Use of remote sensing for evapotranspiration monitoring over land surfaces;Utilisation de la télédétection pour le suivi de l'évapotranspiration sur les terres

Hydrological Sciences Journal

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 495-516

  Kustas, W P ^a   Norman, J M ^b  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; REMOTE SENSING; STATISTICAL METHODS; WEATHER SATELLITES;

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MONITORING;

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION;

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; MONITORING; REMOTE SENSING; SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

EID: 0030208596     PISSN: 02626667     EISSN: 21503435     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02626669609491522     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Anderson, M. C., Norman, J. M., Diak, G. R., Kustas, W. P., and Mecikalski, J. R., 1996. “ A two-source time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes from thermal infrared satellite observations. ”. In Remote Sens. Environ. (Accepted)
2. André, J. C., Goutorbe, J. P., and Perrier, A., 1986. HAPEX-MOBILHY:A hydrologic atmospheric experiment for the study of water budget and evaporation flux at the climatic scale. Bull. Am. Met. Soc, 67:138–144.
3. Becker, F., and Li, Z. L., 1990. Towards a local split window method over land surfaces. Int. J. Remote Sens, 11:369–393.
4. Bougeault, P., Noilhan, J., Lacarrer, P., and Mascart, P., 1991. An experiment with an advanced surface parameterization in a mesobeta-scale model. Part I:Implementation. Mon. Weath. Rev, 119:2358–2373.
5. Brunet, Y., Nunez, M., and Lagouarde, J.-P., 1991. A simple method for estimating regional evapotranspiration from infrared surface temperature data. ISPRS J. Photogram. Remote Sens, 46:311–327.
6. Brutsaert, W., 1982. Evaporation into the Atmosphere. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:Reidel.
7. Brutsaert, W., and Sugita, M., 1991. A bulk similarity approach in the atmospheric boundary layer using radiometric skin temperature to determine regional fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 55:1–23.
8. Brutsaert, W., and Sugita, M., 1992. Application of self-preservation in the diurnal evolution of the surface energy budget to determine daily evaporation. J. Geophys. Res, 97:18377–18382. (D17)
9. Brutsaert, W., Hsu, A. Y., and Schmugge, T. J., 1993. Parameterization of surface heat fluxes above a forest with satellite thermal sensing and boundary layer soundings. J. Appl. Met, 32:909–917.
10. Camillo, P., 1989. Estimating soil surface temperatures from profile temperature and flux measurements. Soil Sci, 148:233–243.
11. Camillo, P. J., Gurney, R. J., and Schmugge, T. J., 1983. A soil and atmospheric boundary layer model for evapotranspiration and soil moisture studies. Wat. Resour. Res, 19:371–380.
12. Campbell, G. S., 1985. Soil Physics with Basic. New York, USA:Elsevier.
13. Carlson, T. N., Dodd, J. K., Benjamin, S. G., and Cooper, J. N., 1981. Satellite estimation of the surface energy balance, moisture availability and thermal inertial. J. Appl. Met, 20:67–87.
14. Carlson, T. N., and Buffum, M. J., 1989. On estimating total daily evapotranspiration from remote surface measurements. Remote Sens. Environ, 29:197–207.
15. Carlson, T. N., Perry, E. M., and Schmugge, T. J., 1990. Remote estimation of soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields. Agric. For. Met, 52:45–69.
16. Carlson, T. N., Gillies, R. R., and Perry, E. M., 1994. A method to make use of thermal infrared temperature and NDVI measurements to infer soil water content and fractional vegetation cover. Remote Sens. Rev, 52:45–59.
17. Carlson, T. N., Capehart, W. J., and Gillies, R. R., 1995. A new look at the simplified method for remote sensing of daily evapotranspiration. Remote Sens. Environ, 54:161–167.
18. Chanzy, A., and Kustas, W. P., 1994. “ Evaporation monitoring over land surface using microwave radiometry. ”. In ESA/NASA International Workshop Edited by:Choudhury, B. J., Kerr, Y. H., Njoku, E. G., and Pampaloni, P., 531–550. Utrecht, The Netherlands:VSP.
