Plant development: Local control, global patterning

Current Opinion in Genetics and Development

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 475-479

  Meyerowitz, Elliot M ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA GLUCURONIDASE;

ARABIDOPSIS; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL DIVISION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PLANT CELL; PLANT GROWTH; PLANT LEAF; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY;

ARABIDOPSIS;

EID: 0030218007     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80070-0     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. 1. Mittler R, Lam E: In situ detection of nDNA fragmentation during the differentiation of tracheary elements in higher plants. Plant Physiol 1995, 108:489-493. Observations of the nature of programmed cell death during xylem formation do not indicate a process highly similar to animal apoptotic death but nonetheless give cellular details of an important type of programmed cell death in plants.
2. 2. Greenberg JT, Quo AL, Klessig DF, Ausubel FM: Programmed cell-death in plants - a pathogen-triggered response activated coordinately with multiple defense functions. Cell 1994, 77:551-563.
3. 3. Dolan L, Janmaat K, Willemsen V, Linstead P, Poethig S, Roberts K, Scheres B: Cellular organization of the Arabidopsis thaliana root. Development 1993, 119:71-84.
4. 4. Dolan L, Duckett CM, Grierson C, Linstead P, Schneider K, Lawson E, Dean C, Poethig S, Roberts K: Clonal relationships and cell patterning in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis. Development 1994, 120:2465-2474.
5. 5. Vincent C, Carpenter R, Coen ES: Cell lineage patterns and homeotic gene activity during Antirrhinum flower development. Curr Biol 1995, 5:1449-1458. Genetic mosaics show apparent clonal boundaries that coincide with whorl boundaries in snapdragon flower development. A critical test of the hypothesis that boundaries in which domains with differently active sets of organ identity genes meet cause the cell division effect would be to repeat the experiment in mutants lacking an organ identity activity and to see if the clonal boundaries disappear.
6. 6. Bossinger G, Smyth DR: Initiation patterns of flower and floral organ development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 1996, 122:1093-1102. Mosaic analysis reveals a coincidence of clones and both floral orientation and organ portions, revealing that regular patterns of cell division occur in the origin of Arabidopsis flowers and floral organs.
7. 7. Sakai H, Medrano LJ, Meyerowitz EM: Role of SUPERMAN in maintaining Arabidopsis floral whorl boundaries. Nature 1995, 378:199-203. This Arabidopsis gene, previously thought to be involved in whorl boundary establishment, is shown instead to be necessary for whorl boundary maintenance and to function by control of local cell divisions in floral whorls three and four, or by diffusion of third whorl products into fourth whorl cells.
8. 8. Day CD, Galgoci BFC, Irish VF: Genetic ablation of petal and stamen primordia to elucidate cell interactions during floral development. Development 1995, 121:2887-2895. The promoter of the Arabidopsis B function gene APETALA3 was attached to a diphtheria toxin A chain gene, causing the death in transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco of the cells that make up the second and third whorls of developing flowers. Nonetheless, the first and fourth whorl organs of Arabidopsis developed normally (in tobacco there were some fourth-whorl effects). One hopes that the authors will follow the fate and position of the dead cells through flower development in a future study so that we can learn if plants, like animals, have a mechanism for the removal of dead cells.
9. 9. Leyser HMO, Furner IJ: Characterization of three shoot apical meristem mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 1992, 116:397-403.
10. 10. Clark SE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM: CLAVATA1, a regulator of meristem and flower development in Arabidopsis. Development 1993, 119:397-418.
11. 11. Clark SE, Running MP, Meyerowitz EM: CLAVATA3 is a specific regulator of shoot and floral meristem development affecting the same processes as CLAVATA1. Development 1995, 121:2057-2067. Genetic and phenotypic study of a new gene, CLV3, shows that it acts in the same pathway as the previously described CLV1 to repress excess meristematic cell division.
12. 12. Long JA, Moan EI, Medford JI, Barton MK: A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of Arabidopsis. Nature 1996, 379:66-69. Molecular cloning of the Arabidopsis STM gene identifies it as a close relative of the maize KN1 homeobox gene, indicating that the loss-of-function phenotype of KN1 in maize might resemble stm mutant Arabidopsis and that the function of KN1 in vivo may be in meristem establishment and maintenance.
13. 13. Sinha NR, Williams RE, Hake S: Overexpression of the maize homeo box gene, KNOTTED-1, causes a switch from determinate to indeterminate cell fates. Genes Dev 1993, 7:787-795.
