The processing and encoding of information in the visual cortex

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 475-480

  Reid, R Clay ^a   Alonso, José Manuel ^b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CELL; INFORMATION PROCESSING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THALAMUS; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL INFORMATION;

EID: 0030219499     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80052-3     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J Physiol (Lond). 160:1962;106-154.
2. Sillito AM. The contribution of inhibitory mechanisms to the receptive field properties of the neurones in the striate cortex of the cat. J Physiol (Lond). 250:1975;305-329.
3. Ferster D. Orientation selectivity of synaptic potentials in neurons of cat primary visual cortex. J Neurosci. 6:1986;1284-1301.
4. Nelson S, Toth L, Sheth B, Sur M. Orientation selectivity of cortical neurons during intracellular blockade of inhibition. Science. 265:1994;774-777.
5. Douglas RJ, Koch C, Mahowald M, Martin KA, Suarez HH. Recurrent excitation in neocortical circuits. Science. 269:1995;981-985.
6. Suarez H, Koch C, Douglas R. Modeling direction selectivity of simple cells in striate visual cortex within the framework of the canonical microcircuit. J Neurosci. 15:1995;6700-6719.
7. Somers DC, Nelson SB, Sur M. An emergent model of orientation selectivity in cat visual cortical simple cells. J Neurosci. 15:1995;5448-5465.
8. Peters A, Payne BR. Numerical relationships between geniculocortical afferents and pyramidal cell modules in cat primary visual cortex. Cereb Cortex. 3:1993;69-78.
9. Ahmed B, Anderson JC, Douglas RJ, Martin KA, Nelson JC. Polyneuronal innervation of spiny stellate neurons in cat visual cortex. J Comp Neurol. 341:1994;39-49.
10. Le Vay S, Gilbert CD. Laminar pattern of geniculocortical projection in the cat. Brain Res. 113:1976;1-19.
11. Sillito AM, Jones HE, Gerstein GL, West DC. Feature-linked synchronization of thalamic relay cell firing induced by feedback from the visual cortex. Nature. 369:1994;479-482.
12. Meister M, Lagnado L, Baylor DA. Concerted signaling by retinal ganglion cells. of special interest Science. 270:1995;1207-1210 A study of the information conveyed by the concurrent firing of retinal ganglion cells in the vertebrate retina, recorded with a multi-electrode array (see also the review by Masland, in this issue, pp 467-474).
13. Neuenschwander S, Singer W. Long-range synchronization of oscillatory light responses in the cat retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. of special interest Nature. 379:1996;728-733 A cross-correlation study of neurons in the LGN and retina. Strongly oscillatory behavior was seen in responses to flashed or drifting stimuli. These oscillations were coherent between cells with receptive fields up to 15 apart. Coherent oscillations were found between retina and geniculate neurons, as well as between layers A and A1 of the right and left LGNs - that is, coherent activity crossed the midline in cells driven by the same eye.
14. Hirsch JA, Alonso JM, Reid RC. Visually evoked calcium action potentials in cat striate cortex. of special interest Nature. 378:1995;612-616 Whole-cell recordings, in vivo, showed the persistence of calcium action potential when sodium channels were blocked. These calcium action potentials were evoked by visual stimuli in both complex and simple cells, as well as by depolarization. The authors propose that the generation of calcium action potentials could be a general means of influencing both thalamocortical and cortico-cortical inputs.
15. Tanaka K. Cross-correlation analysis of geniculostriate neuronal relationships in the cat. J Neurophysiol. 49:1983;1303-1318.
16. Toyama K, Kimura M, Tanaka K. Cross-correlation analysis of interneuronal connectivity in cat visual cortex. J Neurophysiol. 46:1981;191-201.
17. Reid RC, Alonso JM. Specificity of monosynaptic connections from thalamus to visual cortex. of special interest Nature. 378:1995;281-284 A study of the relationship between the receptive fields of simple cells and those of the thalamic neurons that project to them. There was a very high probability of finding a connection between a geniculate afferent and cortical simple cell when their receptive fields are well overlapped and of the same sign (on or off); the probability was low when they were of the opposite sign. Thus, the thalamic connections to simple cells are very precisely determined.