19. Choudhury, B. J., 1991. Multispectral satellite data in the context of land surface heat balance. Rev. Geophys, 29:217–236.
20. Choudhury, B. J., 1994. Synergism of multispectral satellite observations for estimating regional land surface evaporation. Remote Sens. Environ, 49:264–274.
21. Choudhury, B. J., Reginato, J. R., and Idso, S. B., 1986. An analysis of infrared temperature observations over wheat and calculation of latent heat flux. Agric. For. Met, 37:75–88.
22. Choudhury, B. J., Idso, S. B., and Reginato, J. R., 1987. Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy balance equation. Agric. For. Met, 39:283–297.
23. Choudhury, B. J., Ahmed, N. U., Idso, S. B., Reginato, R. J., and Daughtry, C. S. T., 1994. Relations between evaporation coefficients and vegetation indices studied by model simulations. Remote Sens. Environ, 50:1–17.
24. Clothier, B. E., Clawson, K. L., Pinter, P. J., Jr., Moran, M. S., Reginato, R. J., and Jackson, R. D., 1986. Estimation of soil heat flux from net radiation during the growth of alfalfa. Agr. Forest Met, 37:319–329.
25. Crosson, W. L., Smith, E. A., and Cooper, H. J., 1993. Estimation of surface heat and moisture fluxes over a prairie grassland. 4:Impact of satellite remote sensing of slow canopy variables on performance of a hybrid biosphere model. J. Geophys. Res, 98:4979–4999. (D3)
26. Darnell, W. L., Staylor, W. F., Gupta, S. K., Ritchey, N. A., and Wilber, A. C., 1992. Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project C1 data. J. Geophys. Res, 97 (15):741–760.
27. Daughtry, C. S. T., Kustas, W. P., Moran, M. S., Pinter, P. J., Jr., Jackson, R. D., Brown, P. W., Nichols, W. D., and Gay, L. W., 1990. Spectral estimates of net radiation and soil heat flux. Remote Sens. Environ, 32:111–124.
28. Diak, G. R., 1990. Evaluation of heat flux, moisture flux and aerodynamic roughness at the land surface from knowledge of the PBL height and satellite-derived skin temperatures. Agric. For. Met, 52:181–198.
29. Diak, G. R., and Whipple, M. A., 1993. Improvements to models and methods for evaluating the land-surface energy balance and “effective” roughness using radiosonde reports and satellite-measured “skin” temperatures. Agric. For. Met, 63:189–218.
30. Diak, G. R., Scheuer, C. J., Whipple, M. S., and Smith, W. L., 1994. Remote sensing of land-surface energy balance using data from the high-resolution interferometer sounder (HIS):A simulation study. Remote Sens. Environ, 48:106–118.
31. Diak, G. R., Rabin, R. M., Gallo, K. P., and Neale, C. M., 1995. Regional-scale comparisons of NDVI, soil moisture indices from surface and microwave data and surface energy budgets evaluated from satellite and in-situ data. Remote Sens. Rev, 12:355–382.
32. Engman, E. T., 1991. Applications of microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for water resources and agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ, 35:213–226.
33. Friedl, M. A., and Davis, F. W., 1994. Sources of variation in radiative surface temperature over a tall grass prairie. Remote Sens. Environ, 48:1–17.
34. Gillies, R. R., and Carlson, T. N., 1995. Thermal remote sensing of surface soil water content with partial vegetation cover for incorporation into climate models. J. Appl. Met, 34:745–756.
35. Gillies, R. R., Cui, J., Carlson, T. N., Kustas, W. P., and Humes, K. S., 1996. “ Verification of a method for obtaining surface soil water content and energy fluxes from remote measurements of NDVI and surface radiant temperature. ”. In Int. J. Remote Sens. (In review).
36. Goward, S., Cruickshanks, G. D., and Hope, A., 1985. Observed relation between thermal emission and reflected spectral radiance of a complex vegetated landscape. Remote Sens. Environ, 18:137–146.
37. Goward, S. N., and Hope, A. S., 1989. Evapotranspiration from combined reflected solar and emitted terrestrial radiation:Preliminary FIFE results from AVHRR data. Adv. Space Res, 9:239–249.
