메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 83, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 265-277

Variable influence of heparin and contrast agents on platelet function as assessed by the in vitro bleeding time

Author keywords

angiography; contrast media; heparin; platelets

Indexed keywords

DIATRIZOATE; HEPARIN; IOHEXOL;

EID: 0030220722     PISSN: 00493848     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(96)00135-1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (64)
  • 1
    • 0016433560 scopus 로고
    • Actions and interactions of antithrombin and heparin
    • ROSENBERG R.D. Actions and interactions of antithrombin and heparin. New Engl J Med. 292:1975;146-151.
    • (1975) New Engl J Med , vol.292 , pp. 146-151
    • ROSENBERG, R.D.1
  • 3
    • 0001105543 scopus 로고
    • The effect of commercial heparin on the platelet count
    • FIDLAR E., JACQUES L.B. The effect of commercial heparin on the platelet count. J Lab Clin Med. 33:1948;1410-1423.
    • (1948) J Lab Clin Med , vol.33 , pp. 1410-1423
    • FIDLAR, E.1    JACQUES, L.B.2
  • 5
    • 0022899526 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the effects of low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin on activation of human platelets in vitro
    • WESTWICK J., SCULLY M.F., POLL C., KAKKAR V.V. Comparison of the effects of low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin on activation of human platelets in vitro. Thromb Res. 42:1986;435-447.
    • (1986) Thromb Res , vol.42 , pp. 435-447
    • WESTWICK, J.1    SCULLY, M.F.2    POLL, C.3    KAKKAR, V.V.4
  • 6
    • 0015269296 scopus 로고
    • On the mechanism of platelet aggregation induced by heparin, protamine and polybrene
    • EIKA C. On the mechanism of platelet aggregation induced by heparin, protamine and polybrene. Scand J Haematol. 9:1972;248-250.
    • (1972) Scand J Haematol , vol.9 , pp. 248-250
    • EIKA, C.1
  • 7
    • 0021176176 scopus 로고
    • Effect of heparin on platelet aggregation
    • SABA H.I., SABA S.R., MORELLI G.A. Effect of heparin on platelet aggregation. Am J Hematol. 17:1984;295-306.
    • (1984) Am J Hematol , vol.17 , pp. 295-306
    • SABA, H.I.1    SABA, S.R.2    MORELLI, G.A.3
  • 8
    • 0022494788 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • KELTON J.G. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Haemostasis. 16:1986;173-186.
    • (1986) Haemostasis , vol.16 , pp. 173-186
    • KELTON, J.G.1
  • 9
    • 0000888609 scopus 로고
    • Studies on platelets III: The effect of heparin in vivo on the platelet count in mice and dogs
    • COPLEY A.L., ROBB T.P. Studies on platelets III: the effect of heparin in vivo on the platelet count in mice and dogs. Am J Clin Path. 12:1942;563-570.
    • (1942) Am J Clin Path , vol.12 , pp. 563-570
    • COPLEY, A.L.1    ROBB, T.P.2
  • 10
    • 0017077931 scopus 로고
    • Thrombocytopenia occurring during the administration of heparin: A prospective study of 52 patients
    • BELL W.R., TOMASULA P.A., ALVING B.M., DUFFY T.P. Thrombocytopenia occurring during the administration of heparin: a prospective study of 52 patients. Ann Intern Med. 85:1976;155-160.
    • (1976) Ann Intern Med , vol.85 , pp. 155-160
    • BELL, W.R.1    TOMASULA, P.A.2    ALVING, B.M.3    DUFFY, T.P.4
  • 13
    • 0018485753 scopus 로고
    • Thrombocytopenia found uncommonly during heparin therapy
    • POWERS P.J., CUTHBERT D., HIRSH J. Thrombocytopenia found uncommonly during heparin therapy. JAMA. 241:1979;2396-2397.