18. Chapman B, Zahs KR, Stryker MP. Relation of cortical cell orientation selectivity to alignment of receptive fields of the geniculocortical afferents that arborize within a single orientation column in ferret visual cortex. J Neurosci. 11:1991;1347-1358.
19. Ferster D, Chung S, Wheat H. Orientation selectivity of thalamic input to simple cells of cat visual cortex. of outstanding interest Nature. 380:1996;249-252 An elegant and technically difficult study of the thalamic input to simple cells, in the absence of intracortical influences. Whole-cell recordings were made from simple cells, in vivo, and intracortical inputs were blocked by cooling the cortex. The selectivity for orientation of the postsynaptic potentials was identical before and during cooling. Thus, the shape of the orientation tuning curve could be determined by the thalamic input.
20. Reid RC, Soodak RE, Shapley RM. Linear mechanisms of directional selectivity in simple cells of cat striate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 84:1987;8740-8744.
21. McLean J, Palmer L. Contributions of linear spatiotemporal receptive field structure to velocity selectivity of simple cells in area 17 of cat. Vision Res. 29:1989;675-679.
22. Jagadeesh B, Wheat HS, Ferster D. Linearity of summation of synaptic potentials underlying direction selectivity in simple cells of the cat visual cortex. Science. 262:1993;1901-1904.
23. Saul AB, Humphrey AL. Evidence of input from lagged cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus to simple cells in cortical area 17 of the cat. J Neurophysiol. 68:1992;1190-1208.
24. Gilbert CD, Wiesel TN. Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex. J Neurosci. 3:1983;1116-1133.
25. Rockland KS, Lund S. Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex. J Comp Neurol. 216:1983;303-318.
26. Pettet MW, Gilbert CD. Dynamic changes in receptive-field size in cat primary visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;8366-8370.
27. DeAngelis GC, Anzai A, Ohzawa I, Freeman RD. Receptive field structure in the visual cortex: does selective stimulation induce plasticity? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;9682-9686.
28. De Weerd P, Gattass R, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG. Responses of cells in monkey visual cortex during perceptual filling-in of an artificial scotoma. Nature. 377:1995;731-734.
29. Das A, Gilbert CD. Receptive field expansion in adult visual cortex is linked to dynamic changes in strength of cortical connections. J Neurophysiol. 74:1995;779-792.
30. Kaas JH, Krubitzer LA, Chino YM, Langston AL, Polley EH, Blair N. Reorganization of retinotopic cortical maps in adult mammals after lesions of the retina. Science. 248:1990;229-231.
31. Gilbert CD, Wiesel TN. Receptive field dynamics in adult primary visual cortex. Nature. 356:1992;150-152.
32. Das A, Gilbert CD. Long-range horizontal connections and their role in cortical reorganization revealed by optical recording of cat primary visual cortex. of special interest Nature. 375:1995;780-784 In this study, the authors demonstrated that a minimal visual stimulus produces subthreshold activation in a rather large cortical area. After making lesions in the retina, they found that spike activation in the reorganized cortex evoked responses from a similarly large area. Furthermore, the orientation map of the reorganized cortex closely matched the original orientation map. The authors suggest that horizontal connections are involved in this cortical remapping.
33. Darian-Smith C, Gilbert CD. Topographic reorganization in the striate cortex of the adult cat and monkey is cortically mediated. of special interest J Neurosci. 15:1995;1631-1647 The authors present clear evidence of intracortical axonal sprouting following cortical de-afferentation with laser retinal lesions. These morphological changes accompany a topographical reorganization of the receptive fields.
34. Kapadia MK, Ito M, Gilbert CD, Westheimer G. Improvement in visual sensitivity by changes in local context: parallel studies in human observers and in V1 of alert monkeys. Neuron. 15:1995;843-856.