38. Hall, F. G., Huemmrich, K. F., Geotz, S. J., Sellers, P. J., and Nickerson, J. E., 1992. Satellite remote sensing of surface energy balance:success, failures and unresolved issues in FIFE. J. Geophys. Res, 97:19061–19090. (D17)
39. Harshvardhan, Randall D.A., and Dazlich, D. A., 1990. Relationship between the longwave cloud radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere. J. Clim, 3:1435–1443.
40. Hope, A. S., Petzold, D. E., Goward, S. N., and Ragan, R. M., 1986. Simulated relationships between spectral reflectance, thermal emissions, and evapotranspiration of a soybean canopy. Wat. Resour. Bull, 22:1011–1019.
41. Hope, A. S., and McDowell, T. P., 1992. The relationship between surface temperature and a spectral vegetation index of a tallgrass prairie:effects of burning and other landscape controls. Int. J. Remote Sens, 13:2849–2863.
42. Huband, N. D. S., and Monteith, J. L., 1986. Radiative surface temperature and energy balance of a wheat canopy. Part I:Comparison of radiative and aerodynamic canopy temperature. Boundary-Layer Met, 36:1–17.
43. Huete, A. R., 1988. A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sens. Environ, 27:47–57.
44. Humes, K. S., Kustas, W. P., and Schmugge, T. J., 1995. “ Effects of soil moisture and spatial resolution on the surface temperature/vegetation index relationships for a semiarid watershed. ”. In Preprints AMS Conf. on Hydrology. (Dallas, Texas, USA) 147–151.
45. Jackson, R. D., 1981. “ Canopy temperature and crop water stress. ”. In Advances in Irrigation Edited by:Hillel, D., 43–85. New York, USA:Academic Press. Vol 1
46. Jackson, R. D., Reginato, R. J., and Idso, S. B., 1977. Wheat canopy temperature:A practical tool for evaluating water requirements. Wat. Resour. Res, 13:651–656.
47. Jackson, R. D., Hatfield, J. L., Reginato, R. J., Idso, S. B., and Pinter, P. J., Jr. 1983. Estimates of daily evapotranspiration from one time of day measurements. Agr. Water Mgmt, 7:351–362.
48. Jackson, R. D., Moran, M. S., Gay, L. W., and Raymond, L. H., 1987. Evaluating evaporation from field crops using airborne radiometry and ground-based meteorological data. Irrig. Sci., 8:81–90.
49. Jackson, T. J., O'Neill, P. E., Kustas, W. P., Bennett, E., and Swift, C. T., 1995. “ Passive microwave observation of diurnal soil moisture at 1.4 and 2.65 Ghz. ”. In Proc. 1995 Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp. IEEE 492–494. I
50. Kaufman, Y. J., 1989. “ The atmospheric effect on remote sensing and its corrections. ”. In Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing Edited by:Asrar, G., New York, USA:Wiley.
51. Kohsiek, W., De Bruin, H. A. R., The, H., and van den Hurk, B., 1993. Estimation of the sensible heat flux of semi-arid area using surface radiative temperature measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 63:213–230.
52. Kustas, W. P., 1990. Estimates of evapotranspiration with a one- and two-layer model of heat transfer over partial canopy cover. J. Appl. Met, 29:704–715.
53. Kustas, W. P., 1995. “ Recent advances associated with large scale field experiments in hydrology. ”. In Rev. of Geophys. Suppl. 959–965.
54. Kustas, W. P., Choudhury, B. J., Moran, M. S., Reginato, R. J., Jackson, R. D., Gay, L. W., and Weaver, H. L., 1989. Determination of sensible heat flux over sparse canopy using thermal infrared data. Agric. For. Met, 44:197–216.
55. Kustas, W. P., Daughtry, C. S. T., and van Oevelen, P. J., 1993a. Analytical treatment of the relationships between soil heat flux/net radiation ratio and vegetation indices. Remote Sens. Environ, 46:319–330.
56. Kustas, W. P., Schmugge, T. J., Humes, K. S., Jackson, T. J., Parry, R., Weltz, M. A., and Moran, M. S., 1993b. Relationships between evaporative fraction and remotely sensed vegetation index and microwave brightness temperature for semiarid rangelands. J. Appl. Met, 32:1781–1790.