    • (1979) JAMA , vol.241 , pp. 2396-2397
    • POWERS, P.J.1    CUTHBERT, D.2    HIRSH, J.3
  • 14
    • 0021262284 scopus 로고
    • Heparin associated thrombocytopenia
    • KING D.J., KELTON J.G. Heparin associated thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med. 100:1984;535-540.
    • (1984) Ann Intern Med , vol.100 , pp. 535-540
    • KING, D.J.1    KELTON, J.G.2
  • 15
    • 0023267493 scopus 로고
    • White clot syndrome associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A review of 23 cases
    • CHANG J.C. White clot syndrome associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a review of 23 cases. Heart and Lung. 16:1987;403-407.
    • (1987) Heart and Lung , vol.16 , pp. 403-407
    • CHANG, J.C.1
  • 16
    • 0021637882 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of thrombin induced platelet aggregation and serotonin release by antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II in the presence of standard heparin, dermatan sulfate, and pentosan polysulfate
    • SIE P., FERNANDEZ F., CARANOBE C., GABAIG A.M., BONEW B. Inhibition of thrombin induced platelet aggregation and serotonin release by antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II in the presence of standard heparin, dermatan sulfate, and pentosan polysulfate. Thromb Res. 35:1984;231-236.
    • (1984) Thromb Res , vol.35 , pp. 231-236
    • SIE, P.1    FERNANDEZ, F.2    CARANOBE, C.3    GABAIG, A.M.4    BONEW, B.5
  • 17
    • 0023693826 scopus 로고
    • Immediate effect of heparin and LMW heparin on some platelet and endothelial derived factors
    • LJUNGBEREG B., BEBING H., EGBERG N., JOHNSSON H. Immediate effect of heparin and LMW heparin on some platelet and endothelial derived factors. Thromb Res. 51:1988;209-217.
    • (1988) Thromb Res , vol.51 , pp. 209-217
    • LJUNGBEREG, B.1    BEBING, H.2    EGBERG, N.3    JOHNSSON, H.4
  • 19
    • 0024594530 scopus 로고
    • Antithrombotic and bleeding effects of glycosaminoglycans with different degrees of sulphation
    • VAN RYN-MCKENNA J., OFOSUN F.A., HIRSH J., BUCHANAN M.R. Antithrombotic and bleeding effects of glycosaminoglycans with different degrees of sulphation. Br J Haematol. 71:1989;265-269.
    • (1989) Br J Haematol , vol.71 , pp. 265-269
    • VAN RYN-MCKENNA, J.1    OFOSUN, F.A.2    HIRSH, J.3    BUCHANAN, M.R.4
  • 21
    • 0017646078 scopus 로고
    • Impairment by heparin of primary hemostasis and platelet (C14) 5-hyproxytryptamine
    • HELDEN D., MEILKE C.H., RODVIEN R. Impairment by heparin of primary hemostasis and platelet (C14) 5-hyproxytryptamine. Br J Haemotal. 36:1977;427-436.
    • (1977) Br J Haemotal , vol.36 , pp. 427-436
    • HELDEN, D.1    MEILKE, C.H.2    RODVIEN, R.3
  • 22
    • 0023706045 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of platelet binding of heparins and other glysocaminoglycans
    • SOBEL M., ADELMAN B. Characterization of platelet binding of heparins and other glysocaminoglycans. Thromb Res. 50:1988;815-826.
    • (1988) Thromb Res , vol.50 , pp. 815-826
    • SOBEL, M.1    ADELMAN, B.2
  • 23
    • 0020504948 scopus 로고
    • Heparin binding platelet proteins demonstrated by crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis
    • GOGSTAD G.O., SOLUM N.O., KRUTNES M.B. Heparin binding platelet proteins demonstrated by crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis. Br J Haematology. 53:1983;563-573.
