New strategies for the design of chiral polymers by learning from the self-assembly of viruses

American Chemical Society, Polymer Preprints, Division of Polymer Chemistry

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 477-479

  Percec, Virgil ^a   Schlueter, Douglas ^a   Johansson, Gary ^a   Ronda, Joan C ^a   Ungar, Goran ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFORMATIONS; ELECTROSTATICS; IONIC STRENGTH; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; PH EFFECTS; PROTEINS; VIRUSES; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

CHIRAL POLYMERS; SELF ASSEMBLY VIRUSES; TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (TMV);

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS;

EID: 0030204839     PISSN: 00323934     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. V. Percec, Pure Appl. Chem., 67, 2031 (1995).
2. V. Percec, P. Chu, G. Ungar and J. Zhou, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 11441 (1995) and references there in.
3. (a) A. J. Levine, Viruses, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1992;
4. (b) A. Klug, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 22, 565 (1983).
5. D. L. D. Caspar, Biophys. J. 32, 103 (1980).
6. J. L. Lindsey, New J. Chem. 15, 153 (1991).
7. G. M. Whitesides, J. P. Mathias, C. T. Seto, Science 254, 1312 (1991).
8. V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994).
9. D. L. D. Caspar, and G. Stubbs, in Current Communications in Molecular Biology, H. D. Robertson, S. H. Howell, M. Zaitlin, R. L. Malonbry, Eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1983, p. 88.
10. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
11. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
12. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
13. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
14. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
15. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
16. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
17. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
18. For the first series of experiment which concluded that polymers containing tapered side groups generated from monodendrons produce tubular architectures see: (a) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 30(2), 450 (1989); (b) V. Percec, and J. Heck, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Ckem., 29, 591 (1991); (c) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 24, 255 (1990); (d) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 55 (1991); (e) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(1), 263 (1991); (f) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 32(3), 698 (1991); (g) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Polym. Bull., 25, 431 (1991); (h) V. Percec, and J. Heck, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Polym. Chem. Polym. Prepr., 33(1), 698 (1992); (i) V. Percec, J. Heck, and G. Ungar, Macromolecules, 24, 4957 (1991).
19. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
20. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
21. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
22. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
23. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
24. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
25. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
26. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
27. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
28. For selected publications on the rational design and self-assembly of taper shaped groups and of the polymers containing tapered side groups see: (a) V. Percec, M. Lee, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, G. Ungar, and A. Alarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 931 (1992); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, M. Lee, G. Ungar, and A. Alvarez-Castillo, J. Mater. Chem., 2, 1033 (1992); (c) V. Percec, G. Johansson, J. Heck, G. Ungar, and S. V. Batty, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1411 (1993); (d) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and D. Abramic, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 447 (1994); (e) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, F. Falkenberg, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2799, (1993); (f) V. Percec, J. Heck, D. Tomazos, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 2381 (1993); (g) V. Percec, D. Tomazos, J. Heck, H. Blackwell, and G. Ungar, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 31 (1994); (h) D. Tomazos, G. Out, J. A. Heck, G. Johansson, V. Percec, and M. Möller, Liq. Cryst., 16, 509 (1994); (i) V. Percec, D. Schlueter, Y. K. Kwon, J. Blackwell, M. Moeller, and P. Slangen, Macromolecules, 28, 8807 (1995); (j) G. Johansson, V. Percec, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules. 29, 646 (1996).
29. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled by tapered building blocks, see: (a) Y. K. Kwon, S. Chvalun, A.-I. Schneider, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 27, 6129 (1994); (b) Y. K. Kwon, C. Danko, S. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, J. Heck, and V. Percec, Macromol. Symp., 87, 103 (1994); (c) Y. K. Kwon, S. N. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 28, 1552 (1995).
30. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled by tapered building blocks, see: (a) Y. K. Kwon, S. Chvalun, A.-I. Schneider, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 27, 6129 (1994); (b) Y. K. Kwon, C. Danko, S. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, J. Heck, and V. Percec, Macromol. Symp., 87, 103 (1994); (c) Y. K. Kwon, S. N. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 28, 1552 (1995).
31. For publications on the structural characterization of the supramolecular tubular architectures self-assembled by tapered building blocks, see: (a) Y. K. Kwon, S. Chvalun, A.-I. Schneider, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 27, 6129 (1994); (b) Y. K. Kwon, C. Danko, S. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, J. Heck, and V. Percec, Macromol. Symp., 87, 103 (1994); (c) Y. K. Kwon, S. N. Chvalun, J. Blackwell, V. Percec, and J. Heck, Macromolecules, 28, 1552 (1995).
32. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups see: (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994); (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1719 (1994); (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994); (e) V. Percec, and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995); (f) V. Percec , G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 101, 43 (1996).
33. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups see: (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994); (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1719 (1994); (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994); (e) V. Percec, and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995); (f) V. Percec , G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 101, 43 (1996).
34. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups see: (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994); (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1719 (1994); (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994); (e) V. Percec, and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995); (f) V. Percec , G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 101, 43 (1996).
35. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups see: (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994); (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1719 (1994); (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994); (e) V. Percec, and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995); (f) V. Percec , G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 101, 43 (1996).
36. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups see: (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994); (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1719 (1994); (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994); (e) V. Percec, and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995); (f) V. Percec , G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 101, 43 (1996).
37. For some recent reviews on the self-assembly of taper shaped groups see: (a) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 77, 237 (1994); (b) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1031 (1994); (c) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, J. Macromol. Sci.-Pure Appl. Chem., A31, 1719 (1994); (d) V. Percec, J. Heck, G. Johansson, D. Tomazos, M. Kawasumi, P. Chu, and G. Ungar, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 254, 137 (1994); (e) V. Percec, and G. Johansson, Macromol. Symp., 96, 173 (1995); (f) V. Percec , G. Johansson, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, and G. Ungar, Macromol. Symp., 101, 43 (1996).
38. For the convergent synthetic approach to monodendrons and dendritic macromolecules, see: (a) C. Hawker, and J. M. J. Fréhet, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1010 (1990); (b) C. J. Hawker; and J. M.J . Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990).
39. For the convergent synthetic approach to monodendrons and dendritic macromolecules, see: (a) C. Hawker, and J. M. J. Fréhet, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1010 (1990); (b) C. J. Hawker; and J. M.J . Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 7638 (1990).
40. (a) V. Percec, and A. Keller, Macromolecules, 23, 4347 (1990);
41. (b) A. Keller, G. Ungar, and V. Percec, in Advances in Liquid Crystalline Polymers, R. A. Weiss, C. K. Ober, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 435, Washington, 1990, p. 308.
42. (a) V. Percec, and D. Tomazos, Adv. Mater., 4, 528 (1992);
43. (b) V. Percec, and D. Tomazos, in Comprehensive Polymer Science, First Suppl., G. Allen, Ed., Permagon, Oxford, 1992, p. 299;
44. (c) V. Percec, in Handbook of Liquid Crystal Research, P. J. Collings, J. S. Patel, Eds., Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, in press.
45. V. Percec, D. Schlueter, J. C. Ronda, G. Johansson, G. Ungar, and J. P. Zhou, Macromolecules, 29, 1464 (1996).