57. Kustas, W. P., and Goodrich, D. C., 1994. Preface to Monsoon '90 Special Section. Wat. Resour. Res, 30:1211–1225.
58. Kustas, W. P., Perry, E. M., Doraiswamy, P. C., and Moran, M. S., 1994a. Using satellite remote sensing to extrapolate evapotranspiration estimates in time and space over a semiarid rangeland basin. Remote Sens. Environ, 49:275–286.
59. Kustas, W. P., Pinker, R. T., Schmugge, T. J., and Humes, K. S., 1994b. Daytime net radiation estimated for a semiarid rangeland basin from remotely sensed data. Agric. For. Met, 71:337–357.
60. Lagouarde, J.-P., 1991. Use of NOAA AVHRR data combined with an agrometeorological model for evaporation mapping. Int. J. Remote Sens, 12:1853–1864.
61. Lagouarde, J.-P., and McAneney, K. J., 1992. Daily sensible heat flux estimation from a single measurement of surface temperature and maximum air temperature. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 59:341–362.
62. Lhomme, J.-P., Monteny, B., and Amadou, M., 1994. Estimating sensible heat flux from radiometric temperature over sparse millet. Agric. For. Met, 68:77–91.
63. Loague, K. M., and Freeze, R. A., 1985. A comparison of rainfall runoff modeling techniques on small upland watersheds. Wat. Resour. Res, 21:229–248.
64. MacFarland, M. J., Miller, R. I., and Neale, C. M. U., 1990. Land surface temperature derived from SSM/I passive microwave brightness temperatures. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, 28:839–845.
65. McNaughton, K. G., and Van den Hurk, B. J.J.M., 1995. A ‘Lagrangian’ revision of the resistors in the two-layer model for calculating the energy budget of a plant canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteor, 74:262–288.
66. Monteith, J. L., 1988. Does transpiration limit the growth of vegetation or vice versa?. J. Hydrol, 100:57–68.
67. Moran, M. S., Jackson, R. D., Raymond, L. H., Gay, L. W., and Slater, P. N., 1989. Mapping surface energy balance components by combining LANDSAT Thematic Mapper and ground-based meteorological data. Remote Sens. Environ, 30:77–87.
68. Moran, M. S., Clarke, T. R., Inoue, Y., and Vidal, A., 1994. Estimating crop water deficit using the relation between surface-air temperature and spectral vegetation index. Remote Sens. Environ, 49:246–263.
69. Moran, M. S., Rahman, A. F., Washburne, J. C., Goodrich, D. C., Weltz, M. A., and Kustas, W. P., 1995. “ Combining Penman-Monteith equation with measurements of surface temperature and reflectance to estimate evaporation rates from semiarid grassland. Accepted ”. In Agric. For. Met.
70. Moran, M. S., Vidal, A., Troufleau, D., Qi, J., Clarke, T. R., Pinter, P. J., Jr, Mitchell, T., Inoue, Y., and Neale, C. M. U., 1996. Combining multifrequency microwave and optical data for farm management. (In preparation).
71. Nemani, R. R., and Running, S. W., 1989. Estimation of regional surface resistance to evapotranspiration from NDVI and thermal-IR AVHRR data. J. Appl. Met, 28:276–284.
72. Nemani, R., Pierce, L., Running, S., and Goward, S., 1993. Developing satellite derived estimates of surface moisture status. J. Appl. Met, 32:548–557.
73. Nie, D., Kanemasu, E. T., Fritschen, L. J., Weaver, H. L., Smith, E. A., Verma, S. B., Field, R. T., Kustas, W. P., and Stewart, J. B., 1992. An intercomparison of surface energy flux measurement systems during FIFE 1987. J. Geophys. Res, 97:18715–18724. (D17)
74. Nieuwenhuis, G. J. A., Schmidt, E. A., and Tunnissen, H. A. M., 1985. Estimation of regional evapotranspiration of arable crops from thermal infrared images. Int. J. Remote Sens, 6:1319–1334.