    • (1983) Br J Haematology , vol.53 , pp. 563-573
    • GOGSTAD, G.O.1    SOLUM, N.O.2    KRUTNES, M.B.3
  • 24
    • 0022580322 scopus 로고
    • Identification of binding site for heparin and other polysulfated glycosaminoglycans on human thrombocytes
    • WOLF H., GLASSL H., WICK G. Identification of binding site for heparin and other polysulfated glycosaminoglycans on human thrombocytes. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immun. 80:1986;231-238.
    • (1986) Int Arch Allergy Appl Immun , vol.80 , pp. 231-238
    • WOLF, H.1    GLASSL, H.2    WICK, G.3
  • 25
    • 0021255844 scopus 로고
    • Haemostatometer: A new in vitro technique for assessing haemostatic activity of blood
    • GOROG P., AHMED A. Haemostatometer: A new in vitro technique for assessing haemostatic activity of blood. Thromb Res. 34:1984;341-357.
    • (1984) Thromb Res , vol.34 , pp. 341-357
    • GOROG, P.1    AHMED, A.2
  • 26
    • 0022530806 scopus 로고
    • A new, ideal technique to monitor thrombolytic therapy
    • GOROG P. A new, ideal technique to monitor thrombolytic therapy. Angiology. 37:1986;99-105.
    • (1986) Angiology , vol.37 , pp. 99-105
    • GOROG, P.1
  • 29
    • 0029257771 scopus 로고
    • Effect of contrast media on in vitro bleeding time: Assessment by a hollow fiber instrument
    • MELTON L.G., MUGA K.M., GABRIEL D.A. Effect of contrast media on in vitro bleeding time: assessment by a hollow fiber instrument. Acad Radiol. 2:1995;239-243.
    • (1995) Acad Radiol , vol.2 , pp. 239-243
    • MELTON, L.G.1    MUGA, K.M.2    GABRIEL, D.A.3
  • 31
    • 0022648357 scopus 로고
    • Effect of various contrast media on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function: An in vitro and in vivo study
    • STORMORKEN H., SKOLPE J.O., TESTART M.C. Effect of various contrast media on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function: an in vitro and in vivo study. Invest Radiol. 21:1986;348-354.
    • (1986) Invest Radiol , vol.21 , pp. 348-354
    • STORMORKEN, H.1    SKOLPE, J.O.2    TESTART, M.C.3
  • 32
    • 0027429941 scopus 로고
    • Profound platelet degranulation is an important side effect of some types of contrast media used in interventional cardiology
    • CHRONOS N.A.F., GOODALL A.H., WILSON D.J., SIGWART U., BULLER N.P. Profound platelet degranulation is an important side effect of some types of contrast media used in interventional cardiology. Circulation. 88:1993;2035-2044.
    • (1993) Circulation , vol.88 , pp. 2035-2044
    • CHRONOS, N.A.F.1    GOODALL, A.H.2    WILSON, D.J.3    SIGWART, U.4    BULLER, N.P.5
  • 33
    • 0025183907 scopus 로고
    • A hematologist's view of contrast media, clotting in angiography syringes and thrombosis during coronary angiography
    • GRABOWSKI E.F. A hematologist's view of contrast media, clotting in angiography syringes and thrombosis during coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol. 66:1990;23F-25F.
    • (1990) Am J Cardiol , vol.66
    • GRABOWSKI, E.F.1
  • 34
    • 0026512676 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic thrombus development despite systemic heparinization during coronary angioplasty: Possible relationship to nonionic contrast
    • DOOREY A.J., STILLABOWER M.E., GALE N., GOLDENBERG E.M. Catastrophic thrombus development despite systemic heparinization during coronary angioplasty: Possible relationship to nonionic contrast. Clin Cardiol. 15:1992;117-120.
    • (1992) Clin Cardiol , vol.15 , pp. 117-120
    • DOOREY, A.J.1    STILLABOWER, M.E.2    GALE, N.3    GOLDENBERG, E.M.4
  • 35
    • 0023912095 scopus 로고
    • Thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography associated with the use of nonionic contrast media
    • GROLLMAN J., LIU C., ASTONE R., LURIE M. Thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography associated with the use of nonionic contrast media. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 14:1988;159-164.
