CO2-enhanced diffusion of azobenzene in glassy polystyrene near the glass transition

Macromolecules

Volumn 29, Issue 17, 1996, Pages 5635-5649

  Chapman, B R ^a   Gochanour, C R ^b   Paulaitis, M E ^a,c  

^a University of Delaware   (United States)

^b DUPONT COMPANY   (United States)

^c Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AZO DYES; BENZENE; CARBON DIOXIDE; DIFFUSION; GLASS TRANSITION; MASS TRANSFER; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MOLECULES; RELAXATION PROCESSES; SOLUBILITY; TEMPERATURE;

AZOBENZENE; DIFFUSIVITY; FORCED RAYLEIGH SCATTERING; ISOMERS;

POLYSTYRENES;

EID: 0030215772     PISSN: 00249297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ma951469v     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. (a) Williams, D. F. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1981, 36, 1769.
2. (b) Paulaitis, M. E.; Krukonis, V. J.; Kurnik, R. T.; Reid, R. C. Rev. Chem. Eng. 1983, 1, 179.
3. McHugh, M. A.; Krukonis, V. J. Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Theory and Applications, 2nd Ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Boston, 1994.
4. Burgess, A. N.; Jackson, K. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1992, 46, 1395.
5. Dhalewadikar, S. V.; McHugh, M. A.; Guckes, T. L. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1987, 33, 521.
6. Hirata, Y.; Okamoto, Y. J. Microcolumn Sep. 1989, 1, 46.
7. Supercritical Fluid Processing of Food and Biomaterials; Rizvi, S. S. H., Ed.; Blackie Academic & Professional: London, 1994.
8. Berens, A. R.; Huvard, G. S.; Korsmeyer, R. W.; Kunig, F. W. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1992, 46, 231.
9. Tom, J. W.; Lim, G. B.; Debenedetti, P. G.; Prud'homme, R. K. In Supercritical Fluid Engineering Science: Fundamentals and Applications; Kiran, E., Brennecke, J. F., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
10. Howdle, S. M.; Ramsay, J. M.; Cooper, A. I. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1994, 32, 541.
11. Romack, T. J.; Maury, E. E.; DeSimone, J. M. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 912 and references therein.
12. (a) Adamsky, F. A.; Beckman, E. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 312.
13. (b) Watkins, J. J.; McCarthy, T. J. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4845.
14. (a) Shim, J. J.; Johnston, K. P. AIChE J. 1989, 35, 1097.
15. (b) Shim, J. J.; Johnston, K. P. AIChE J. 1991, 37, 607.
16. Debenedetti, P. G.; Reid, R. C. AIChE J. 1986, 32, 2034.
17. Wang, W. C.; Kramer, E. J.; Sachse, W. H. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1982, 20, 1371.
18. Chiou, J. S.; Barlow, J. W.; Paul, D. R. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1985, 30, 2633.
19. Berens, A. R.; Huvard, G. S. In Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology; Johnston, K. P., Penninger, J. M. L., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.
20. Wissinger, R. G.; Paulaitis, M. E. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1987, 25, 2497.
21. Wissinger, R. G.; Paulaitis, M. E. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1991, 29, 631.
22. Condo, P. D.; Paul, D. R.; Johnston, K. P. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 365.
23. Sefcik, M. D. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1986, 24, 957.
24. (a) Kamiya, Y.; Hirose, T.; Mizoguchi, K.; Naito, Y. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1986, 24, 1525.
25. (b) Kamiya, Y.; Hirose, T.; Mizoguchi, K.; Terada, K. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1988, 26, 1409.
26. Fleming, G. K.; Koros, W. J. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1353.
27. Dooley, K. M.; Knopf, F. C.; Becnel, J.; Caines, A. In Innovations in Supercritical Fluids: Science and Technology; Hutchenson, K. W., Foster, N. R., Eds.; American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1995.
28. Cotton, N. J.; Bartle, K. D.; Clifford, A. A.; Dowle, C. J. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1993, 48, 1607.
29. Nealey, P. F.; Cohen, R. E.; Argon, A. S. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4193.
30. Huang, W. J.; Frick, T. S.; Landry, M. R.; Lee, J. A.; Lodge, T. P.; Tirrell, M. AIChE J. 1987, 33, 573.
31. Ehlich, D.; Sillescu, H. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1600.
32. Rondelez, F. In Light Scattering in Liquids and Macromolecular Solutions; Degiorgio, V., Corti, M., Giglio, M., Eds.; Plenum: New York, 1980.
33. Bräuchle, C.; Burland, D. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1983, 22, 582.
34. Eichler, H. J.; Günter, P.; Pohl, D. W. Laser-Induced Dynamic Gratings; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1986.
35. Sillescu, H.; Ehlich, D. In Lasers in Polymer Science and Technology; Fouassier, J. P., Rabek, J. F., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1990; Vol. III, Chapter 7.
36. Miles, D. G.; Lamb, P. D.; Rhee, K. W.; Johnson, C. S., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 4815.
37. Terazima, M.; Okamoto, K.; Hirota, N. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 5188.
38. Kogelnik, H. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 1969, 48, 2909.
39. Rhee, K. W.; Gabriel, D. A.; Johnson, C. S., Jr. J. Phys. Chem. 1984, 88, 4010.
40. Wang, C. H.; Xia, J. L. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 2603.
41. Park, S.; Sung, J.; Kim, H.; Chang, T. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 7121.