75. Njoku, E., 1994. “ Surface temperature estimation over land using satellite microwave radiometry. ”. In ESA/NASA International Workshop Edited by:Choudhury, B. J., Kerr, Y. H., Njoku, E. G., and Pampaloni, P., 509–530. Utrecht, The Netherlands:VSP.
76. Norman, J. M., and Becker, F., 1995. Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces. Remote Sens. Rev, 12:159–173.
77. Norman, J. M., and Divakarla, M., 1995. “ Scaling carbon, water and energy fluxes from 30 m to 15 km. ”. In Agronomy Abst., 22. Madison, Wisconsin, USA:Amer. Soc. Agronomy.
78. Norman, J. M., Divakarla, M., and Goel, N. S., 1995a. Algorithms for extracting information from remote thermal-IR observations of the Earth's surface. Remote Sens. Environ, 51:157–168.
79. Norman, J. M., Kustas, W. P., and Humes, K. S., 1995b. A two-source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes from observations of directional radiometric surface temperature. Agric. For. Met, 77:263–293.
80. Ottlé, C., and Vidal-Madjar, D., 1994. Assimilation of soil moisture inferred from infrared remote sensing in a hydrological model over the HAPEX-MOBILHY region. J. Hydrol, 158:241–264.
81. Owe, M., and van de Griend, A. A., 1990. Daily surface moisture model for large area semiarid land application with limited climate data. J. Hydrol, 121:119–132.
82. Perry, E. M., and Moran, M. S., 1994. An evaluation of atmospheric corrections of radiometric surface temperatures for a semiarid rangeland watershed. Wat. Resour. Res, 30:1261–1269.
83. Pinker, R. T., and Tarpley, J. D., 1988. The relationship between the planetary and surface net radiation:an update. J. Appl. Met, 27:957–964.
84. Pinker, R. T., Kustas, W. P., Laszlo, I., Moran, M. S., and Huete, A. R., 1994. Satellite surface radiation budgets on basin scale in semi-arid regions. Wat. Resour. Res, 30:1375–1386.
85. Pinker, R. T., Frovin, R., and Li, Z., 1995. A review of satellite methods to derive surface shortwave irradiance. Remote Sens. Environ, 51:108–124.
86. Prévot, L., Brunet, K. T., Paw, U., and Seguin, B., 1994. “ Canopy modelling for estimating sensible heat flux from thermal infrared measurements. ”. In Proc. Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing of the Energy and Water Balance over Vegetation in Conjunction with Other Sensors, (La Londe Les Maures, France) 17–26.
87. Price, J. C., 1980. The potential of remotely sensed thermal infrared data to infer surface soil moisture and evaporation. Wat. Resour. Res, 16:787–795.
88. Price, J. C., 1982. Estimation of regional scale evaporation through analysis of satellite thermal-infrared data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, GE-20:286–292.
89. Price, J. C., 1989. “ Quantitative aspects of remote sensing in the thermal infrared. ”. In Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing Edited by:Asrar, G., 578–603. New York:Wiley. USA
90. Price, J. C., 1990. Using spatial context in satellite data to infer regional scale evapotranspiration. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, GE-28:940–948.
91. Rabin, R. M., Stadler, S., Wetzel, P. J., Stensrud, D. J., and Gregory, M., 1990. Observed effects of landscape variability on convective clouds. Bull. Amer. Meter. Soc, 71:272–280.
92. Sato, N., Sellers, P. J., Randall, E. K., Schneider, J., Shukla, J., Kinter, J. L., III, Hou, Y.-T., and Albertazzi, E., 1989. Effects of implementing the simple biosphere model (Sib) in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci, 46 (18):2757–2782.
93. Segal, M., and Arritt, R. W., 1992. Nonclassical mesoscale circulations caused by surface sensible heat-flux gradients. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc, 73:1593–1604.
94. Seguin, B., and Itier, B., 1983. Using midday surface temperature to estimate daily evaporation from satellite thermal IR data. Int. J. Remote Sens, 4:371–383.
95. Seguin, B., Assad, E., Freaud, J. P., Imbernon, J., Kerr, Y. H., and Lagouarde, J. P., 1989. Use of meteorological satellites for rainfall and evaporation monitoring. Int. J. Remote Sens, 10:847–854.