    • (1988) Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn , vol.14 , pp. 159-164
    • GROLLMAN, J.1    LIU, C.2    ASTONE, R.3    LURIE, M.4
  • 36
    • 0025303528 scopus 로고
    • Thrombotic and cardiovascular complications related to nonionic contrast media during cardiac catheterization: Analysis of 8,517 patients
    • DAVIDSON, C.J., MARK, D.B., PEIPER, K.S., KISSLO, K., HLATKY, M.A., GABRIEL, D.A. and BASHORE, T.M. Thrombotic and cardiovascular complications related to nonionic contrast media during cardiac catheterization: Analysis of 8,517 patients. Am J Cardiol 1481-1484, 1990.
    • (1990) Am J Cardiol , pp. 1481-1484
    • Davidson, C.J.1    Mark, D.B.2    Peiper, K.S.3    Kisslo, K.4    Hlatky, M.A.5    Gabriel, D.A.6    Bashore, T.M.7
  • 38
    • 0026009739 scopus 로고
    • Risk of thrombosis during coronary angioplasty with low osmolality contrast agents
    • ESPLUGAS E., CEQUIER A., JARA F., MAURI J., SOLER T., SALA J., SABATE X. Risk of thrombosis during coronary angioplasty with low osmolality contrast agents. Am J Cardiol. 68:1991;1020-1024.
    • (1991) Am J Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 1020-1024
    • ESPLUGAS, E.1    CEQUIER, A.2    JARA, F.3    MAURI, J.4    SOLER, T.5    SALA, J.6    SABATE, X.7
  • 41
    • 0024538102 scopus 로고
    • Hemostatic evaluation in bleeding disorders from native blood: Clinical experience with the Haemostatometer
    • KOVACS I.B., HUTTON R.A., KERNOFF P.B.A. Hemostatic evaluation in bleeding disorders from native blood: clinical experience with the Haemostatometer. Am J Pathol. 91:1989;271-279.
    • (1989) Am J Pathol , vol.91 , pp. 271-279
    • KOVACS, I.B.1    HUTTON, R.A.2    KERNOFF, P.B.A.3
  • 42
    • 0025797545 scopus 로고
    • The Effect of flow on hemostasis and thrombosis
    • NEMERSON Y., TURITTO V.T. The Effect of flow on hemostasis and thrombosis. Thromb and Haemostas. 66:1991;272-276.
    • (1991) Thromb and Haemostas , vol.66 , pp. 272-276
    • NEMERSON, Y.1    TURITTO, V.T.2
  • 43
    • 0022486767 scopus 로고
    • Transient effect of aspirin on collagen-induced platelet accumulation
    • GOROG P., KAKKAR V.V. Transient effect of aspirin on collagen-induced platelet accumulation. Am J Clin Pathol. 86:1986;311-316.
    • (1986) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.86 , pp. 311-316
    • GOROG, P.1    KAKKAR, V.V.2
  • 44
    • 0026317259 scopus 로고
    • Coagulation of flowing native blood: Advantages over stagnant (tube) clotting tests
    • GOROG P., KOVACS I.B. Coagulation of flowing native blood: Advantages over stagnant (tube) clotting tests. Thromb Res. 64:1991;611-619.
    • (1991) Thromb Res , vol.64 , pp. 611-619
    • GOROG, P.1    KOVACS, I.B.2
  • 45
    • 0026695686 scopus 로고
    • Effect of heparin on in vitro platelet reactivity in cardiac surgical patients: A comparative assessment by whole blood platelet aggregometry and haemostatometry
    • JOHN L.C.H., REES G.M., KOVACS I.B. Effect of heparin on in vitro platelet reactivity in cardiac surgical patients: A comparative assessment by whole blood platelet aggregometry and haemostatometry. Thromb Res. 66:1992;649-656.