14. 14. Schneeberger RG, Becraft PW, Hake S, Freeling M: Ectopic expression of the knox homeo box gene ROUGH SHEATH1 alters cell fate in the maize leaf. Genes Dev 1995, 9:2292-2304. The maize ROUGH SHEATH1 gene - the dominant mutant phenotype of which is leaf cell overproliteration - was cloned and the gain-of-function phenotype was found to be caused by ectopic expression of a new KN1 relative. This implies that there is a family of plant homeobox genes with functions in cellular proliferation.
15. 15. Jackson D, Veit B, Hake S: Expression of maize knotted1 related homeobox genes in the shoot apical meristem predicts patterns of morphogenesis in the vegetative shoot. Development 1994, 120:405-413.
16. 16. Clark SE, Jacobsen SE, Levin JZ, Meyerowitz EM: The CLAVATA and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS loci competitively regulate meristem activity in Arabidopsis. Development 1996, 122:1567-1575. Arabidopsis strains with mutations in clv1 or clv3 and either a complete or partial loss-of-function allele of stm were made. The phenotypes indicate that all three genes are involved together in a collection of processes that regulate cellular proliferation in vegetative, inflorescence and floral meristems of Arabidopsis.
17. 17. Laux, T, Mayer KFX, Berger J, Jürgens G: The MUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis. Development 1996, 122:87-96. A new set of mutations that define a new Arabidopsis gene, WUSCHEL, are described. The mutant and double mutant phenotypes indicate that the product is required for sufficient numbers of cell divisions in Arabidopsis shoot and floral meristems.
18. 18. De Jong AJ, Heidstra R, Spaink HP, Hatog MV, Meijer EA, Hendriks T, Lo Schiavo F, Terzi M, Bisseling T, Van Kammen A, De Vries SC: Rhizobium lipooligosaccharides rescue a carrot somatic embryo mutant. Plant Cell 1993, 5:615-620.
19. 19. Schmidt EDL, De Jong AJ, De Vries SC: Signal molecules in plant embryogenesis. Plant Mol Biol 1994, 26:1305-1313.
20. -13M, even in the absence of auxin and cytokinin which are normally thought necessary for division of cultured cells.
21. 21. Lucas WJ, Bouché-Pillon S, Jackson DP, Nguyen L, Baker L, Ding B, Hake S: Selective trafficking of KNOTTED1 homeodomain protein and its mRNA through plasmodesmata. Science 1995, 270:1980-1983. KN1 protein injected into leaf cells migrates freely to nearby cells and can apparently carry KN1 RNA with it. The precise localization of KN1 RNA and protein in growing plants indicates that these processes do not occur - at least as freely as seen in the reported experiments - during normal plant growth.
22. 22. Hemerly A, De Almeida Engler J, Bergounieux C, Van Montagu M, Engler G, Inzé D, Ferreira P: Dominant negative mutants of the Cdc2 kinase uncouple cell division from iterative plant development. EMBO J 1995, 14:3925-3936. A dominant negative form of the Arabidopsis Cdc2a kinase gene was transformed into tobacco, causing much reduced levels of cell division. Nevertheless, near normal organogenesis occurred.
23. 23. Torres-Ruiz RA, Jürgens G: Mutations in the FASS gene uncouple pattern formation and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis development. Development 1994, 120:2967-2978.
24. 24. Traas J, Bellini C, Nacry P, Kronenberger J, Bouchez D, Caboche M: Normal differentiation patterns in plants lacking microtubular preprophase bands. Nature 1995, 375:676-677. Mutants in two Arabidopsis genes (TONNEAU1 and TONNEAU2) randomize planes of cell division; nonetheless, general organ shape and cellular differentiation resemble that seen in wild-type plants.
25. 25. Galway M, Masucci JD, Lloyd AM, Walbot V, Davis RW, Schiefelbein JW: The TTG gene is required to specify epidermal cell fate and cell patterning in the Arabidopsis root. Dev Biol 1994, 166:740-754.
26. 26. Smith LG, Hake S, Sylvester AW: The tangled-1 mutation alters cell division orientations throughout maize leaf development without altering leaf shape. Development 1996, 122:481-489. A mutation, tangled-1, that prevents normal planes of cell division in maize leaves, is described. Despite striking changes in cell division plane during leaf development, the mutant leaves are of normal shape, near normal size, and consist of normal cell types, showing that the precise pattern of cell divisions characteristic of maize leaf development is not necessary for many features of mature leaf morphology.
27. 27. Van den Berg C, Willemsen V, Hage W, Weisbeek P, Scheres B: Cell fate in the Arabidopsis root meristem determined by directional signaling. Nature 1995, 378:62-65. Laser ablations of individual cells or small groups of cells in developing Arabidopsis roots show that plant meristematic cells can be replaced by their neighbors, indicating not only remarkable plasticity but also that a cell-cell communication mechanism exists that allows cells to assay the presence or division of neighboring cells.
28. 28. Kaplan DR, Hagemann W: The relationship of cell and organism in vascular plants - are cells the building blocks of plant form? Bioscience 1991, 41:693-703.
29. 29. Green PB: Inheritance of pattern - analysis from phenotype to gene. Am Zool 1987, 27:657-673.
30. 30. Selker JML, Steucek GL, Green PB: Biophysical mechanisms for morphogenetic progressions at the shoot apex. Dev Biol 1992, 153:29-43.
31. 31. Lloyd C: Life on a different plane. Curr Biol 1995, 5:1085-1087.