Why are there so many and so few white flowers?

Trends in Plant Science

Volumn 1, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 252-284

  Kevan, Peter ^a   Giurfa, Martin ^b   Chittka, Lars ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

^b FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^c STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; HEXAPODA; INSECTA;

EID: 0030206967     PISSN: 13601385     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/1360-1385(96)20008-1     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Faegri, K. and van der Pijl, L.(1979) The Principles of Pollination Ecology (3rd edn), Fergomon Press
2. Butler, C.G. (1951) The importance of perfume in the discovery of food by the worker honey-bee (Apis mellifera L. l, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 133, 403-413
3. Chittka, L. and Menzel, R. ( 1992) The evolutionary adaptation of flower colors and the insect pollinators' color vision, J. Comp. Physiol. Ser. A 171, 171-181
4. Kevan, P. (1978) Floral coloration, its colorimetric analysis and significance in anthecolcgy, in The Pollination of Flowers by Insects (Richards, A.J., ed.), pp. 51-78, Academic Press
5. Kevan, P. ( 1983) Floral colours through the insect eye: what they are and what they mean, in Handbook of Experimental Polination Biology (jones, C.E and Little, RJ., eds), pp 3-30, Scientific and Academic Editions
6. Wehner, R. ( 1981) Spatial vision in arthropods, in Handbook of Sensory Physiology (VD/6C) (Autrum, HJ., ed.), pp. 287-616, Springer
7. Mensel R. and Backhaus, W. (1991)Colour vision in insects, in The Perception of Colour (Vision and Visual Dysfunction, Vol 6) (Gouras, P., ed.), pp. 262-293, Macmillan
8. Rosen, D. and Barthlott, W. (1991) Ökologische Aspekte der Ultraviolett-Reflexion Eifel, Decheniana 144, 72-112
9. Ksvan, P.G. (1979) Vegelation and floral colors revealed by ultraviolet light: significance, Am. J. Bot. 66, 749-751
10. Daumer, K. (1958) Blumenfarben wie sie die Bienen sehen, Z. Vgl Physiol. 41, 49-110
11. Kugler, H. ( 1963) UV-Musterungen auf Bl̈uten und ihr Zustandekommen, Planta 59, 296-325
12. Kevan, P. (1972) Floral colours in the High Arctic with reference to insect-flower relations and pollination. Can. J. Bot. 50, 2289-2316
13. Menzel, R. and Shmida. A. (1993) The ecology of flower colours and the natural colour vision of insect pollinators: the Israeli flora as a study case, Biol. Rev. 68, 81-120
14. Chittka, L. et al. ( 1994 ) Ultraviolet as a companent of flower reflections, and the colour preception of Hymenjoptera, Vis. Res. 11, 1489-1508
15. Lotmar, R. (1933) Neue Untersuchungen über den Farbensinn der Bienen mit. besonderer Berücksichtigung des Ultravioletts, Z. Vgl. Physiol. 19, 673-723
16. Scogm. R. (1883) Visible florol pigments and pollinators, in Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology (Janes, C.E. and Little, Rs., eds), pp. 160-172, Scientific and Academic Editions
17. Weevers, T. (1952) Flower colours and their frequency, Acta Bat. Neerl 1, 81-92
18. Burkhardt, D. (1982) Birds, berries and UV: a note on some consequences of UV vision in birds, Naturwissenschaften 69, 153-157
19. Backhaus, W. and Menzel. R. (1987) Color distance derived fiom a receptor model for color vision in the honeybee, Biol. Cybern. 55. 321-331
20. White, R. et al. (1994) Wavelength discrimination and the role of ultraviolet vision in the feeding behavior of hawkmoths, Biutropica 26, 427-435
21. Wyszecki, G. and Stiles, W.S. (1982) Color Science: Concepts and Methods. Quantitative Data and Formulae, Wiley
22. Hertz, M, (1937) Versuche über das Farbensystem der Bienen, Naturwissenschaften 25, 492-493
23. Hertz, M. (1937) Beitrage zum Farbensinn und Forracnsian der Biene. Z, Vgl. Physiol. 24, 413-421
24. Engländer, H. (1941) Die Bedeutung der weißen Farbe fiir die Orientierung der Bienen am Stand, Arch. Bienenkde 22, 516-549
25. Menzel, EL (1967) Untersuchujigen zum Erlernen van Spektralfarben durch die Honigbiene (Apis mellifica). Z. Vgl. Physiol. 56, 22-62
26. von Heiversen, O. (1972) Zur spektralen Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit der Honigbiene, J. Comp. Physiol. 80, 439-472
27. Badthaus, W. (1991) Colaropponentcoding in the visual system of the honeybee, Vis. Res. 31, 1381-1397
28. Chittka, L. et al. (1992) Opponent coding is a universal strategy to evaluate the photoreceptor inputs in Hymenoptera, J. Comp, Physiol. Ser. A 170, 545-563
29. Brandt, R. et al. (1993) Simulation of threshold spectral sensitivity according to the color theory for the honeybee, in Gene-Brnin-Bekaoiour (Heisenberg, M. and Elsner, N., eds), p. 374, Thieme
30. Troje, N. (1993) Spectral categories in the learning behaviour of blowflies, Z. Naturforsch. Ser. C48, 96-104
31. Lehrer, M. (1993) Parallel processing of motion, honeybee, in Sensory Systems of Arthropods (Wiese, K. et al., eda), pp. 266-272, Birkhäuser
32. Lehrer, M. (1994) Spatial visian in the honeybee: the use of different cues in different tasks, Vis. Res. 34, 2363-2365
33. Lehrer, M. et al. 1988) Motion cues provide the bee's visual world with a third dimension, Nature 332, 356-357
34. Srinivasan,M. et al. (1992) Range perception through apparent image speed in freely flying honeybees, Visual Neurosci. 6, 519-535
35. Lehrer, M. et al. ( 1990) Visual edge detection in the honeybee and its spectral properties, Proc. R. Sac. London Ser. B 238, 321-330
36. Krantz, D.H. 11972) Visual scaling, in Handbook of Sensory Physiology (Vol. VII/4) (Jameson, D. and Hurvich, L.M., eds), pp. 660-689, Springer
37. Giuifa, M, et al. (1996) Detection of coloured stimuli by honeybees: minimum visual angles and receptor specific contracte, J. Comp. Physiol. Ser. A178,699-709
38. Giurfa, M. et al. ( 1995) Color and angular orientation in the discrimination of bilateral symmetric patterns in the honeybee, Naturwissenschaften 82,198-201
39. Hertz, M. (1929) Die Organisation des optischen Feldes bei der Biene, I, Z. Vgl. Pkysid, 8,693-748
40. Wehner, R. (1972) Doreoventral asymmetry in the visual Seid of the bec, Apis mellifiea, J. Camp. Physiol. 77,265-277
41. Maller, A.P. and Eriksson, M. (1994) Patterns of fluctuating asymmetry in flowers: implications for sexual selection in plants, J. Evul. Bid. 7, 97-113
42. Giurfa, M. et at. Symmetry perception in an insect, Nature (in press)
43. Maller, A.P. (1995) Bumblebee preference for symmetrical Dowers, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 2288-2292
44. Chittka, L (1992) The colour hexagun: a chromatitity diagram based on phatoreceptor excitations as a generalized representation of colour opponency, J. Comp, Physiol. Ser, A 170, 533-543