    • (1992) Thromb Res , vol.66 , pp. 649-656
    • JOHN, L.C.H.1    REES, G.M.2    KOVACS, I.B.3
  • 46
    • 0025172014 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous measurement of all thrombosis parameters from native human blood: Usefulness in monitoring efficacy and complications of thrombolytic therapy
    • KOVACS I.B., GOROG P. Simultaneous measurement of all thrombosis parameters from native human blood: Usefulness in monitoring efficacy and complications of thrombolytic therapy. Angiology. 41:1990;829-835.
    • (1990) Angiology , vol.41 , pp. 829-835
    • KOVACS, I.B.1    GOROG, P.2
  • 47
    • 85047680460 scopus 로고
    • Platelet hyperreactivity and inefficient spontaneous thrombolysis in patients at high risk from an acute coronary event
    • PETERS N.S., ABRAMS L.S.M., DYMOND D.S., KOVACS I.B. Platelet hyperreactivity and inefficient spontaneous thrombolysis in patients at high risk from an acute coronary event. Cardiovasc Res. 23:1989;567-572.
    • (1989) Cardiovasc Res , vol.23 , pp. 567-572
    • PETERS, N.S.1    ABRAMS, L.S.M.2    DYMOND, D.S.3    KOVACS, I.B.4
  • 48
    • 0026598664 scopus 로고
    • High-dose aspirin inhibits shear-induced platelet reaction involving thrombin generation
    • RATNATUNGA C.P., EDMONDSON S.F., REES G.M., KOVACS I.B. High-dose aspirin inhibits shear-induced platelet reaction involving thrombin generation. Circulation. 85:1992;1077-1082.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.85 , pp. 1077-1082
    • RATNATUNGA, C.P.1    EDMONDSON, S.F.2    REES, G.M.3    KOVACS, I.B.4
  • 49
    • 0023685705 scopus 로고
    • Heparin bolus therapy during cardiac catheterization
    • VACEK J.L., BELLINGER R.L., PHELIX J. Heparin bolus therapy during cardiac catheterization. Am J Cardiol. 62:1988;1314-1317.
    • (1988) Am J Cardiol , vol.62 , pp. 1314-1317
    • VACEK, J.L.1    BELLINGER, R.L.2    PHELIX, J.3
  • 50
    • 0026734247 scopus 로고
    • Activated clotting times and activated partial thromboplastin times in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty who receive bolus doses of heparin
    • DOUGHERTY K.G., GAOS C.M., BUSH H.S., LEACHMAN D.R., FERGUSON J.J. Activated clotting times and activated partial thromboplastin times in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty who receive bolus doses of heparin. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 26:1992;260-263.
    • (1992) Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn , vol.26 , pp. 260-263
    • DOUGHERTY, K.G.1    GAOS, C.M.2    BUSH, H.S.3    LEACHMAN, D.R.4    FERGUSON, J.J.5
  • 51
    • 0024955382 scopus 로고
    • Adequate heparinization during PTCA: Assessment using activated clotting times
    • OGILBY J.D., KOPELMAN H.A., KLEIN L.W., AGARWAL J.B. Adequate heparinization during PTCA: Assessment using activated clotting times. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 18:1989;206-209.
    • (1989) Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn , vol.18 , pp. 206-209
    • OGILBY, J.D.1    KOPELMAN, H.A.2    KLEIN, L.W.3    AGARWAL, J.B.4
  • 52
    • 0024354734 scopus 로고
    • Differing mechanisms of clotting inhibition ionic and nonionic contrast agents
    • ING J.J., SMITH D.C., BULL B.S. Differing mechanisms of clotting inhibition ionic and nonionic contrast agents. Radiology. 172:1989;345-348.
    • (1989) Radiology , vol.172 , pp. 345-348
    • ING, J.J.1    SMITH, D.C.2    BULL, B.S.3
  • 54
    • 0021829099 scopus 로고
    • In vitro study of the inhibition of coagulation induced by different radiocontrast molecules
    • BELLEVILLE J., BAQUET J., PAUL J., CLENDINNEN G., ELOY R. In vitro study of the inhibition of coagulation induced by different radiocontrast molecules. Thromb Res. 38:1985;149-162.
