott M., Sinha A. A., Timmerman L., Steinman L. & McDevitt H. O. 1988. A molecular basis for MHC class II-associated autoimmunity. Science 240: 1003-1009.
128. Vadas M. A. 1982. Genetic control of eosinophilia in mice: gene(s) expressed in bone marrow-derived cells control high responsiveness. Journal of Immunology 128: 691-695.
129. Verkerk A. J. M. H., Pieretti M., Sutcliffe J. S., Fu Y.-H., Kuhl D. P. A., Pizzuti A., Reiner O., Richards S., Victoria M. F., Zhang R., Eussen B. E., Van Ommen G.-J.B., Blonden L. A. J., Riggins G. J., Chastain J. L., Kunst C. B., Galjaard H., Caskey C. T., Nelson D. L., Oostra B. A. & Warren S. T. 1991. Identification of a gene (FMR-1) containing a CGG repeat coincident with a breakpoint cluster region exhibiting length variation in fragile-X syndrome. Cell 65: 905-914.
130. Visscher P. M. & Haley C. S. 1995. Utilizing genetic markers in pig breeding programmes. Animal Breeding Abstracts 63: 1-8.
131. Wakelin D. 1992. Genetic variation in resistance to parasitic infection: experimental approaches and practical applications. Research in Veterinary Science 53: 139-147.
132. Wakelin D. & Donachie A. M. 1983. Genetic control of eosinophilia. Mouse strain variation in response to antigens of parasite origin. Clinical Experimental Immunology 51: 239-246.
133. Watson T. G., Baker R. L. & Harvey T. G. 1986. Genetic variation in resistance or tolerance to internal nematode parasites of sheep at Rotomahana. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 46: 23-26.
134. Weber J. L. & May P. E. 1989. Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. American Journal of Human Genetics 44: 388-396.
135. Whitlock J. H. 1958. The inheritance of resistance to trichostrongylidosis in sheep. I. Demonstration of the validity of the phenomena. Cornell Veterinarian 48: 127-133.
136. Whitlock J. H. & Madsen H. 1958. The inheritance of resistance to trichostrongylidosis in sheep. II. Observations on the genetic mechanism in trichostrongylidosis. Cornell Veterinarian 48: 134-145.
137. Windon R. G. 1990. Selective breeding for the control of nematodiasis in sheep. Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office International des Epizootics 9: 555-576.
138. Windon R. G. 1990b. Genetic control of host responses involved in resistance to gastrointestinal parasites. In: Breeding for Disease Resistance in Farm Animals (Edited by Owen J. B. & Axford R. F. E.), pp. 162-186. CAB, Oxford.
139. Windon R. G. & Dineen J. K. 1984. Parasitological and immunological competence of lambs selected for high and low responsiveness to vaccination with irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae. In: Immunogenetic Approaches to the Control of Endoparasites with Particular Reference to Parasites of Sheep (Edited by Dineen J. K. & Outteridge P. M.), pp. 13-28. CSIRO, Melbourne.
140. Woolaston R. R. 1990. Genetic improvement of resistance to internal parasites in sheep. Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding 38: 1-6.
141. Woolaston R. R. 1993. Factors affecting the prevalence and severity of footrot in a merino flock selected for resistance to Haemonchus contortus. Australian Veterinary Journal 70: 365-369.
142. Woolaston R. R. 1994. Preliminary evaluation of strategies to breed Merinos for resistance to roundworms. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production 20: 281-284.
143. Woolaston R. R., Barger I. A. & Piper L. R. 1990. Response to helminth infection of sheep selected for resistance to Haemonchus contortus. International Journal for Parasitology 20: 1015-1018.
144. Woolaston R. R., Elwin R. L. & Barger I. A. 1992. No adaptation of Haemonchus contortus to genetically resistant sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 22: 377-380.
145. Woolaston R. R., Windon R. G. & Gray G. D. 1991. Genetic variation in resistance to internal parasites in Armidale experimental flocks. In: Breeding for Disease Resistance in Sheep (Edited by McQuirk B. J.), pp. 371-375. Australian Wool Corporation, Melbourne.
146. Woolaston R. R., Gray G. D., Albers G. A. A., Piper L. R. & Barker J. S. F. 1990. Analysis for a major gene affecting parasite resistance in sheep. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, pp. 131-134.
147. Wooster R., Neuhausen S. L., Mangion J., Quirk Y., Ford D., Collins N., Nguyen K., Seal S., Tran T., Averill D., Fields P., Marshall G., Narod S., Lenoir G. M., Lynch H., Feunteun J., Deville P., Cornelisse C. J., Menko F. H., Daly P. A., Ormiston W., McManus R., Pye C., Lewis C. M., Cannon-Albright L. A., Peto J., Ponder B. A. J., Skolnick M. H., Easton D. F., Goldgar D. E. & Stratton M. R. 1994. Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, to chromosome 13q12-13. Science 265: 2088-2090.
148. Zhang B., Healy P. J., Crabb D. W. & Harris R. A. 1990. Premature translation termination of the pre-E1a subunit of the branched chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase as a cause of Maple Syrup Urine Disease in Polled Hereford calves. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265: 2425-2427.
149. Zimmermann J. W. & Schultz R. M. 1994. Analysis of gene expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo: use of mRNA differential display. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 91: 5456-5460