42. Ross, D. L.; Blanc, J. In Techniques of Chemistry: Photochromism; Brown, G. H., Ed.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1971; Vol. III, Chapter 5.
43. Landry, M. R.; Gu, Q.; Yu, H. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 1158.
44. Lee, J.; Park, K.; Chang, T.; Jung, J. C. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 6977.
45. Hartely, G. S. J. Chem. Soc. 1938, 633.
46. (a) Eisenbach, C. D. Makromol. Chem. 1978, 179, 2489.
47. (b) Mita, I.; Horie, K.; Hirao, K. Macromolecules 1989, 22, 558.
48. Zhang, X. Q.; Wang, C. H. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1218.
49. This sample preparation method was suggested by Prof. M. D. Ediger, University of Wisconsin (private communication).
50. Lee, J.; Park, T.; Sung, J.; Park, S.; Chang, T. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 1991, 12, 569.
51. Lever, L. S.; Bradley, M. S.; Johnson, C. S., Jr. J. Magn. Reson. 1986, 68, 335.
52. (a) Lee, J. A.; Lodge, T. P. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 5546.
53. (b) Lodge, T. P.; Lee, J. A.; Frick, T. S. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1990, 28, 2607.
54. Frick, T. S.; Huang, W. J.; Tirrell, M.; Lodge, T. P. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1990, 28, 2629.
55. 2/s for the thermal diffusion coefficient.
56. Polymer Handbook, 3rd Ed.; Brandrup, J., Immergut, E. H., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 1989.
57. Moog, R. S.; Ediger, M. D.; Boxer, S. G.; Fayer, M. D. J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 4694.
58. Hyde, P. D.; Ediger, M. D. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 1036.
59. The analysis required is similar to that for rotation of anisotropic molecules within the theories of light scattering (Pecora, R.; Steele, W. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1965, 42, 1872), fluorescence depolarization (Chuang, T. J.; Eisenthal, K. B. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 57, 5094), and the transient grating technique for amplitude gratings (von Jena, A.; Lessing, H. E. Opt. Quantum Electron. 1979, 11, 419).
60. The analysis required is similar to that for rotation of anisotropic molecules within the theories of light scattering (Pecora, R.; Steele, W. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1965, 42, 1872), fluorescence depolarization (Chuang, T. J.; Eisenthal, K. B. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 57, 5094), and the transient grating technique for amplitude gratings (von Jena, A.; Lessing, H. E. Opt. Quantum Electron. 1979, 11, 419).
61. The analysis required is similar to that for rotation of anisotropic molecules within the theories of light scattering (Pecora, R.; Steele, W. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1965, 42, 1872), fluorescence depolarization (Chuang, T. J.; Eisenthal, K. B. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 57, 5094), and the transient grating technique for amplitude gratings (von Jena, A.; Lessing, H. E. Opt. Quantum Electron. 1979, 11, 419).
62. Xia, J. L.; Gong, S. S.; Wang, C. H. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 5805.
63. Zhang, J.; Wang, C. H.; Chen, Z.-X. J. Chem. Phys. 1986, 85, 5359.
64. Kim, H.; Waldow, D. A.; Han, C. C.; Tran-Cong, Q.; Yamamoto, M. Polym. Commun. 1991, 32, 108.
65. Calculated using QUANTA 2.1 (Polygen Corp., Waltham, MA). Identical relative volumes are obtained from molar volumes at 0 K calculated using standard group contribution methods (Haward, R. N. J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. 1970, C4, 191).
66. Cicerone, M. T.; Blackburn, F. R.; Ediger, M. D. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8224.
67. Ferry, J. D. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, 3rd Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1980.
68. (a) Fujita, H. Fortschr. Hochpolym. Forsch. 1961, 3, 1.
69. (b) Vrentas, J. S.; Duda, J. L. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1977, 15, 403, 417.
70. Sefcik, M. D.; Schaefer, J. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 1983, 21, 1055.
71. Smith, P. B.; Moll, D. J. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3250.
72. Dote, J. L.; Kivelson, D.; Schwartz, R. N. J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 2169.
73. Lodge, T. P. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 1480.
74. Gissler, D. J.; Johnson, B. S.; Ediger, M. D.; von Meerwall, E. D. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 512.
75. Floudas, G.; Steffen, W.; Fischer, E. W.; Brown, W. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 99, 695.
76. Ngai, K. L.; Rizos, A. K. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 4493.
77. g (Zhang, J.; Wang, C. H. Macromolecules 1988, 27, 1811), which contrasts the behavior for TCP despite the similar size of the two molecules.
78. Hartley, G. S.; Le Fèvre, R. J. W. J. Chem. Soc. 1939, 531.
79. Deschamps, H.; Leger, L. Macromolecules 1986, 79, 2760.
80. Köhler, W. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 660.
81. Konak, C.; Brown, W. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 9014.
82. Chapman, B. R. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 1996.
83. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 65th Ed.; Weast, R. C., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1984.
84. Experimental data from G. Dee, DuPont (personal communication).