    • (1985) Thromb Res , vol.38 , pp. 149-162
    • BELLEVILLE, J.1    BAQUET, J.2    PAUL, J.3    CLENDINNEN, G.4    ELOY, R.5
  • 57
    • 0025874594 scopus 로고
    • Contrast media for angiography: Physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility
    • ELOY R., COROT C., BELLEVILLE J. Contrast media for angiography: Physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility. Clinical Materials. 7:1991;89-107.
    • (1991) Clinical Materials , vol.7 , pp. 89-107
    • ELOY, R.1    COROT, C.2    BELLEVILLE, J.3
  • 58
    • 0027463389 scopus 로고
    • Platelet adhesion/aggregation in an in vitro model of coronary artery stenosis
    • GRABOWSKI E.F., RODRIGUEZ M., MCDONNELL S.L. Platelet adhesion/aggregation in an in vitro model of coronary artery stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 28:1993;65-71.
    • (1993) Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn , vol.28 , pp. 65-71
    • GRABOWSKI, E.F.1    RODRIGUEZ, M.2    MCDONNELL, S.L.3
  • 59
    • 0022048883 scopus 로고
    • Clinical aspects of antiplatelet therapy
    • SHERRY S. Clinical aspects of antiplatelet therapy. Semin Haematol. 22:1985;125-134.
    • (1985) Semin Haematol , vol.22 , pp. 125-134
    • SHERRY, S.1
  • 60
    • 0023775411 scopus 로고
    • Lack of influence of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg daily) on platelet survival time, β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease
    • MINAR E., EHRINGER H., JUNG M., KOPPENSTEINER R., STUMPFEN A. Lack of influence of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg daily) on platelet survival time, β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Thromb Res. 52:1988;219-226.
    • (1988) Thromb Res , vol.52 , pp. 219-226
    • MINAR, E.1    EHRINGER, H.2    JUNG, M.3    KOPPENSTEINER, R.4    STUMPFEN, A.5
  • 61
    • 0024563886 scopus 로고
    • Effect of low dose acetylsalicylic acid on the frequency and hematologic activity of left ventricular thrombus in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction
    • KUPPER A.J.F., VERHEUGT F.W.A., PEELS C.H., GALEMA T.W., HOLLANDER W., ROOS J.P. Effect of low dose acetylsalicylic acid on the frequency and hematologic activity of left ventricular thrombus in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 63:1989;917-920.
    • (1989) Am J Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 917-920
    • KUPPER, A.J.F.1    VERHEUGT, F.W.A.2    PEELS, C.H.3    GALEMA, T.W.4    HOLLANDER, W.5    ROOS, J.P.6
  • 63
    • 0027190561 scopus 로고
    • Electrophoretic light scattering studies on the interaction of fibrinogen with resting and activated human platelets
    • GABRIEL D.A., REECE N.S., LI X., WITTE J.H., MUGA K.M. Electrophoretic light scattering studies on the interaction of fibrinogen with resting and activated human platelets. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis. 4:1993;397-403.
    • (1993) Blood Coag Fibrinolysis , vol.4 , pp. 397-403
    • GABRIEL, D.A.1    REECE, N.S.2    LI, X.3    WITTE, J.H.4    MUGA, K.M.5
  • 64
    • 0023830815 scopus 로고
    • Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in 1985-1986 and 1977-1981: The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Registry
    • the Co-investigators of the National Heart LaBIPTCAR, DETRE K., HOLUBKOV R., KELSEY S.et al. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in 1985-1986 and 1977-1981: the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Registry. N Engl J Med. 318:1988;265-270.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.318 , pp. 265-270
    • The Co-investigators of the National Heart LaBIPTCAR1    DETRE, K.2    HOLUBKOV, R.3    KELSEY, S.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.