35. Sillito AM, Grieve KL, Jones HE, Cudeiro J, Davis J. Visual cortical mechanisms detecting focal orientation discontinuities. Nature. 378:1995;492-496.
36. Hirsch JA, Gilbert CD. Synaptic physiology of horizontal connections in the cats visual cortex. J Neurosci. 11:1991;1800-1809.
37. Weliky M, Kandler K, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC. Patterns of excitation and inhibition evoked by horizontal connections in visual cortex share a common relationship to orientation columns. Neuron. 15:1995;541-552.
38. Konig P, Engel AK, Singer W. Relation between oscillatory activity and long-range synchronization in cat visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;290-294.
39. Singer W. Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures. Science. 270:1995;758-764.
40. Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculocortical fibers in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol. 146:1972;421-450.
41. Livingstone MS, Hubel DH. Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex. J Neurosci. 4:1984;309-356.
42. Tso DY, Gilbert CD. The organization of chromatic and spatial interactions in the primate striate cortex. J Neurosci. 8:1988;1712-1727.
43. Lund JS. Excitatory and inhibitory circuitry and laminar mapping strategies in the primary visual cortex of the monkey. Edelman GM, Gall WE, Cowan WM. Signal and Sense. Local and Global Order in Perceptual Maps. 1990;51-56 John Wiley and Sons, New York.
44. Hawken MJ, Parker AJ. Contrast sensitivity and orientation selectivity in lamina IV of the striate cortex of Old World monkeys. Exp Brain Res. 54:1984;367-372.
45. Nealey TA, Maunsell JH. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to the responses of neurons in macaque striate cortex. J Neurosci. 14:1994;2069-2079.
46. Edwards DP, Purpura KP, Kaplan E. Contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency response of primate cortical neurons in and around the cytochrome oxidase blobs. Vision Res. 35:1995;1501-1523.
47. Leventhal AG, Thompson KG, Liu D, Zhou Y, Ault SJ. Concomitant sensitivity to orientation, direction, and color of cells in layers 2, 3, and 4 of monkey striate cortex. J Neurosci. 15:1995;1808-1818.
48. Casagrande VA. A third parallel visual pathway to primate area VI. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;305-310.
49. Fitzpatrick DK, Itoh K, Diamond IT. The laminar organization of the lateral geniculate body and the striate cortex of the squirrel monkey (Saimira sciureus). J Neurosci. 3:1983;673-702.
50. Hendry SH, Yoshioka T. A neurochemically distinct third channel in the macaque dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Science. 264:1994;575-577.
51. Carandini M, Heeger DJ. Summation and division by neurons in primate visual cortex. Science. 264:1994;1333-1336.
52. Dobkins KR, Albright TD. Behavioral and neural effects of chromatic isoluminance in the primate visual motion system. Vis Neurosci. 12:1995;321-332.
53. Ferrera VP, Nealey TA, Maunsell JH. Responses of neurons in the parietal and temporal visual pathways during a motion task. J Neurosci. 14:1994;6171-6186.
54. Marcar VL, Xiao DK, Raiguel SE, Maes H, Orban GA. Processing of kinetically defined boundaries in the cortical motion area MT of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol. 74:1995;1258-1270.
55. Assad JA, Maunsell J. Neuronal correlates of inferred motion in primate posterior parietal cortex. Nature. 373:1995;518-521.
56. Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Poggio T. Shape representation in the inferior temporal cortex of monkeys. Curr Biol. 5:1995;552-563.
57. Ito M, Tamura H, Fujita I, Tanaka K. Size and position invariance of neuronal responses in monkey inferotemporal cortex. J Neurophysiol. 73:1995;218-226.
58. Sary G, Vogels R, Kovacs G, Orban GA. Responses of monkey inferior temporal neurons to luminance-, motion-, and texture-defined gratings. J Neurophysiol. 73:1995;1341-1354.
59. Maunsell JH. The brains visual world: representation of visual targets in cerebral cortex. Science. 270:1995;764-769.
60. Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Receptive fields of single neurones in the cats visual cortex. J Physiol (Lond). 148:1959;574-591.