96. Seguin, B., Lagouarde, J.-P., and Saranc, M., 1991. The assessment of regional crop water conditions from meteorological satellite thermal infrared data. Remote Sens. Environ, 35:141–148.
97. Sellers, P. J., Hall, F. G., Asrar, G., Strebel, D. E., and Murphy, R. E., 1988. The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull. Am. Met. Soc, 69:22–27.
98. Sellers, P. J., Rasool, S. I., and Bolle, H.-J., 1990. A review of satellite data algorithms for studies of the land surface. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc, 71:1429–1447.
99. 2) length scales. J. Geophys. Res, 97:19033–19059. (D17)
100. Sellers, P. J., Meeson, B. W., Hall, F. G., Asrar, G., Murphy, R. E., Schiffer, R. A., Bremerton, F. P., Dickinson, R. E., Ellingson, R. G., Field, C. B., Huemmrich, K. F., Justice, C. O., Melack, J. M., Roulet, N. T., Schimel, D. S., and Try, P. D., 1995. Remote sensing of the land surface for studies of global change:Models—algorithms—experiments. Remote Sens. Environ, 51:1–17.
101. Smith, R. C. G., and Choudhury, B. J., 1991. Analysis of normalized difference and surface temperature observations over southeastern Australia. Int. J. Remote Sens, 12:2021–2044.
102. Soer, G. J. R., 1980. Estimation of regional evapotranspiration and soil moisture conditions using remotely sensed crop surface temperatures. Remote Sens. Environ, 9:27–45.
103. Stewart, J. B., Kustas, W. P., Humes, K. S., Nichols, W. D., Moran, M. S., and de Bruin, H. A. R., 1994. Sensible heat flux-radiometric surface temperature relationship for eight semiarid areas. J. Appl. Met, 33:1110–1117.
104. Sugita, M., and Brutsaert, W., 1990. Regional surface fluxes from remotely sensed skin temperature and lower boundary layer meaurements. Wat. Resour. Res, 26:2937–2944.
105. Sugita, M., and Brutsaert, W., 1991. Daily evaporation over a region from lower boundary layer profiles. Wat. Resour. Res, 27:747–752.
106. Sun, J., and Mahrt, L., 1995. Determination of surface fluxes from the surface radiative temperature. J. Atmos. Sci, 52:1096–1106.
107. Taconet, O., Carlson, T., Bernard, R., and Vidal-Madjar, D., 1986. Evaluation of a surface/vegetation parameterization using satellite measurements of surface temperature. J. Clim. Appl. Met, 25:1752–1767.
108. Taconet, O., and Vidal-Madjar, D., 1988. Applications of a flux algorithm to a field—satellite campaign over vegetated area. Remote Sens. Environ, 26:227–239.
109. Thunnissen, H. A. M., and Nieuwenhuis, G. J. A., 1990. A simplified method to estimate regional 24-h evapotranspiration from thermal infrared data. Remote Sens. Environ, 31:211–225.
110. Troufleau, D., Vidal, A., Beaudoin, A., Moran, M. S., Weltz, M. A., Goodrich, D. C., Washburn, J., and Rahman, A. F., 1994. “ Using optical-microwave synergy for estimating surface energy fluxes over semi-arid rangeland. ”. In Proc. Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, (Val d'lsere, France) 1167–1174.
111. −1 a relevant parameter?
112. Wetherald, R. T., and Manabe, S., 1988. Cloud feedback processes in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci, 45:1397–1415.
113. Wetzel, P. J., Atlas, D., and Woodward, R., 1984. Determining soil moisture from geosynchronous satellite infrared data:A feasibility study. J. Clim. Appl. Met, 23:375–391.
114. Zhan, X., Kustas, W. P., and Humes, K. S., 1995. “ An intercomparison study on models of sensible heat flux over partial canopy surfaces with remotely sensed surface temperature. ”. In Remote Sens. Environ. (In press).
115. Zhang, L., and Lemeur, R., 1995. Evaluation of daily evapotranspiration estimates from instantaneous measurements. Agric. For. Met, 74:139–154.